Giuseppe Verdi in Wien

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Giuseppe Verdi in Wien Giuseppe Verdi in Wien Bearbeitet von Günther Berger 1. Auflage 2012. Buch. 272 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 631 63026 6 Format (B x L): 14,8 x 21 cm Gewicht: 450 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Musik, Darstellende Künste, Film > Musikwissenschaft Allgemein > Einzelne Komponisten und Musiker Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Giuseppe Verdi und das Risorgimento 1847 erzielten die liberalen Bewegungen in Mitteleuropa Fortschritte. In Folge der verschlechternden Wirtschaftslage kam es vor allem in den Arbeiterstädten der Monarchie zu Demonstrationen. In Ungarn und Böhmen wurde der Ruf nach weitgehender nationaler Selbständigkeit und eigener Verfassung laut. In Italien erhob sich die Forderung nach einem eigenen Nationalstaat. Metternich wehrte ab: „Italien ist ein geographischer Begriff“. Giuseppe Verdi trat 1847 in Kontakt mit italienischen Politikern, die Befreiung von jeder Fremdherrschaft und Eini- gung Italiens wünschten. Der mit Giuseppe Verdi befreundete Dichter Giuseppe Giusti war enttäuscht, daß Verdi statt eines patriotischen Dramas „Macbeth“ vertont hat. Verdi stimmte ihm in einem Brief vom 27. 3. 1847 zu und bedauerte, daß es Italien an einem Dichter mangelte, der solch ein Drama verfassen konnte.77 21 seiner 28 Opern beruhen auf ausländischen Vorlagen. Noch am 25. 2. 1854 schrieb Giuseppe Verdi an Giuseppina Gräfin Appiani: „Der Künstler muß sich seiner Inspiration hingeben und wenn er wahres Talent hat, fühlt und versteht niemand besser als er, was gut für ihn ist. Ich würde mit der größten Sicherheit ein Sujet vertonen, wenn es mir zusagt, auch wenn es von allen anderen Künstlern als nicht komponierbar abgelehnt würde.“78 Von Italien ging der Beginn der Revolution von 1848 aus. Zu den sonst in Europa erhobenen Forderungen nach Konstitution, Pressefreiheit und Aner- kennung der politischen Mündigkeit der Bürger kam in Italien und Deutschland das Bestreben nach Nationsbildung. Ein Italien von Sizilien bis zum Brenner erschien möglich, sollte jedoch aus eigener Kraft entstehen („Italia faró da se!“). Am 1. Jänner des Jahres 1848 gab es Erhebungen im Königreich Lombardo- Venetien (insbesondere in Mailand, Brescia und Padua). Der General- kommandant Generalfeldmarschall Johann Joseph Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz (2. 11. 1766 Schloß Trebnitz – 5. 1. 1858 Villa Reale, Mailand) wurde mit der Niederschlagung des Aufstandes beauftragt. Daraufhin stellte sich König Carlo Alberto von Sardinien-Piemont (2. 10. 1798 Turin – 28. 8. 1849 Porto/ Portugal) aus der Nebenlinie Savoyen-Carignan an die Spitze der revolutionären Bewegung und rief zum Kampf gegen Habsburg auf. König Karl Albert von Sardinien-Piemont gab seinem Land am 4. März 1848 die freiheitliche Ver- fassung „Statuto Albertino“, welche in Italien bis 1946 in Kraft blieb. Am 22. Februar 1848 wurde über das Königreich Lombardo-Venetien der Kriegszustand verhängt. Am 23. Februar 1848 brach auch in Frankreich die Revolution aus, die zur Absetzung von König Louis Philippe I.er führte. Der drohende Sturz der Monarchie in Österreich veranlasste Erzherzog Ludwig Josef (13. 12. 1784 Florenz – 21. 12. 1864 Wien), der seit Dezember 1836 mit seinem Neffen Erzherzog Franz Carl Joseph (7. 2. 1802 Wien – 8. 3. 1878 42 Wien), Metternich und Franz Anton Graf Kolowrat als Staatsrat die Regierungs- geschäfte für Kaiser Ferdinand I. führte, den als Symbol der Unterdrückung geltenden Staatskanzler Metternich in den Abendstunden des 13. März 1848 zum Rücktritt aufzufordern. Nachdem Metternich der Kaiserin Maria Anna (19. 9. 1803 Rom – 4. 5. 1884 Prag), der Tochter von Vittorio Emanuele I. von Sardinien-Piemont, riet, dem von ihrer Schwägerin Erzherzogin Sophie aus- gehenden Wunsch nach Thronverzicht zugunsten deren ältesten Sohn Franz Joseph Karl (18. 8. 1830 Schönbrunn – 21. 11. 1916 Schönbrunn) nicht zuzu- stimmen, floh er noch am selben Abend mit seiner Gattin nach London ins Exil. Die Nachricht vom Sturz Metternichs wurde begeistert gefeiert. Studenten und Bürger konnten die Ruhe nur mühsam wiederherstellen. Am 14. März 1848 versprach Kaiser Ferdinand I. den Bürgern, sie bei der Ausarbeitung einer Verfassung zu beteiligen. Im Lombardo-Venetischen Königreich vertraten 70.000 Mann mit 150 Kanonen die Interessen der österreichischen Regierung. Die am 17. 3. 