Species Composition and Abundance of Rodents in Kafta-Sheraro National Park, Ethiopia: Preliminary Results

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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Species composition and abundance of rodents in Kafta-Sheraro National Park, Ethiopia: preliminary results

Alembrhan Assefa & Chelmala Srinivasulu

26 April 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 6 | Pages: 13680–13689 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4604.11.6.13680-13689

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689

Species composition and abundance of rodents in

Communication Kafta-Sheraro National Park, Ethiopia: preliminary results

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Alembrhan Assefa 1 & Chelmala Srinivasulu 2 ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM 1,2 Wildlife Biology & Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India. OPEN ACCESS 2 Systematcs, Ecology & Conservaton Laboratory, Zoo Outreach Organizaton (ZOO), No 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampat-Kalapat Road, Saravanampat, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author)

Abstract: An ecological survey was conducted to assess the species compositon and abundance of rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park, Ethiopia from June 2017 to April 2018 covering wet and dry seasons. Rodents were trapped using Sherman live traps from fve selected habitat types—natural forest, bushland, grassland, farmland, and human setlement. A total of 209 individuals of rodents belonging to seven species were captured over 2940 trap nights, and three species of rodents were only observed. The trapped rodent species include Mastomys natalensis, Stenocephalemys albipes, Ratus ratus, Mastomys awashensis, Acomys cahirinus, Arvicanthis nilotcus dembeensis, and Mastomys erythroleucus. Lemniscomys striatus, Hystrix cristata, and Xerus rutlus were only sighted during the study. Mastomys natalensis was the most abundant species (41.1%), followed by Stenocephalemys albipes (26.3%) and Ratus ratus (18.2%), whereas Mastomys erythroleucus (1.4%) was the least abundant species. The abundance of female (59.8%) was higher than male (40.2%). Of the total trapped rodents, 52.2% were adults, 32% sub-adult and 15.8% young. The abundance of rodents was varied among habitat types and between seasons. The results of the study revealed that the park has diverse species of fauna including rodents.

Keywords: Diversity, Horn of Africa, Rodenta, Tigray Region.

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4604.11.6.13680-13689 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B1C4EEF4-0375-419E-A449-1413D643B2DC

Editor: Giovanni Amori, CNR - Insttute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Rome, Italy. Date of publicaton: 26 April 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4604 | Received 02 October 2018| Final received 02 April 2019 | Finally accepted 09 April 2019

Citaton: Assefa, A. & C. Srinivasulu (2019). Species compositon and abundance of rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park, Ethiopia: preliminary results. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(6): 13680–13689. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4604.11.6.13680-13689

Copyright: © Assefa & Srinivasulu 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: The major funding for carrying out this research was granted by the Government of Ethiopia and Adigrat University.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author Details: Alembrhan Assefa is PhD student at Department of Zoology, Osmania University, India and is working on diversity and ecology of small mammals in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park, Tigray region, Ethiopia. Chelmala Srinivasulu is the head of Wildlife Biology and Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Osmania University, India and is working on diversity and taxonomy of vertebrates in South Asia.

Author Contributon: AA conceived, designed and conducted the feldwork. CS supervised the research. Both the authors wrote the manuscript.

Acknowledgements: Our special thanks to the Head, Department of Zoology, Osmania University, India for the facilites, and Ethiopian Government for Research Fellowship to AA. We acknowledge the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservaton Authority for permission to work in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park, and also Adigrat University for fnancial support and laboratory facilites. We also acknowledge the managerial and feld staf of the Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park for support during the feld work.

