Bidyut Kr. Jana et al. / International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)

EXTERNAL FEATURES OF CYPSELAS OF SOME SPECIES OF COMPOSITAE, WITH THE HELP OF LM

Bidyut Kr. Jana and Sobhan Kr. Mukherjee and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani !Email: [email protected] Abstract The present study deals with the detailed external features of cypselas in 9 species belonging to 7 genera of the family Compositae. All the studied species exhibit different external features. Except Inula ensifolia, all the studied species are homomorphic. Morphologically, pappus structure is also important. In the cypsela of Telekia speciosa, Aster alpinus , scaly pappus are present. In the cypsela of Elephantopus carolinianus, sitae type of pappus is present. In the cypselas of remaining studied species, barbellate pappus bristles are present. Layer of carpopodial cells are also variable and varies from 1-7 layers in studied species. In the cypsela of Aster alpines, stylopodium is enlarge and prominent. Among the studied cypselas, some cypselas are with slightly curved ( Inula ensifolia, Inula Britannica, Inula helenium ) in direction. Surface hairs are alwase, biseriately forked type. An artificial key is presented here to recognize the studied taxa at the specific level. Keywords: External features of cypselas, Compositae Introduction are a highly specialized and moderately advanced family of dicotyledons, containing 3 subfamilies, 17 tribes, 82 subtribes, 1535 genera and 23,000 species (Bremer, 1994 ). The indehiscent one seeded fruit of the Asteraceae is commonly called as cypsela, which is attached to the receptacle by carpopodium. The external features of cypselas are also variable and helps in the classification of taxa when, floral stage is absent. The external features of cypselas are- size, shape, colour, orientation of cypsela in relation to receptacle, nature of pappus bristles, vascular trace, surface hair etc which are very important in the separation of taxa. The available literature about the external features of cypselas have done by ( Bhar and Mukherjee, 2004; Jana and Mukherjee, 2012, Talukdar and Mukherjee, 2008 ). The present study is aimed to supplement the previous works, for better understanding of taxa, which may hely in reshaping the existing classification system. Materials and Methods Dried, identified, mature cypselas of 9 species were collected from the following Herberia, present in the table-1.

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Table-1 Name of the Taxa Source of origin Inula britannica L. Botanischer Garten der Universitat Zurich, Switzerland. XXOZ- 20060389. 2008 Drawer . Inula ensifolia L. Botanischer Garten der Universitat Wien Rennweg 14, A-1030 Wien , Austria Inula helenium L. Botanischer Garten der Universitat Zurich, Switzerland. 2006 Drawer Pulicaria dysenterica ( L.) Bernh. Botanischer Garten der Universitat Zurich, Switzerland. BEOZ – 19840270. 2004, Drawer . Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Botanischer Garten der Universitat Zurich, Switzerland. Baumg XXOBRISS-0000983. 2009, Drawer

Aster alpinus L. Humboldt- Universitat Zu Berlin, Institut fur biologie, Spezielle Botanik u. Arboretum, Spathstra βe 80/81, D- 12437 Berlin, Germany. heterophylla (Cass.) Botanic Garden of the University of Copenhagen. Grau Sender- Hans V. Hansen, lic.scient., curator.

Olearia ramulosa Benth. Botanic Garden of Adelaide, South Australia: South-east Region, Little Dip Conservation Park road, side by Lake edge. ( 370 10’ S, 1390 45’ E) Elephantopus carolinianus Botanic Garden of the University of Copenhagen, Raeusch. Denmark ; Sender- Hans V. Hansen, lic. Scient., curator. Collection number is- 323 E2231-0003*A G. Morphological observations were made on 3-6 mature cypselas per specimen. Some randomly selected cypselas were boiled in water and soaked in 2-6 % NaOH solution for 2-3 days. Cypselas were stained with 0.1% aqueous safranin solution and dissected under stereo dissecting binocular microscope and were mounted in Phenol Glycerin solution. Measurements were done with the help of ocular micrometer. Results and Discussion Inula britannica ( Fig 1 A-E, 3 A-D ) Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 5 mm x 0.5 mm with pappus, 2 mm x 0.5 mm without pappus, light-brown, oblong, slightly curved, upper part truncate whereas basal part tapered. Ellipsoidal in cross sectional configuration.Surface glabrous, containing 8-10 ribs, alternating with furrow.Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 0.1 mm. At the upper portion of cypsela stylopodium present, inconspicuously arranged. At the upper portion of cypsela pappus present, arranged in one row, homomorphic, represented by 14-16 unequally length, serrulate-setose type of bristles, white in colour, persistent. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, diameter same as the base of cypsela, symmetric, irregular ring like, more or less quadrangular. Carpopodial cells with thin-walled, polygonal, arranged in 4 rows. Inula ensifolia (Fig 1 F-J, 3 E-H ) Morphology Cypsela heteromorphic.Disk cypsela 8 mm x 2 mm including pappus, 2 mm x 2 mm excluding pappus, black, slightly curved, obovate, upper part truncate whereas lower part tapered. Ray cypsela 7 mm x 1 mm including pappus, 3 mm x 1 mm excluding pappus, black, straight, oblanciolate, upper part truncate whereas lower part tapered. Ellipsoidal in cross sectional configuration.Surface glabrous in both the cypsela, margin entire.Surface containing 11 ribs, conspicuous, alternating with furrow.Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 0.11mm. At the upper part of cypsela, stylopodium present, enlarged, free. Upper part of cypsela, pappus present. In disk cypsela, pappus represented by 14-17, unequally arranged, serrulate-setose type of pappus bristles, white in colour. In ray cypsela, pappus represented by 17-22, unequally arranged, serrulate-setose type

