Torrey Botanical Society

The Historical and Extant Vascular Flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York 1947- 1998 Author(s): Robert DeCandido and Eric E. Lamont Source: Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, Vol. 131, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 2004), pp. 368-386 Published by: Torrey Botanical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4126941 Accessed: 18/06/2009 03:05

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http://www.jstor.org Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 131(4), 2004, pp. 368-386

The historical and extant vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York 1947-19981 Robert DeCandido2,3 Department of Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031 Eric E. Lamont Honorary Research Associate, Institute of Sytematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458

DECANDIDO,R. (Department of Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031) AND E. E. LAMONT(Institute of Sytematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458). The historical and extant vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York 1947-1998. J. Torrey Bot. Society 131: 368-386. 2004.-This vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New York is based on collections made by H.E. Ahles in 1946-47 and by the authors from March of 1994 through October of 1998. Altogether, 123 families, 471 genera and 956 species are reported here. Of these 956 species, 583 (61.0%) are native, 321 (33.6%) non-native and 52 (5.4%) either planted or introduced and not spreading to any degree. The largest families were the Asteraceae (120 species) and the Poaceae (106 species), and the largest genera were Carex, Polygonum and Aster. The park's current flora is analyzed by habitat and four plant communities are described and discussed. Most of the extant plant species diversity occurs in two habitats: 255 species were found primarily in the woodland community, and 288 species usually occurred in the grassland/ meadow community. According to current criteria in New York, 27 native species collected in 1994-98 are considered uncommon, rare, threatened or endangered in the state. The most pernicious non-native species that occur in PBPK are: Acer platanoides, Alliaria petiolata, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, and Rhamnus frangula. The future of the remaining natural areas of Pelham Bay Park will depend upon the degree biologists make people aware of the significant plant species diversity remaining in New York City's second largest park. Key words: Flora, urban, Pelham Bay Park, New York City, plant communities, H. E. Ahles.

Pelham Bay Park (PBPK), Bronx County, 1958, Kaltman 1968). Fortunately, there still re- New York is located along the southwestern main several natural areas representing a diver- shore of the Long Island Sound (40' 52' 30" N, sity of habitats of the region. 730 47' 30" W), north of Manhattan and south PBPK is mostly isolated from the surrounding of New Rochelle, Westchester County. At communities by several large water bodies and 1119.4 hectares, it is the second largest park in roadways, including the Long Island Sound, New York City, and the largest under the juris- Hutchinson River, and the New England Thru- diction of the New York City Department of way (Figure 1). The park is heavily used by the Parks and Recreation. The park was established public from June through August, but, except for in 1884 through the efforts of the New Parks areas immediately adjacent to the water, the nat- Movement (Schnitz and Loeb 1984). Since the ural areas are not as frequently visited. The only 1930's, numerous development projects have previous extensive plant survey of PBPK was transformed much of the park (see Monachino conducted in 1946-47 by Harry E. Ahles. (For a brief biography of H. E. Ahles, see Tippo 1Funding for this research came from the City of 1982.) In his two-year field study of PBPK, Ah- New York Department of Parks and Recreation and the les collected 1531 specimens, eventually donat- Bobolink Foundation. ing these to the New York State Museum, but 2 This is dedicatedto the late Jess Hanks of paper his research PBPK has been the City College of New York (CUNY), since he en- in only analyzed couraged everyone to take an active interest in the lo- recently (DeCandido 2001). Ahles never pub- cal flora. Howard Becker of the Bronx accompanied lished any papers based on collections he made the senior author on plant collecting forays from 1994- at PBPK, and published only one that in- 1998. We thank him for his effort and paper indefatiguable from the Bronx Ahles friendship. We also want to thank Andrew M. Greller, corporated specimens (see Professor Emeritus of Botany, Queens College 1951). (CUNY) for his encouragement and thoughtful sug- Landform in PBPK was largely determined by gestions. several glacial flows during the Pleistocene Pe- 3 Present Address: International Bird Cen- Research riod. Evidence for these in the is ter, Eilat, Israel; E-mail: [email protected] glaciers park Received for publication March 1, 2002, and in re- in the form of roche moutonees, rock erratics, vised form February 11, 2004. striae and groove markings. The underlying ge- 368 2004] DECANDIDOAND LAMONT:FLORA OF PELHAMBAY PARK 369