13680 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu

INTRODUCTION located in the lowland part of western and northwestern Tigray regional state known for the highest peak of the Globally, rodents are the most diverse and abundant country—Siemen Mountain, Ras Dashn. The alttudinal group of mammals. Over 32 extant families, 468 genera range of KSNP is between 568m and 1,163m with an and 2,277 species of rodents are recognized throughout average elevaton of 870m. The natonal park was the world, which represents 42% of the mammalian formerly established as Shire Wildlife Reserve area species (Wilson & Reeder 2005; Wolf & Sherman in 1968 and recognized as a natonal park in 2007 to 2007). Similarly, in eastern Africa rodents are the most safeguard the African Elephant and other biological abundant and numerous, which account for 28% of the resources. Initally the total area of the protected area total recognized species of mammals (Afework 1996; was 5,000km2 but currently, an area of 2,176.43km2 has Kingdon 1997). Ethiopia is among the countries with a been accorded protected area recogniton. The natonal high resource of biodiversity and endemism due to its park is bordered with three districts of the region; on the wide variaton in alttude ranges, geographical positons west is Kafa-Humera, on the east Tahtay-Adyabo, and and climatc conditons (Leykun 2000; Lavrenchenko on the south Welkayit. Eritrea borders the northern part et al. 2007). A total of 320 mammalian species were of the natonal park. The agro-climate of the natonal recorded in Ethiopia, of which 84 species are rodents park is identfed with warmer temperature inclined to with 21% endemic (Afework 1996; Lavrenchenko et al. semi-arid climate. The natonal park is characterized by 2007). a uni-modal type of rainfall regime with one wet season Rodents are successful mammals in every contnent and one dry season. It receives an annual average and able to exploit wide ranges of habitat types (Lange rainfall of 600mm, and high rainfall is during the wet et al. 2004; Workneh et al. 2006). Habitat structure, season from the middle of May to the beginning of disturbance, and other important environmental factors September. The average monthly temperature of the afect the distributon patern and abundance of rodents natonal park ranges from 18OC to 37.5OC. KSNP consists (Tadesse & Afework 2008; Demeke & Afework 2014). of spectacular topographic features that support diverse The knowledge on global distributon and diversity fora and fauna. The vegetaton of the natonal park of mammals are not complete, especially so for small belongs to Combretum-Terminalia, Acacia-Commiphora, mammals including rodents, insectvores, and bats, savanna grassland, and riparian woodlands type. KSNP as many taxa are stll being discovered (Kingdon 1997; is a host for 42 species of mammals, 200 species of birds, Wilson & Reeder 2005). Many investgatons were nine species of reptle, and various unstudied species conducted to study the distributon and abundance of diferent animals and plants (Ethiopian Wildlife of rodents in diferent parts of Ethiopia (Messele & Conservaton Authority 2015). Afework 2012; Adugnaw & Messele 2016). Many areas of the country, mainly the northern highlands and Grid design and trapping lowlands, are underexplored due to the remoteness, Before the feld survey, rodent collecton permission inaccessibility, harsh conditons, and politcal instability was acquired from Ethiopian Wildlife Conservaton in protected areas such as Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Authority, Government of Ethiopia, and a preliminary (KSNP), Dessa’a Natonal Priority Forest Area and other survey was carried out to select study sites. Relevant local forests. KSNP is the newly established natonal informaton such as topography, climatc conditons, park of the country and comprises diverse fauna and fora, fauna and others were gathered. Besides, habitat fora; however, scientfcally its wildlife, partcularly types of the park were identfed based on the vegetaton small mammal diversity including rodent community, is classifcaton of the country (Yalden & Largen 1992) and not entrely known. The present study aims to assess fve habitat types (Image 1), namely, natural forest, the species compositon and abundance of rodents in bushland, grassland, farmland, and human setlements, the unexplored KSNP. were selected for the study. A permanent live trapping grid was established at each of these fve habitat types, and the trapping studies were conducted both during MATERIALS AND METHODS the wet and dry seasons. Each grid consttuted an area of 4,900m2 (70 x 70 m). A total of 49 Sherman Study area live traps (7.6 x 8.9 x 22.9 cm) were set per each grid at The study was conducted in KSNP (14.055–14.464 0N 10m intervals between points. In each of the habitats & 36.695–37.675 0E), northern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). KSNP is studied, 49 traps were set for three consecutve days

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 13681 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu

Figure 1. Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia showing locaton of habitat types where rodent trappings were conducted.

