UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Religion, politics and class divisions in Indonesia van Klinken, G. Publication date 2014 Document Version Final published version Published in Dealing with diversity: religion, globalization, violence, gender and disaster in Indonesia Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Klinken, G. (2014). Religion, politics and class divisions in Indonesia. In B. Adeney- Risakotta (Ed.), Dealing with diversity: religion, globalization, violence, gender and disaster in Indonesia (pp. 153-179). (Globethics.net Focus; No. 17). Globethics.net. http://www.globethics.net/documents/4289936/13403252/Focus_17_web.pdf/995de42c-a534- 4a4f-93e6-57ddd25f2942 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:01 Oct 2021 Dealing with Diversity Religion, Globalization, Violence, Gender and Disaster in Indonesia Dealing with Diversity Religion, Globalization, Violence, Gender and Disaster in Indonesia Edited by Bernard Adeney-Risakotta Globethics.net Focus No. 17 Globethics.net Focus Series editor: Christoph Stückelberger. Founder and Executive Director of Globethics.net and Professor of Ethics, University of Basel Globethics.net Focus 17 Bernard Adeney-Risakotta, ed., Dealing with Diversity. Religion, Globalization, Violence, Gender and Disaster in Indonesia Geneva: Globethics.net / Yogyakarta: Indonesian Consortium for Religious Studies, 2014 ISBN 978-2-940428-68-7 (online version) ISBN 978-2-940428-69-4 (print version) © 2014 Globethics.net Cover design: Juan Pablo Cisneros Editor: Páraic Réamonn Globethics.net International Secretariat 150 route de Ferney 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Website: www.globethics.net Email: [email protected] All web links in this text have been verified as of March 2014. This book can be downloaded for free from the Globethics.net Library, the leading global online library on ethics: www.globethics.net. © The Copyright is the Creative Commons Copyright 2.5. This means: Globethics.net grants the right to download and print the electronic version, to distribute and to transmit the work for free, under three conditions: 1) Attribution: The user must attribute the bibliographical data as mentioned above and must make clear the license terms of this work; 2) Non-commercial. The user may not use this work for commercial purposes or sell it; 3) No change of text. The user may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Globethics.net can give permission to waive these conditions, especially for reprint and sale in other continents and languages. Table of Contents Foreword. The Value of Inter-Religious Studies in Indonesia Alwi Shihab 7 Introduction. Dealing with Diversity Bernard Adeney-Risakotta 17 Part I. Asian Ways of Dealing with Diversity 45 1. Religious Pluralism as an Asian Tradition Anthony Reid 47 2. State–Religion Relations in Indonesia: A Comparative Perspective A Response to Anthony Reid. Mark Woodward 63 3. Pluralism as a Hard Fact of History A Response to Anthony Reid. Ahmad Syafi’i Ma’arif 83 Part II. Multiple Modernities, Globalization and Religion 89 4. Indonesian and Western Social Imaginaries Bernard Adeney-Risakotta 91 5. What does Globalization do to Religion? Vincent J. Miller 131 6. Religion, Politics and Class Divisions in Indonesia Gerry van Klinken 153 Part III. Inter-Religious Conflict and Violence 181 7. Building Bridges through Inter-Religious Dialogue Alwi Shihab 183 8. Pluralism and Diversity in an Age of Radical Religion and Violence James Veitch 195 9. Religious-Linked Violence and Terrorism A Response to James Veitch. Azyumardi Azra 227 10. Religious-Linked Violence and Terrorism A Response to James Veitch. Haidar Bagir 239 Part IV. Religion and Gender Relations 245 11. No Girls Allowed? Are the World’s Religions Inevitably Sexist? Rita M. Gross 247 12. Rediscovering Gender Inclusive Religious Interpretations and Practices A Response to Rita M. Gross. Siti Syamsiyatun 283 13. Wife Battery in Islam: Socio-Legal Interpretations in Islamic Societies Nawal H. Ammar 297 Part V. Religion and Disasters in Indonesia 315 14. Religion and Disaster John Campbell-Nelson 317 15. Where is God the Merciful when Disaster Hits his Servants? A Response to John Campbell-Nelson. Muhammad Machasin 335 16. A Critical Review: Religion and Disaster A Response to John Campbell-Nelson. Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta 343 Part VI. Inter-Religious Studies and Theology 349 18. Inter-Religious Studies: Reconciling Theology and Religious Studies Yahya Wijaya 351 Contributing Authors 369 FOREWORD THE VALUE OF INTER-RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN INDONESIA Alwi Shihab It is indeed a great honour for me to write this foreword to a dialogue between academicians, scholars and religious leaders about how Indonesians deal with religious diversity and the value and importance of inter-religious studies in Indonesia. It is worthwhile to observe that the Qur’an states that among God’s important signs is the creation of heaven and earth with all the diversity and plurality of human tongues and races. The Qur’an thus accepts religious pluralism not as an evil flaw in humanity, but as a sign of God’s wisdom in His creation. Indeed, the Qur’an, far more than most Muslims have recognized, accepts the multiplicity of religions and affirms the unity of faith. It expresses in a number of ways a fundamental tolerance of earlier religions whose faith is similar to that of Islam and centres on the one and only God. Thus one of the doctrinal principles enunciated in the Qur’an is that of religious plurality. From the beginning the Qur’an suggests that it is God who permits more than one religious community in the world. If God had willed otherwise, He would have made humankind one single community. This idea is repeated on several occasions in the Qur’an. “And if God had so willed, He could surely have made you all one single community” (5: 48; 11: 118, and 16: 93). In all these Qur’anic passages there is a purpose adduced to religious 8 Dealing with Diversity diversity that is inherent in the divine scheme of things. Thus each of those Qur’anic verses continues with a clear indication of this purpose by saying. “… but (He willed it otherwise than there should be only one religion) in order to test you by means of what He has vouchsafed unto you” (5: 48). However, the Qur’an goes on to point out that there is human accountability with regard to religious pluralism when it says: “And you will surely be called to account for all that you ever did” (16: 93). The Qur’an also says that all humans were once members of a single community (2: 213, and 10: 19), yet it recognizes the divergent human views that have appeared in history by God’s will, and that these have eventually led to religious diversity. God’s decree in this regard was to permit such differences, as is alluded to by the Qur’an when it says: “And had it not been for a decree that had already gone forth from your sustainer, all their differences would indeed have been settled [from the outset]” (10: 19). Thus, although human beings have been divided into diverse religious communities, they have not been left without divine guidance. Addressing the various communities, the Qur’an further asserts that “To everyone have we appointed a (different) way and a course to follow” (5: 48). Immediately following this verse there is a command: “Vie therefore, with one another in doing good works” (2: 148). In other words, the Qur’an urges every religious community to strive and compete as in a race for all virtues and good deeds. This strongly suggests that there should be competition, not against one another but rather in a concerted effort leading toward all that is good. It is abundantly clear that the aforementioned verses that contain religious toleration reveal the manifest Qur’anic principle of inter-faith relations, based on a harmonious religious diversity. This principle is also in tune with other Qur’anic verses that state that God’s purpose in creating the diversity of humankind is that people might come to know and interact with one another despite their different tongues and colours. The Qur’an Foreword 9 makes this point emphatically: “O men! Behold, We have created you all out of a male and a female, and have made you into nations and tribes, so you might come to one another. Verily, the noblest of you in the sight of God is the one who is most deeply conscious of Him” (49: 13). There is another important principle set forth by the Qur’an, namely the recognition of the existence of righteous people within each monotheistic community and, as such, deserving of divine reward. Again this principle strengthens the idea of religious pluralism and rejects the notion of exclusivity. This fact led Muslim historians, scientists and theologians to begin what we now call the scientific study or the comparative study of world religions.