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FIG.1. Map of Pelham Bay Park,Bronx County,New York City showing the differenthabitats of the park. ology of PBPK is primarily metamorphic in or- land use exists in the form of recovered Indian igin and includes felsic gneisses, sillimanite artifacts as well as oyster and clam middens, schists and amphibolites, with extensive veins of remnants of which can still be found today (Bol- quartz (Schubert 1968, Leveson and Seyfert ton 1922, Kaeser 1970). Recovered Zea mays 1969). These rocks are classified as part of the pollen indicates that Native Americans were uti- Hutchinson River Group that is correlative with lizing PBPK at least by 1175 A.D., ? 100 years the Hartland Formation of western Connecticut (Loeb 1998a). From 1888-1934, much of the and southeastern New York (Merguerian and park remained an open canopy woodland and Sanders 1993). grassland, since trees were selectively removed Pre-historical evidence of Native American by the City of New York Department of Parks 370 JOURNALOF THE TORREYBOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 131 and Recreation from Hunter Island and other ar- October, from 1994 to 1998 (inclusive) for a to- eas of PBPK (Loeb 1998b). Other more grand- tal of at least 200 field days over five years by scale projects, such as those undertaken by the the senior author. The park was walked for about WPA in the 1930s, changed water flow patterns five hours each visit, in such a way that all areas through the larger salt marshes and even some of the park were sampled at least every other of the woodlands of PBPK. From 1934-1948, week. Voucher specimens of each taxon with the New York City Department of Parks under collection notes were deposited at the New York the direction of Robert Moses made significant State Museum in Albany in 1999. These voucher changes to the park by filling in the original Pel- specimens have since been transferred to the ham Bay for use as a parking lot, creating Or- Brooklyn Botanic Garden. chard Beach (Caro 1974). Beginning in 1964, The plant specimens of PBPK that H.E. Ahles approximately 105 acres in the southern portion collected in 1946-1947, and now held at the of the park were taken over by the Department New York State Museum at Albany, were ex- of Sanitation and converted to a landfill (Kalt- amined along with his field notes for those two man 1968). This site was eventually closed in years (Ahles 1947, 1948). Ahles spent a total of the 1970s, but not before it had become the 33 days of the 1946 field season making his col- highest point in the eastern Bronx (Pons 1987). lections (from 10 March to 6 October) in PBPK. During the last fifty years, one major roadway During 1947, Ahles did not record the specific (the New England Thruway) has been built date a species was collected, so it is not known through PBPK, while another (the Hutchinson how many total days he spent in the field that River Parkway) has been expanded. Today, the year. If the nomenclature by which a species was more serious forms of disturbance continue to known and listed by Ahles in 1946-1947 has be anthropogenic in nature, including intention- been changed, the authors made the appropriate ally set fires, abandonment of stolen cars, off- updates to those adopted by Mitchell and Tucker trail dirt biking and jet-skiing in the water bodies (1997) and Mitchell (2000). In one instance a adjacent to the park. In the late 1990s, it was paper by Lamont (1994) was consulted for in- estimated that 28% of the PBPK was mixed de- formation regarding a species collected by Ahles ciduous woods, 24% marine, 7% salt marsh, 6% in 1946. salt flats, 3% meadows and 2% shrub or scrub The species checklist of PBPK (Appendix A) land (Wells 1998). The remaining 33% of the presents an inventory of the vascular plants park has been classified as developed, including found in PBPK by H. E. Ahles in 1946-47 or golf courses, parking lots, buildings, a New for at least one season in the years from 1994- York City Police Department Pistol Range and 1998 with one exception (see DeCandido 1991). the man-made Orchard Beach (Wells 1998). Appendix A includes native species, naturalized Since no comprehensive flora of PBPK had alien (non-native) species, species that have es- ever been published, and no systematic plant caped from cultivation and have become estab- collections made in fifty years, the authors ini- lished in the park, and species planted by the tiated the present study. Our objectives were to New York City Department of Parks and Rec- study the plants that H.E. Ahles collected in reation. Alien species are those not native to the 1946-1947 and incorporate them into the pre- northeastern United States. These are designated sent research; collect and identify extant plant by a leading asterisk (*). All planted or escaped species of Pelham Bay Park; determine the rel- species (those not reproducing to any significant ative status of each species collected in 1994- degree) are enclosed by brackets [ ]. Vascular 1998 (rare, uncommon, common); and describe plants are preceded by a plus (+) sign if they several of the more distinctive habitats in the were only collected as part of the 1994-98 sur- park. By compiling these data, we hope to make vey, and not by Ahles in 1946-47. Vascular it possible for future researchers to assess long- plants collected only by Ahles in 1946-47, but term changes in plant species diversity in PBPK not collected or observed by the authors in and facilitate comparisons with other parks in 1994-1998 are listed in Appendix A by a lead- the region. ing minus (-) sign. These species are considered to be extirpated from the park. Vascular plants Methods. Pelham Bay Park was sampled a collected both by Ahles and during 1994-1998 minimum of two times per week, from April have no special leading designation unless they through August, and at least once per week in are not native to the area. February and March, as well as September and Identification of specimens was made using 2004] DECANDIDO AND LAMONT: FLORA OF PELHAM BAY PARK 371