amountng for 147 trap nights per habitat per season. three categories—juvenile, sub-adult, and adult—and During the present study 2,940 trap nights were spent in was determined based on their body size and weight, trapping eforts (147 trap nights x 2 seasons x 5 habitats). pelage color, and reproductve conditons (Taylor & Peanut buter was mixed with crushed maize and rolled Green 1976; Afework 1996). Reproductve conditons into small balls and then placed in the trap as bait. The were determined based on the opening of the vagina traps were partally covered with leaves and grasses to (imperforated or perforated), size of nipples, and prevent damage and death of trapped individuals. In body weight for females, and the positon of testcles order to locate the traps, each trap locaton was marked (scrotal/ abdominal testes) for males (Taylor & Green with yellow colored plastc tags on a branch of a nearby 1976). Furthermore, necessary informaton such as tree. Traps were checked early in the morning (07.00– morphometric measurements including body weight, 09.00 h) and in the late afernoon (17.00–18.00 h) of lengths of head and body, hind foot, ear, tail, and other each day for three consecutve days, and the bait was morphological characteristcs of each trapped rodents replenished as necessary to increase trapping success. were recorded. Representatve species were collected Each trapped rodent was collected and relevant as vouchers, and the voucher specimens were deposited data such as season, habitat type, staton numbers, in the collecton of the Zoological Science Natural History species type, body weight, sex, approximate age, Museum of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa. All and reproductve conditons were recorded. Sex trapped rodents were marked by toe-clipping and of trapped rodents was determined based on their released at their capture site for further capture-mark- nipples, testes, and the distance between their anus recapture studies. Species identfcaton was following and urethral opening. Their age was classifed into standard references (Afework 1996; Kingdon 1997). The

13682 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu

Image 1. Habitat types of Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia where rodent surveys were carried out; A & B - Natural forest | C - Grassland | D - Bushland | E - Farmland (Maize) | F - Farmland (Sorghum) | G - Human setlements (Adigoshu Military Camp) | H - Human setlements (Adebay Town). © Alembrhan Assefa.

species identfcaton was further checked using cranio- 22 computer sofware programme. Two-way ANOVA dental morphology and morphometric measurements. was used to test the signifcant variaton of rodent Voucher specimens were compared with the specimens species trapped across diferent habitat types, seasons, in the collecton of the Zoological Natural History sex, and age groups. Species richness and diversity Museum of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa. were computed using Shannon-Weaver diversity index The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version (Shannon & Weaver 1949). Shannon-Weaver diversity

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 13683 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu index was calculated using the formula H΄= ∑ (Pi) ln The species richness, diversity, and evenness of (pi). Where, H’ - Shannon-Weaver diversity index, rodents varied among habitat types (Table 3). The Pi - proporton of the total individuals belonging to ith highest species richness was recorded from bushland species in the sample, ln - the natural logarism and ∑ and human setlement habitats (6 species each), while - sum of the calculatons. Evenness (E) was calculated the least was in grassland (4 species). The highest using the formula, E = H΄/ H΄max. Where, H΄max = ln (S), S is Shannon-Weaver diversity index was observed in human the number of species and H’ is Shannon diversity index. setlement (H’ = 1.41), followed by bushland (H’ = 1.25) We used PAST sofware (Hammer et al. 2001) to prepare and the least was in grassland (H’ = 1.11) habitats. the species accumulaton curve (Mao Tau functon) to Grassland recorded the highest evenness (E = 0.800) assess representatveness of the sampling efort of and bushland had the lowest evenness (E = 0.695). The rodents during the study. species accumulaton curve for all habitat types (Fig. 3) has fully reach asymptote indicatng that no more sampling efort is needed to capture all the expected RESULTS rodent species of the park. The number of captures and abundance of rodents Totally ten species of rodents were recorded in during the wet and dry season was 128 (61.2%) and the study, of which seven species were trapped, and 81 (38.8%), respectvely. During the wet season, A. n. three species were directly sighted. The trapped dembeensis (75%), S. albipes (69.1%) and M. natalensis species included Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834), (58.1%) were highly recorded. A. cahirinus (83.3%) Stenocephalemys albipes (Rüppell, 1842), Ratus ratus was recorded highly during the dry season while, A. (Linnaeus, 1758), Mastomys awashensis (Lavrenchenko, n. dembeensis was the least recorded (25.0%). M. Likhnova & Baskevich, 1998), Acomys cahirinus (É. erythroleucus was only captured during the dry season Geofrey, 1803), Arvicanthis nilotcus dembeensis (Table 4). The total number of captures of rodents did (Rüppell, 1842) and Mastomys erythroleucus (Temminck, not vary signifcantly between seasons (Two-Factor