1848 in Venedig begonnenen Unruhen konnten zunächst unterbunden werden. Als jedoch Oberst Marinovich ermordet und Vizeadmiral A. St. Ritter von Martini gefangenge- nommen wurde, übergaben der Militärkommandant Graf Zichy von Vasonykeö und Gouverneur Alois Graf Pálffy, um Blutvergießen zu verhindern, die Militär- und Zivilgewalt Venedigs den Aufständischen. Dafür wurden die beiden vor Gericht gestellt. Graf Zichy von Vasonykeö wurde 1849 zu zehnjähriger Festungshaft verurteilt, jedoch 1851 vom Kaiser begnadigt. Als bekannter Feinschmecker weckte der Graf seinen Koch auch nachts, um einen Leckerbissen zubereitet zu bekommen, „zu welchem er selbst in süßer und erquickender Muße des Bettes das Rezept entdeckt hatte.“79 Am 18. März 1848 begannen in Mailand „Le cinque giornate“ bei welchen Generalfeldmarschall Johann Joseph Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz am 22. März 1848 mit seinen Truppen durch die Porta Tosa vertrieben wurde, die seit damals Porta Vittoria heißt. (1895 wurde ein Denkmal von Giuseppe Grandi in Form eines Bronzeobelisken auf hohem Sockel mit weiblichen Figuren, welche die fünf Großkampftage symbolisieren, eingeweiht.) Als Giuseppe Verdi in Paris von den „cinque giornate“ hörte, fuhr er nach Mailand. Während seines Aufenthaltes kaufte er von den Herren Merli das Landgut Sant´ Agata Villanova sull`Adria, wo er seine Eltern einquartierte und den Palazzo Orlandi in Busseto für sich. Nachdem Carlo Alberto König von Sardinien und Piemont Venedig befreit hatte, gelang es Daniele Manin (13. 5. 1804 Venedig – 22. 9. 1857 Paris) das Arsenal zu besetzen und für siebzehn Monate bis zum 30. August 1849 Präsident der Republik von San Marco zu sein. 43 Die Herzöge von Parma und Modena sowie der Großherzog der Toskana mußten sich ins Ausland begeben. Am 25. März 1848 erklärte König Karl Albert von Sardinien-Piemont Österreich den Krieg und ließ seine Truppen in die Lombardei einmarschieren. Am 5. April 1848 war Verdi wieder in Mailand. Bereits Anfang Mai kam es in Wien zu Demonstrationen gegen die neue oktroyierte Verfassung, die zwar gegenüber der Ära Metternich erhebliche Fortschritte brachte, aber dennoch als undemokratisch empfunden wurde. Die sich in den Straßen Wiens ausdehnenden Kämpfe veranlassten den Kaiser das allgemeine und freie Wahlrecht sowie eine neue Verfassung zu bewilligen. Am 17. Mai 1848 floh die kaiserliche Familie nach Innsbruck, damit die – nach Meinung des Kaisers – durch Studenten und in die Irre geleitete Bürger verursachten verworrenen Verhältnisse unblutig gelöst werden könnten. Nach anfänglichen Erfolgen wurden die Truppen von König Karl Albert von Sardinien-Piemont über den Mincio zurückgedrängt und vom 23. – 25. Juli 1848 bei Custoza von Radetzkys Armee entscheidend besiegt. Nach Abschluß des Waffenstillstandes von Salasca konnte Generalfeldmarschall Johann Joseph Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz am 6. August 1848 wieder in Mailand einziehen. Auch die Herzöge von Parma und von Modena sowie der Großherzog der Toskana konnten wieder in ihre Residenzen zurückkehren. Kaiser Ferdinand I. kehrte mit seinem Hof am 12. August 1848 von Innsbruck nach Wien zurück und feierte am nächsten Tag einen Dankgottesdienst in der Dom- und Metropolitankirche St. Stephan. Verdi war nach Paris zurückgekehrt. Auf der Rückreise hatte er umso be- geisterter auf den Vorschlag des Hausdichters des Teatro San Carlo, Salvadore Cammarano, eine Oper über den Sieg des Lombardenbundes über Kaiser Friedrich I. Barbarossa bei Legnano 1176 zu machen, geantwortet, als Legnano nunmehr unter österreichischer Fremdherrschaft stand. Cammarano orientierte sich beim Libretto an Joseph Mérys „La Bataille de Toulouse“ (1828).80 Da das Teatro San Carlo in Neapel Giuseppe Verdi kein Libretto sandte, erklärte dieser am 24. 8. 1848 in einem Brief an den inzwischen wegen Unfähigkeit entlassenen Coimpresario Edoardo Guillaume seinen Vertrag für null und nichtig. Verdi unterzeichnete eine Petition an den Oberbefehlshaber der französischen Armee, Italien im Kampf gegen Österreich beizustehen, was aber wegen der in Frankreich ausgebrochenen Unruhen nicht möglich war. Auf Ersuchen des zu Giuseppe Garibaldi gezogenen Freiheitskämpfers Giuseppe Mazzini81 komponierte Giuseppe Verdi die patriotische Kantate „Suona la tromba“ auf Worte Goffredi Mamelis 81a. Am 18. 10 1848 sandte Verdi die Komposition Mazzini und wünschte: „diese Hymne möge unter Kanonenmusik bald in den 44 lombardischen Ebenen gesungen werden.“82 Am 25. Oktober 1848 wurde die Oper „Il corsaro“ im Teatro Grande in Triest erstaufgeführt. Ende des Jahres 1848 hatte Giuseppe Verdi die Oper „La battaglia di Legnano“ fertig kompo- niert. Der Verleger Giovanni Ricordi wählte das Teatro Argentina in Rom als Uraufführungsort. Rom hatte zwar nicht unmittelbar unter der österreichischen Fremdherrschaft zu leiden, aber im November 1848 wurde Graf Pellegrino Rossi von Republikanern ermordet, weil er wie Papst Pius IX. eine
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