Table 1. Comparison between plant species diversity of Pelham Bay Park found in 1946-1947 by H. E. Ahles and the 1994-1998 flora. Conifers Dicots Monocots Total Pteridophytes Total 1947 1998 1947 1998 1947 1998 1947 1998 1947 1998 1947+1998 Native Species 15 12 1 2 327 326 139 102 481 442 582 Non-native Species 0 0 2 1 154 240 31 59 187 300 321 Planted Species 0 0 1 7 2 43 0 0 3 50 52 Total Species 15 12 4 10 483 609 170 161 672 792 956 Genera 11 9 2 5 268 345 73 72 354 431 471 Families 7 6 2 5 85 96 14 10 108 117 123

Gleason and Cronquist (1991). Nomenclature that were abundant or common are not desig- followed Mitchell and Tucker (1997) the minor nated with any symbol on this list. Species that revisions in Mitchell (2000). For the data anal- are indicated as planted have not been evaluated ysis, subspecies and varieties were treated as full regarding their status in the park. species. Clemants (1990), the New York Flora Association (1990) and Clemants (1999) were Results. Appendix A, the vascular flora of the primary references used to verify the histor- PBPK, lists 123 families, 471 genera and 956 ical occurrence(s) of particular species in the species with the H.E. Ahles flora of 1947-1948 Bronx and New York City. combined with the 1994-1998 flora. Of these, In Appendix A, following the scientific name 583 (61.0%) were native, 321 (33.6%) were of all native and non-native species is the current non-native and 52 (5.4%) were planted and not status in PBPK as follows. Rare: if an herba- spreading to any degree (Table 1). One species, ceous species then it must only have been pre- Hibiscus laevis, originally collected in 1991 sent at three different sites or fewer, with no (DeCandido 1991) and since extirpated, was more than 25 individuals present at any one site; new to New York State (Mitchell and Tucker or, present at one site with no more than 50 total 1997, Mitchell 2000). In addition, PBPK is one plants. If a tree or shrub, it must only have been of only two sites in New York State for Lactuca present at six or fewer locations, with no site floridana. New records for the park (as com- having more than five individuals; or present at pared to the 1946-1947 unpublished list com- one site with no more than 10 individuals found piled by Ahles) number 284 species. These in- at that location. Uncommon: if an herbaceous cluded 102 native species that Ahles probably species then it must have been present at four to overlooked, 135 non-native species, and 47 spe- six sites with no more than 50 individuals at any cies that have been planted and are not repro- one of those sites; or present at one locality only, ducing in the park. By comparison, 142 native with no more than 100 individuals found at that and 25 non-native species were collected by Ah- site. If a tree or shrub, the species must have les and not found during the course of this study. been present at 7 to 10 sites with no stand great- Most likely, these 167 species have been extir- er than five individuals; or, present at one site pated from PBPK in the last 50 years (De- only with 15 or fewer individuals. A species was Candido 2004). A comparison of numbers of listed as extirpated if it was found during one or species from PBPK collected by Ahles (1946- more field seasons, but not seen subsequently, 1947) and the current authors during 1994-1998 despite several attempts at relocating plants at is presented in Table 1. According to Table 2, the site or in other likely areas of PBPK. Species collections made in Bronx County since the late

Table 2. Statistical summary of the plant species diversity found in Pelham Bay Park in 1946-1947 and 1994-1998, as well as Bronx County (1850-2000) and New York City (1850-2000).