1853), while the sighted species Lemniscomys striatus ANOVA: F4,15 = 0.732, NS). (Linnaeus, 1758), Hystrix cristata (Linnaeus, 1758), and The sex rato is in favour of females (1:1.48) with 59.8% Xerus rutlus (Cretzschmar, 1828). Mastomys awashensis of the total captures being female specimens (Table and S. alpibes are among the endemic rodent species of 5). In the wet season, more females than males were the country. A total of 258 captures of 209 individual captured, but in the dry season the captures were more rodents were trapped in 2940 trap nights during both or less equal for both the sexes. There was signifcant the wet and dry seasons of the study. Of these 209 variaton between male and female individuals of M. were new captures and 49 were recaptured. The total natalensis (Two-Factor ANOVA: F1,4 = 4.745, p < 0.05), number of captures varied among species. Mastomys A. cahirinus (Two-Factor ANOVA: F1,4 = 6.000, p < 0.05), natalensis was the most abundant species consttutng and A. n. dembeensis (Two-Factor ANOVA: F1,4 = 4.800,

41.1% of the total number of captures, followed by S. p < 0.05). Only M. natalensis (Two-Factor ANOVA: F4,4 = albipes (26.3%) and R. ratus (18.2%), respectvely and 3.220, p < 0.05) and S. albipes (Two-Factor ANOVA: F4,4 M. erythroleucus (1.4%) was the least abundant species = 5.756, p < 0.01) have shown signifcant variaton with (Table 1). respect to sexes in diferent habitats. M. natalensis and R. ratus were recorded in all habitat Adult rodents comprised the highest number of types (Fig. 2), while S. albipes and M. awashensis were individuals (52.2%), followed by sub-adults (32.0%) and captured in four habitats and absent from grasslands, A. juveniles (15.8%) (Table 6). The number of individuals of cahirinus and A. n. dembeensis were captured in three all age groups was higher during the wet season than the habitats and absent from natural forests and farmlands, dry season. Signifcant variaton was observed among and M. erythroleucus was captured only from natural diferent age groups only in M. natalensis (Two-Factor forest and farmland habitats. In the natural forests, S. ANOVA: F2,4 = 5.756, p < 0.01), S. albipes (Two-Factor albipes was the most captured species followed by R. ANOVA: F2,4 = 3.310, p < 0.05), and A. cahirinus (Two- ratus, while in all the other habitat types M. natalensis Factor ANOVA: F2,4 = 6.000, p < 0.01). dominated (Table 2). There was signifcant variaton in total number of captures with respect to species (Two-

Factor ANOVA: F6,4 = 19.339, p < 0.05) but not among habitat types (Two-Factor ANOVA: F4,24 = 1.507, NS).

13684 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu

Table 1. Species compositon, relatve abundance (RA) and conservaton status (CS) of rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia.

Family Scientfc name Common name Total RA (%) CS Voucher no.

Muridae Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834) Natal Multmammate Mouse 86 41.1 LC ZNHM.AAU.KSNP-R.07.2017 Stenocephalemys albipes (Rüppell, Ethiopian White-footed Mouse 55 26.3 LC ZNHM.AAU.KSNP-R.04.2017 1842) Ratus ratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Rat/Roof Rat 38 18.2 LC ZNHM.AAU.KSNP-R.09.2017 Mastomys awashensis (Lavrenchenko, Likhnova & Awash Multmammate Mouse 17 8.1 VU ZNHM.AAU.KSNP-R.02.2017 Baskevich, 1998) Acomys cahirinus (É. Geofrey, Cairo Spiny Mouse 6 2.9 LC ZNHM.AAU.KSNP-R.10.2017 1803) Arvicanthis nilotcus dembeensis African Grass Rat 4 1.9 LC ZNHM.AAU.KSNP-R.13.2017 (Rüppell, 1842) Mastomys erythroleucus Guinea Multmammate Mouse 3 1.4 LC ZNHM.AAU.KSNP-R.11.2017 (Temminck, 1853) Lemniscomys striatus (Linnaeus, Typical Striped Grass Mouse # # LC - 1758) Hystricidae Hystrix cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) Crested Porcupine # # LC -

Sciuridae Xerus rutlus (Cretzschmar, 1828) Unstriped Ground Squirrel # # LC -

Total 209 100

# = sighted species, CS = IUCN status, LC = Least Concern, VU = Vulnerable, ZNHM.AAU = Zoological Natural History Museum of Addis Ababa University, KSNP-R = Kafa- Sheraro Natonal Park Rodent voucher number, - = no voucher number.

Table 2. Number and abundance (%) of rodent species among habitat types of Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia.

