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University Microfilms International 300 N ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WCIR 4EJ, ENGLAND 8019127 K h a n , H a r is H a s a n T-TE IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PAKISTAN The University o f Oklahoma PH.D. 1980 University Microfilms I ntern&ti onsl 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WCIR 4EJ, England PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy_____ 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 5. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages i./ throughout _L_ 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Page(s) ______ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author_________ 10. 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PAKISTAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO TEE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY HARIS HASAN KHAN Norman, Oklahoma 1980 THE IDEOLOGICAL EOULDATIOLS OP PAKISTAN APPROpDJBY ^ ____ DISSERTATION COi«iI-IITTEE rr\_:.r Hy decision to v/rite on ihe Ideological Foundations of Pakistan v;as primarily cased on my desire to explore in in the vTritings of the intellectual and political elite of the Muslim community of pre-partitioned India and later of Pakistan, those who struggled for and were responsible for the creation of Pakistan and later were engulfed in structuring its political institutions, the epistemological sources, the metaphysical concepts, their view of man, society, state, etc. Pven though some interest was shown in the West on the efforts made in Pakistan to reconstruct its political institutions on the "ideal principles of Islam," yet a systematic and comprehensive work, as is undertaken in this dissertation, remained on the whole unexplored. liy knowledge of Urdu, Persian and Pnglish was a great asset to me in understanding the subject and undertaking this study and, these are the languages in which almost all of the research material is to be found. I must admit that the completion of this work was delayed due to the non-availability of the research material in the United States. Utilizing an oppurtunity I was offered, I stayed in Pakistan for more than a year examining several original works, pamphlets, newspapers, etc. I would like to thank hr. John Paul Puncan, David loss Eoyd Professor in Political Science, for his iii painstaking efforts in supervising and directing this work fron the beginning covering a period of several years. The introductions to chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, wore written by hin and I have incorporated nany valuable suggestions nade by hin wishout proper acknowledgement in this work. I owe a great debt of gratitude to hr. Oliver Z. Benson, George Lynn Gross Professor of Political Science, who offered help and encouragement when I needed most and also allowed ne to nake full use of his library. I wish I had followed his advise all the way. It was a letter written by Jr. Scheffer which brought ne to the University of Oklahoma and, on the culmination of this program, I would like to thank him. I would also like to acknowledge the help and encouragement given by Dr. Hugh G. hacDiven and Dr. Rufus G. Hall Jr., Professors in Political Science at the University. On several occasions the late Hrs. Duncan read the manuscript, made corrections and offered valuable suggestions. I shall always recall with a great sense of obligation the help given by her. If I could dedicate this work it would be to my father, the late Hasan Khan "Girdish" a poet of repute and scholar in Urdu, and who served as a teacher in Urdu at the University of liysore in India. IV TAzLZ G? cci:tïi;t 3 ÎRZ?ACE............................................iii I. 2HE SHERGEHCE G? iA'.I3rAZ A1.L 123 LATER LOLIrICAL HI3ÏG..Y.......................... I II. 3PISTE..0L0GY............................... 55 III.EZTAPHY3IC 3 ........................... 98 IV. THE RATURE G? :-.Al.......................................................................... 158 V. THE RATURE CE SGCIl TY .................... 174 VI. THE CEIGIHAL THEORY G? EG-.IYICU A.,L THE ST^TE................................ 217 VII. ÀYUE EHAR PHASE...........................267 VIII.PGSI-AYÜE EHAR PERICL ^RL THE TSRRIIORIAL- ECORCHIC CORELICT........................308 IX. EURCTI0R3 CE THE STATE. ............. 346 X. CCXGLUSICR................................ 383 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 417 CHAFCZl 1 THE EI-SRG32:CZ C7 ARE ITS lATER ?OLIIIC..L HISTORY Introduction To understand the political theory of the nodern founders of Pakistan and indeed the political theory expressed in the constitution and the pouernr.ent of the so called "newly developed nation" it is necessary to survey, even though succintly and somewhat generally, the political history. In doing this it will become obvious that even a superficial account shows that what is sometimes called a "newly developed state" is but an extension of the political movement which has been extending backward, in the case of Pakistan much more than a thousand years. ..'hat will not appear here but will be portrayed in our latter examination is that the superficial political activities also rest on belief systems and economic-social arrangements which also extend baclc/;ard in history and form the foundation of the so called "newly developed nation." In fact as any cultural anthropologist knows the latter is a misnomer. 1 Geography and the PeoTile The Indian sub-continent as it was designated before the partition of 1917 which led to the creation and independence of Pakistan, now embraces within its geographical fold four independent states, viz., India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sangla Desh. The sub-continent has long been a well marked geographical area bounded on the north by the great Himalayan range of mountains extending in the northwest to a series of mighty ranges Icnov.n. as the harakorum and hindukush. To the northeast it has some of the world's highest peaks such as Hverest and Kinchinjanga. To the north of the Himalayas extend the desolate Tibetan Plateau and north of that again is the Gobi Desert. To the northwest is a plateau of Afghanistan leading into Iran and the plains of Turkestan. There are several mountain passes here, one most famous of which is the Hhyber Pass through which many of the foreigners, ancient and modern entered India. To the south of the Himalayas is the great northern plain watered by two great river systems which originate in the Himalayas, viz., the Indus and the Ganges. The Indus with its tributaries forms the lifeline of Pakistan. The river Ganges and its main tributary Jamuna, irrigate the rest of the plain. To the east of this the Ganges forms a delta with another river, viz., the Erahamputra which flows for the most part through the 3 Himalayas, and partly through the Indian province of Assar.i. This deltic region at one time constituted the united province of Bengal, then (1947) it was partitioned into West Bengal and what later "became the province of East Pakistan. Bow the Indian province of West Bengal and Bangla Desh (formerly East Pakistan) form this region. South India is a great plateau. There are also great deserts in the sub-continent such as the desert of Baluchistan in Pakistan and that of Rajasthan in India.

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