Numberof Species Locale Families Native Non-Native Planted Total PBPK 1946-1947 108 483 (71.8%) 187 (27.8%) 3 (0.4%) 672 PBPK 1994-1998 117 442 (55.8%) 300 (37.9%) 50 (6.3%) 792 Bronx County 146 988 (65.3%) 417 (27.7%) 106 (7.0%) 1511 New York City 161 1357 (62.3%) 610 (28.0%) 210 (9.6%) 2177 372 JOURNALOF THE TORREYBOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL.131

19h century and kept at the State Museum at common in the park. Another 21 species (5 na- Albany (NYFA 1990) show that there have been tive; 16 non-native) became extirpated during at least 146 families of plants present in the five years of field work in PBPK. Overall, 26 boro, with 1511 total species. Of this species native species (5.9% of the native flora) of total, 988 are native (65.3%), 417 non-native PBPK collected in 1994-98 are considered en- (27.7%) and 106 were planted (7.0%). For all of dangered, threatened or rare in New York State New York City (see DeCandido et al. 2004), (Mitchell 2000, Young and Weldy 2003). These 2177 species in 161 families have been found. include 22 herbaceous and four woody species. Of these, 1357 have been native species As compared to a recent list of the 26 most (62.3%), 610 have been non-native species serious invasive plants in the state (New York (28.0%), and 210 species were planted (9.6%). State Ad Hoc Invasive Plant Group 2001), When the Ahles' flora and the present flora PBPK currently has 17 of the species on the list. are combined, the families with the greatest spe- At least 16 of these have established themselves cies richness at PBPK are the Asteraceae (120 widely in natural areas of the park, or have species) and the Poaceae (106 species), and the formed monodominant stands in disturbed areas. largest genera are Carex (35 spp.), Aster (18) These are: Acer platanoides, Alliaria petiolata, Polygonum (18) and Panicum (15). The families Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Berberis thunber- in the flora (collections from 1994-98) with the gii, Celastrus orbiculata, Centaurea maculosa, greatest species richness are the Asteraceae with Cynanchum louiseae, Elaeagnus umbellata, 45 genera and 101 species, and the Poaceae, Lonicera japonica, Lonicera morrowii, Lonicera with 48 genera and 88 species. Together, they x bella, Lythrum salicaria, Phragmites australis, comprise 21.8% of all genera and 23.9% of all Rhamnus cathartica, Rhamnus frangula, Robi- species collected from 1994-98. Other large nia pseudoacacia, and Rosa multiflora. In ad- families are the Fabaceae (21 gen., 35 spp.), Ro- dition, three other species not on the state list: saceae (15 gen., 32 spp.), Brassicaceae (18 gen., Populus alba, Viburnum dilatatum and Vibur- 29 spp.), Cyperaceae (5 gen., 29 spp.), Liliaceae num sieboldii (for the last of these, see Kunstler (18 gen., 23 spp.) and the Caryophyllacaeae (11 1993), had also established themselves in some gen., 20 spp.). The largest genera are: Carex, of the natural areas of PBPK. These 19 species Polygonum (each with 16 spp.), Aster (15 spp.), posed the greatest threat to natural communities Quercus (10 spp.), Eupatorium, Solidago (each in PBPK. with 8 spp.), and Acer, Panicum (each with 7 spp.). When extant flora was analyzed by habi- Discussion. The vascular flora of PBPK is tat, (see Reschke 1990), 30 species were found composed of 956 species in 471 genera and 123 primarily in the maritime plant community that families. Compared to an unpublished flora of was periodically inundated with brackish or ma- PBPK by H.E. Ahles in 1946-47, there were rine water. By comparison, 255 species occurred more total species, genera and families collected mostly in the woodland community including in 1994-1998. However, there were fewer native gaps within the forest; 288 species usually oc- species collected during 1994-1998 than in the curred in the grassland/meadow community; 139 Ahles' study (Table 1). In the intervening years, species occurred in sites that have been dis- the proportion of native plant species declined turbed in the recent past, such as roadsides, from 71.8% in 1946-47 to 55.8% in this study. parking lots and areas adjacent to buildings and As the absolute and proportional number of na- other structures. A further 30 species were pri- tive species declined, the number of non-native marily confined to freshwater riparian areas dis- species increased from the 187 collected by Ah- tributed throughout the park. les, to 300 collected in 1994-98 (Table 1). Over- During the course of the 1994-1998 survey, all, according to Table 2, 44.6% of all the native 53 of the 326 (16.3 %) native herbaceous spe- plant species ever collected in Bronx County cies (exclusive of planted species) were judged were collected in 1994-1998 in PBPK. Also, to be rare at PBPK, while 27 native herbaceous 72.1% of all non-native species ever collected in species (8.3%) were considered uncommon. For Bronx County were present in PBPK in 1994- the woody species, 15 of the 116 native species 1998. Similarly, almost half (49.1%) of all the (12.9%) were classified as rare, while 5 (4.8%) non-native species ever collected in New York were considered uncommon. In all, of the 742 City were collected in PBPK as part of this extant native and non-native species of PBPK, study. 142 (19.1%) have been judged to be rare or un- The vegetation of Pelham Bay Park from 2004] DECANDIDOAND LAMONT:FLORA OF PELHAMBAY PARK 373