Habitat types Species NF BL GL FL HS

M. natalensis 7 (14.28) 16 (39.02) 14 (58.33) 29 (41.42) 20 (41.66)

S. albipes 28 (57.14) 18 (43.90) - 6 (8.57) 3 (6.25)

R. ratus 9 (18.36) 3 (7.31) 5 (20.83) 7 (10.00) 14 (29.16)

M. awashensis 3 (6.12) 2 (4.87) - 4 (5.71) 8 (16.66)

A. cahirinus - 1 (2.43) 3 (12.50) - 2 (4.16)

A. n. dembeensis - 1 (2.43) 2 (8.33) - 1 (2.08)

M. erythroleucus 2 (4.08) - - 1 (34.28) -

Total 49 41 24 47 48

NF = Natural forest, BL = Bushland, GL = Grassland, FL = Farmland, HS = Human setlement, – = no capture.

Figure 2. Percentage compositon rodent species captured from fve habitats in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia. Figure 3. Species accumulaton curve of rodent species in Kafa- Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 13685 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu

A © Alembrhan Assefa

D C

13686 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu

Table 3. Diversity indices of rodents among habitat types in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia.

Habitat No. of species Total catch H’ HMax E D NF 5 49 1.21 1.609 0.753 0.3861

BL 6 41 1.25 1.792 0.695 0.354

GL 4 24 1.11 1.386 0.800 0.4063

FL 5 47 1.14 1.609 0.705 0.4269

HS 6 48 1.41 1.792 0.787 0.2925

NF = Natural forest, BL = Bushland, GL = Grassland, FL = Farmland, HS = Human setlement, H’ = Shannon-Weaver index, HMax = natural logarithm of total number of species, E = Evenness, D = Dominance.

Table 4. Number and abundance (%) of rodents trapped during dry Table 5. Sex distributon of rodents between wet and dry seasons in and wet seasons in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia. Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP).

Seasons Species Wet season Dry season Species Wet Dry Total F M F M

M. natalensis 50 (58.1) 36 (41.9) 86 M. natalensis 33 (66.00) 17 (34.00) 21 (58.33) 15 (41.66)

S. albipes 38 (69.1) 17 (30.9) 55 S. albipes 27 (71.05) 11 (28.94) 9 (52.94) 8 (47.05)

R. ratus 25 (65.8) 13 (34.2) 38 R. ratus 16 (64.00) 9 (36.00) 7 (53.84) 6 (46.15)

M. awashensis 11 (64.7) 6 (35.3) 17 M. awashensis 8 (72.72) 3 (27.27) 1 (16.66) 5 (83.33)

A. cahirinus 1 (16.7) 5 (83.3) 6 A. cahirinus - 1 (100.00) - 5 (100.00)

A. n. dembeensis 3 (75.0) 1 (25.0) 4 A. n. dembeensis - 3 (100.00) - 1 (100.00)

M. erythroleucus - 3 (100.0) 3 M. erythroleucus - - 3 (100.00) - Total (%) 128 (61.2) 81 (38.8) 209 Total 84 (65.62) 44 (34.37) 41 (50.61) 40 (49.38) No. of species 6 7 7 F = female, M = male.

Table 6. Age distributon of rodents captured between seasons in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park (KSNP), Ethiopia (values in parenthesis are percentage of age class in partcular season).

Species Juvenile Sub-adult Adult

Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

M. natalensis 10 5 18 9 22 22

S. albipes 7 1 15 5 16 11

R. ratus 5 1 9 5 11 7

M. awashensis 3 0 3 2 5 4

A. cahirinus 0 0 0 0 1 5

A. n. dembeensis 1 0 0 0 2 1

M. erythroleucus 0 0 0 1 0 2 26 7 45 22 57 52 Total (20.31) (8.64) (35.15) (27.16) (44.53) (64.19)

DISCUSSION from Alatsh Natonal Park, Chebera-Churchura Natonal Park and Chilalo-Galama Mountain range (Tadesse & A total of 10 species of rodents were identfed. Afework 2008). Various levels of habitat productvity, Relatvely similar representatons of rodents were habitat structure and complexity, risk of predaton, recorded previously in diferent protected areas of food availability, human actvites, and catle grazing Ethiopia (Tilahun et al. 2012; Getachew & Afework infuence species richness. KSNP is highly disturbed by 2015). High numbers of rodent species were reported anthropogenic actvites such as gold mining and forest