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of pappus bristles, yellowish in colour. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, diameter narrower than the base, symmetric, complete ring like. Carpopodial cells with thick-walled, arranged in 5-6 rows. Inula helenium ( Fig. 1 K-O, 3 I-K ) Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 7 mm x 1.5 mm including pappus, 5 mm x 1.5 mm excluding pappus, yellow brown, striated, oblong, slightly curved, upper part truncate whereas lower part compressed, more or less rounded in cross section. Surface rough and glabrous, containing 14 ribs, alternating with furrow.Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 0.01 mm. Upper part of cypsela, stylopodium present; inconspicuous, fully immersed in the nectar. At the upper portion of cypsela, pappus present, homomorphic, represented by serrulate- setose type of pappus bristles, unequal, 15 – 20 in number, white yellow in colour, persistent. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, narrow than the base, asymmetric. Carpopodial cells with thick-walled, cubical, arranged in single row. Pulicaria dysenterica ( Fig. 2 A-G, 3 L ) Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 1.05 mm x 0.5 mm with pappus, 1 mm x 0.5 mm without pappus, brownish, straight, upper portion truncate whereas lower portion tapered. More or less cylindrical in cross section. Surface pubescent, containing 11 ribs, alternating with furrow. Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs0.01 mm. Surface hair ascending in orientation, made up of body and basal cell, biseriately forked type; tips of body cells of hair situated in different plane. At the upper portion of cypsela, stylopodium present, inconspicuously arranged. Upper portion of cypsela, pappus present, heteromorphic, arranged in 2 rows, represented by outer scaly pappus and inner pappusbristles; represented by 8-10 serrulate – setose type of bristles, unequal in length, white in colour. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, diameter narrower than the base of cypsela, symmetric. Carpopodial cells with thick-walled, madeup of radially elongated cells, arranged in single row. Telekia speciosa ( Fig. 2 H-L, 3 M-P ) Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 3 mm x 1 mm including pappus, 2 mm x 1 mm excluding pappus, white brown, linear, straight, truncate at both ends. More or less cylindrical in cross section. Surface glabrous, containing 12 ribs, alternating with furrow. Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 1.01 mm .Stylopodium present, unenlarged, fully immersed in the nectar. At the upper part of cypsela, scaly Pappus present, without vascular trace. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, narrow than the base, symmetric, incomplete, irregular ring like. Carpopodial cells with thick -walled, cubical in shape, arranged in single row.

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Aster alpinus L. ( Fig. 1 A-F, 3 A-C )

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Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 3 mm x 1 mm including pappus, 2.5 mm x 1 mm excluding pappus, yellow brown, straight, ovate, upper part truncate whereas lower part tapered, ellipsoidal in cross sectional configuration. Surface pubescent, surface hair sericeous type, appressed to ascending in orientation with the cypselar wall. Surface hair biseriately forked type; made up of body and basal cells. Tips of the body cells of hair situated in different plane. Surface containing 2 ribs, conspicuous; alternating with furrow. Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 0.05 mm. At the upper part of cypsela, stylopodium present; cylindric, partially immersed with in the nectar. At the upper part of cypsela, scaly pappus present; white brown, arranged in one row, persistent. At the basal part of cypsela, carpopodium present; outline visible, distinguishable from other cells of cypsela, narrow than the base,asymmetric. Carpopodial cells with thick-walled, not pitted, irregular in shape, large, arranged in 3 rows. Felicia heterophylla (Cass.) Grau ( Fig 1 G-K, 3 D-F ) Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 4 mm x 2 mm including pappus, 2.5 mm x 2 mm excluding pappus, yellow brown, obovate, straight, upper part truncate whereas lower part tapered, ellipsoidal in cross sectional configuration. Surface pubescent, surface hair sericeous type, ascending in orientation with the cypselar wall, made up of body and basal cells, biseriately forked type. The tip portion of body cells arranged in different plain. Surface containing 2 ribs, alternating with furrows. Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 0.24 mm. At the upper part of cypsela, pappus present; homomorphic, represented by 9-14 , more or less equally arranged, barbellate pappus bristles, white in colour, persistent, arranged in single row. At the upper portion of cypsela, stylopodium present; inconspicuously arranged. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, narrow than the base, symmetric, ring like. Carpopodial cells with thick-walled, not pitted, large, tri-pentangular, arranged in 2-3 rows. Olearia ramulosa Benth. ( Fig. 2 A-F, 3 G-H ) Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 3 mm x 0.5 mm including pappus, 0.5 mm x 1 mm excluding pappus, yellowish brown, ovate, straight, upper part truncate whereas lower part tapered, more or less rounded in cross section. Surface pubescent, surface hair biseriately forked type, made up of body and basal cells, ascending in orientation with the surface. Tip portion of the hair arranged in different plain. With in the surface, 5 ribs present, alternating with furrow. Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 0.3 mm. At the upper portion of cypsela, pappus present, homomorphic, represented by barbellate pappus bristles, 20-29 in number, white, unequally arranged. At the upper portion of cypsela, stylopodium present, inconspicuously arranged, fully immersed in the nectar. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, narrow than the base, outline visible, distinguishable from other cells of the cypsela, asymmetric. Carpopodial cells with thick-walled, pitted,quadrangular, biseriately arranged.