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 13687 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu destructon for agricultural expansion and charcoal contradicts with the fndings of Demeke et al. (2007) producton. Along with these biotc interventons and Moges & Dessalegn (2015), who reported that livestock grazing is also rampant. These may be the bushland is structurally simple and comprises low detrimental in rodent distributon within the park. biotc diversity. As compared to other habitat types of M. natalensis was the most abundant and widely KSNP, bushland and human setlement habitats deliver distributed species in all habitat types studied, and relatvely high shelter and food sources for rodents was recorded in diferent habitat types including throughout the year. human setlements, and is considered as the most The total number of captures and abundance of common pest species (Demeke et al. 2007; Tadesse & rodents was higher during the wet season than dry Afework 2008). Our observaton on the abundance of season, and agrees with those of Dawit & Afework this species agrees with earlier studies (Tilahun et al. (2008), (Serkebrerhan et al. 2011), and (Tilahun et al. 2012). However, higher abundance of M. natalensis 2012). Since the park is characterized by a uni-modal has been reported in diferent areas (Manyingerew et type of rainfall regime, high rainfall occurs during the wet al. 2006; Mohammed & Afework 2011; Mulungu et al. season, as a result, there may be adequate shelter and 2013). The high abundance of M. natalensis in diferent food resources, which can contribute to high number of environments and habitats in its range could be due to trapped individual rodents than the dry season. Several its high reproductve potental, large liter size, ecological studies revealed that seasonal variaton in weather adaptability, and opportunistc food habit. conditons like rainfall afects the nutritonal aspects, S. albipes was the second most abundant rodent life strategies, and reproductve potental of rodents species, is highly associated and abundant in natural (Makundi et al. 2006; Tadesse & Afework 2008). forest habitats. Yalden & Largen (1992) reported S. The sex rato was found to be female biased, with albipes as one of the most abundant and common more number of females captured than the males. endemic rodent species of Ethiopia. Similar abundance Similar observatons were reported by Tadesse & was reported from other areas in Ethiopia (Mohammed Afework (2008), however, in some areas male biased & Afework 2011), however, low abundance of this sex rato was also reported (Manyingerew et al. 2006; species was also reported by others (Tadesse & Afework Dawit & Afework 2008). This variaton might be due 2008; Tilahun et al. 2012). Ratus ratus was the third to factors such as availability of food and microclimatc most abundant rodent species in the study area, and niches favouring females than males. Males being was mostly associated with human setlements, an more abundant than the females could be due to their observaton that agrees with Moussa et al. (2015). This increased actvity (Getachew & Afework 2015). species was as least abundant Wonji sugarcane plantaton Out of the total trapped individuals, most captures and Chebera-Churchura Natonal Park (Serkebirhan et were that of adults, and the least were that of juveniles. al. 2011); however, Meheretu et al. (2014) reported this The probability of capturing more adults is may be species to be abundant. due to their large home range, actve movement, and The abundance of A. cahirinus in this study was fast capture ability. Adult animals have a higher social consistent with earlier reports (Tilahun et al. 2012; ranking, and cover wide home ranges, which causes Getachew & Afework 2015). Unlike the present study, higher capture rate than young individuals (Shanker high abundance of A. n. dembeensis were reported 2001; Workneh et al. 2006). Higher numbers of in diferent parts of Ethiopia (Tilahun et al. 2012). M. individuals of all age groups were recorded during the erythroleucus is the most and important maize pest wet seasons than dry seasons, and agree with fndings of in eastern Africa (Odhiambo et al. 2005), and it was Makundi et al. (2006) and Getachew & Afework (2015). the least abundant species recorded in the study. The seasonal variaton among age groups might be Interestngly, many individuals of this species were due to the relatonship between rainfall, seasonality in trapped from natural forests. Similar fndings were reproducton and seasonal based movement of rodents reported by Tadesse & Afework (2008). Afework & Leirs outside their home. During the present study, pregnant (1997) reported the highest abundance of this species in females of only four species were trapped. Higher Central Ethiopia. Variatons in the abundance of these pregnant females were recorded during the wet season species in diferent areas might be due to the variatons than dry seasons, indicatng that the more species in vegetaton cover, food supply, and predators. reproduce more ofen in the wet season that may related The highest species richness and diversity of rodents with increased availability of food resources. Makundi in bushland and human setlement habitat types et al. (2006) notfed that seasonal variatons in weather