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A B C

D E F

G H

Elephantopus carolinianus (Figure 1 A-G, 2 A-D ) Morphology Cypsela homomorphic, 5 mm x 1 mm including awns, 3 mm x 1 mm excluding awns, brownish, striated, oblanciolate, upper part truncate whereas lower part tapered, straight, more or less elliptical in cross sectional configuration. Surface pubescent. Surface hair sericeous type, appraised- ascending in orientation with the surface, made up of body and basal cells. The tip portion of body cells arranged in different plain. Surface containing 9 ribs, alternating with furrow. Furrows wider than ribs. The distance between 2 ribs 0.01mm. At the upper part of cypsela, stylopodium present; unenlarged, partially immersed in the nectary. At the upper part of cypsela, 5 sitae type of pappus present, unequal, brownish, arranged in single circle, persistent. At the basal region of cypsela, carpopodium present, narrow than the base, symmetric, arranged in a ring. Carpopodial cells with thin-walled, cubical, not pitted, large, horizontally or tangentially placed, arranged in a single row.

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Figure 1. Morphology of Cypsela A-G-Elephantopus carolinianus: A-Cypsela, B-Upperpart,C-Lower part, D-Carpopodial cells, E-Surface, F-Upper part of pappus bristles, G-Lowerpart of pappus bristles

Figure 2. Cameraphotographs of different parts of Cypsela A-cypsela, B-Upperpart,C-Lower part, D-Surface

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Nine (9) species of 7 genera were studied. Except the cypsela of Inula ensifolia, all are homomorphic. Surface is may be pubescent or rough and glabrous in the studied species. Colour of cypsela is not reliable distinguishing character because it changes with the degree of maturity of cypselas (Bhar and Mukherjee, 2004 ). In case of the cypselas of studied species, colour varies from black-black broen, brown-light brown, white brown etc. Shape of cypselas varies from oblanciolate- ovate- obovate-linear-oblong etc. Though, shape of cypselas are not an important taxonomic character for separation of taxa, more clearly. So, another characters are essential for the separation of taxa, more clearly.Stylopodium is an important morphological character of cypselas. In the studied species, stylopodia are with enlarge or with out enlarge, fully or partially immersed with in the nectar. Among the studied species, in Aster alpines stylopodium is very prominent and enlarge. Stylopodium is actually, modified style base. At the basal region of cypselas, carpopodium is present. Carpopodial cells are arranged in 1-8 rows. Kynlova (1970) had mentioned this region as “” in her work. Cypselas of studied species, carpopodium is may or may not be symmetric, complete or irregular ring like. Haque & Godward ( 1984) have reported the presence of complete ring like carpopodia in some species of the tribe Eupatorieae. In the cypsela of Elephantopus carolinianus, pappus is sitae type. In the cypsela of Aster alpines, Telekia speciosa, scaly pappus are present. In the cypsela of Pulicaria dysenterica, both scaly and bristilate pappus are present. In the cypsela of remaining studied species,bristillate pappus are present. From the above study it is clear that from the systematic point of view, the exomorphology of cypselas is of great value and employed for better understanding of the taxa. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Directors of the Herbaria( Table-1), for sending mature, identified cypselas for this work. References

[1] Bremar, K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. [2] Bhar, I. and Mukherjee, S.K. 2004. Macromorphological and micromorphological study of cypselas in seven species of the tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae ). J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(3): 788-794. [3] Haque, M.Z. and Godward, M.B.E. 1984. New records of the carpopodium in Compositae and its taxonomic use. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 89(4): 321-340. [4] Jana, B.K. and Mukherjee, S.K. 2012. Cypselar morphology of some species of the family compositae and their taxonomic significance. IJPRBS. 1(5): 463-484. [5] Kynclova, M. 1970. Comparative morphology of achenes of the tribe Anthemideae Cass. (Asteraceae) and its taxonomic significance. Preslia. 42: 33- 35. [6] Talukdar, T. and Mukherjee, S.K. 2008. Comparative study of cypselas in three common species of Asteraceae. Pleione. 2(1):147- 149.

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