13688 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 Rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park Assefa & Srinivasulu conditon, mainly the rainfall, determine the nutritous Lavrenchenko, A., N. Verheyen, E. Verheyen, J. Hulselmans & H. Leirs features, which infuences rodent reproducton. (2007). Morphometric and genetc study of Ethiopian Lophuromys favopunctatus Thomas, 1888 species complex with descripton of During the present study, we have also observed three new 70-chromosomal species (Muridae, Rodenta). Biologie that some rodent species including H. cristata, A. n. 77: 77–117. Leykun, A. (2000). The challenges of conserving Ethiopian wildlife: dembeensis, S. albipes, and M. natalensis are consumed Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society. Walia 21: 12–14. as food locally by the indigenous Kunama ethnic group. Makundi, R.H., A.W. Massawe & L.S. Mulungu (2006). Breeding Tadesse & Afework (2008) and Assogbadjo et al. (2005) seasonality and populaton dynamics of three rodent species in the Magamba Forest Reserve, Western Usambara Mounains, Northeast, also reported the economic importance of rodents Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 45(1):17–21. as food source for Gumuz people, Ethiopia and Benin, Manyingerew, S., M. Assefa & M. Balakrishnan (2006). Distributon respectvely. This could be due to the high nutrient and abundance of rodents in farmlands: a case study in Alleltu Woreda, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Science 29(1): 63–70. content in meat of rodents and huntng-based feeding Meheretu, Y., V. Sluydts, W. Kiros, H. Bauer, T. Mekonen, Y. Gidey, L. habit of the people. The present study reveals that Mulungu, H. Mitku, J. Nyssen, J. Deckers, R. Makundi & H. Leirs rodent diversity in KSNP is a refecton of the habitat (2014). Rodent abundance, stone bund density and its efects on crop damage in the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. Crop Protecton 55: quality and their compositon and abundance in diferent 61–67. habitat types and seasons varied. Long-term monitoring Moges, D. & E. Dessalegn (2015). Diversity, relatve abundance and and detailed studies on ecological aspects of the rodents habitat associaton of rodents in Aquatmo forest patches and adjacent farmland, East Gojjam, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of is suggested for future to provide more scientfc Biological Science 14(2): 201–216. informaton and insights on the rodent diversity in one Mohammed, K. & B. Afework (2011). Seasonal populaton dynamics of rodents of Mount Chilalo, Arsi, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of of the least-explored and eco-sensitve protected areas Science 34(2): 123–132. of Ethiopia. Moussa, H., S. Karim & D. Salaheddine (2015). Diversity and richness of rodent communites in various landscape of Touggourt Area, Southeast Algeria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 67(3): 415–420 Mulungu, L., V. Ngowo, M. Mdangi, A. Katakweba, P. Tesha, F. Mrosso, REFERENCES M. Mchomvu, P. Sheyo & B. Kilonzo (2013). Populaton dynamics and breeding paterns of multmammate mouse, Mastomys Afework, B. (1996). Populaton dynamics of the Ethiopian endemic natalensis (Smith 1834), in irrigated rice felds in Eastern Tanzania. rodents Praomys albipes in Menagesha Forest. Journal of Zoology Pest Management Science 69: 371–377. 238(1): 1–12. Odhiambo, R., R. Makundi, H. Leirs & R. Verhagen (2005). Community Afework, B. & H. Leirs (1997). Populaton ecology of rodents of maize structure and seasonal abundance of rodents of maize farms in felds and grassland in central Ethiopia. Belgian Journal of Zoology southwestern Tanzania. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135: 113–118. 127: 39–48. Shanker, K. (2001). The role of competton and habitat in structuring Assogbadjo, A., J. Codjia, B. Sinsin, M. Ekue & G. Mensah (2005). small mammal communites in a tropical montane ecosystem in Importance of rodents as a human food source in Benin. Belgian southern India. 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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13680–13689 13689 PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

April 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 6 | Pages: 13631–13814 Date of Publicaton: 26 April 2019 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2019.11.6.13631-13814

Editorial Diversity and community structure of Odonata (Insecta) in two land use types in Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India Building evidence for 20 years! – Prit Ranjan Pahari, Shubha Sankar Mandal, Subhadeep Mait & – Sanjay Molur, P. 13631 Tanmay Bhatacharya, Pp. 13748–13755

Artcles Foraging preferences of honey bees Apis cerana in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India Efect of socio-ecological factors and parasite infecton on body conditon of – A.G. Suhas Krishna & Rajashekhar K. Patl, Pp. 13756–13764 Brown Mouse Lemur Microcebus rufus (Mammalia: Primates: Cheirogaleidae) – Andry Herman Rafalinirina, Jeannot Randrianasy, Patricia C. Wright & Additons to the lichen biota of Assam State, India – Rupjyot Gogoi, Siljo Joseph, Sanjeeva Nayaka & Farishta Yasmin, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Pp. 13632–13643 Pp.13765–13781 Identfcaton of suitable habitat for Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii Short Communicatons duvaucelii (Mammalia: Artodactyla: Cervidae) in Chitwan Natonal Park, Nepal Study of nestng behaviour of Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone – Shravan Kumar Ghimire, Man Kumar Dhamala, Babu Ram Lamichhane, paradisi (Aves: Passeriformes: Monorchidae)from southern West Bengal, Rishi Ranabhat, Khim Bahadur KC & Shashank Poudel, Pp. 13644–13653 India – Nilemesh Das & Shuvadip Adhikari, Pp. 13782–13785 Communicatons A checklist of fsh species from three rivers in northwestern Bangladesh The diversity and conservaton of mammals in the Dodo Coastal Forest in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire, western Africa: a preliminary study based on a seven-year survey – Serge Pacome Keagnon Soiret, Célestn Yao Kouakou, Béné Jean-Claude Kof, – Imran Parvez, Mohammad Ashraful Alam, Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan, Blaise Kadjo, Philippe Kouassi, Peñate José Gomez, Reiko Matsuda Goodwin & Yeasmin Ara, Imran Hoshan & Abu Syed Mohammad Kibria, Pp. 13786–13794 Inza Kone, Pp. 13654–13666 New plant distributon records to Indian states and additon to the fora of Resource selecton by Javan Slow Loris Nyctcebus javanicus E. Geofroy, 1812 Myanmar (Mammalia: Primates: Lorisidae) in a lowland fragmented forest in – Kanakasabhapathi Pradheep, Ganjalagata Dasaiah Harish, Ranbir Singh Central Java, Indonesia Rathi, Joseph John Katukkunnel, Sheikh Mohmmad Sultan, Khoisnam – Mahfut Sodik, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono & Naveen, Iyyappan Jaisankar, Anjula Pandey, Sudhir Pal Ahlawat & Rita Gupta, Muhammad Ali Imron, Pp. 13667–13679 Pp. 13795–13804

Species compositon and abundance of rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park, Notes Ethiopia: preliminary results – Alembrhan Assefa & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 13680–13689 Sightng of Arunachal Macaque Macaca munzala Sinha et al., 2005 (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Colour aberraton in Indian mammals: a review from 1886 to 2017 Bhutan – Anil Mahabal, Radheshyam Murlidhar Sharma, Rajgopal Narsinha Patl & – Sonam Tobgay, Kumbu Dorji & Norbu Yangdon, Pp. 13805–13807 Shrikant Jadhav, Pp. 13690–13719 Rediscovery of an endemic Indian moth Gurna indica (Moore, 1879) Nestng trees of the Red Giant Gliding Squirrel Petaurista petaurista (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctinae) afer 125 years (Mammalia: Rodenta: Sciuridae) in a tropical forest of Namdapha Natonal – Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate, Neha Upadhyay & Banani Mukhopadhyay, Park, India Pp.13808–13810 – Murali Chatakonda Krishna, Awadhesh Kumar & Om Prakash Tripathi, Pp. 13720–13726 The Nepal Pipewort Eriocaulon nepalense var. luzulifolium (Commelinids: Insights into the diet and feeding behaviour of Red-capped Lark Poales: Eriocaulaceae): a new distributon record for southern India Calandrella cinerea (Aves: Passeriformes: Alaudidae) – Murugan Soumya & Maya C. Nair, Pp. 13811–13814 – Mary Mwangi, Nathan Gichuki, Robert Chira & Peter Njoroge, Pp. 13727– 13733

Baseline biodiversity and physiochemical survey in Parvat Kunda and surrounding area in Rasuwa, Nepal – Jessie Anna Moravek, Mohan Bikram Shrestha & Sanjeevani Yonzon, Pp. 13734–13747 Publisher & Host

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