1994-1998 can be classified into five general slightly elevated areas, species that can be found plant communities based upon descriptions de- are Amelanchier stolonifera, Aronia x prunifol- veloped by Reschke (1990): Maritime including ia, Lechea mucronata, Parthenocissus quinque- intertidal marine, gravelly shores, beach and salt folia, Quercus stellata, and Silene caroliniana marsh; forest including lowland and upland var. pensylvanica. woods; freshwater riparian areas; meadows/ grasslands; and wasteland/disturbed sites. Each WOODLAND PLANT COMMUNITY. The upland of these habitats (except for wasteland/dis- forest community occurs on well-drained acidic turbed) contains more non-native than native soils beginning approximately three meters species compared with the same habitat in above sea level. The amount of land classified 1946-1947 (DeCandido 2004). Four of these as forest in one section of the park (Hunter Is- habitats are discussed below. By far, most of the land) has increased by more than 2.5 times from species in this study came from two communi- 1888-1984 (Loeb 1998a). The upland woodland ties: upland forest and grasslands/meadows. community in PBPK most closely resembles an Appalachian oak-hickory forest of the north- MARITIME PLANT COMMUNITY. Salt marshes eastern United States also described from other flourish where the Island Sound and the Long parks in New York City (Lefkowitz and Greller Hutchinson River border PBPK. The estuary 1973, Loeb 1986). Most trees in the canopy are of the low salt marsh consists vegetation pri- between 15 and 25 meters high though certain of alterniflora, while the high marily Spartina individuals (such as specimens of Liriodendron marsh is dominated by Spartina patens, Distich- tulipifera) are estimated to be up to 45 meters lis spicata and Juncus gerardii. In this marine in height. The dominant trees in the two largest plant community, four herbaceous species that patches of mature forest in PBPK (Hunter Island are disappearing from many other salt marshes and the Central Woodlands) are Quercus alba, in southern New York State can be found: Aster Q. rubra and Q. velutina. Mixed with the oaks subulatus, Aster tenuifolius, Limonium caroli- but less encountered are Betula lenta, nianum and Suaeda linearis. Salt are in- frequently pannes C. tomentosa and Fraxinus amer- the salt marsh. In these Carya glabra, terspersed throughout icana. Occasional stems of Castanea dentata poorly drained areas, especially in the high still emerge from stumps of dead trees. In the marsh, species such as Salicornia europaea, S. sub-canopy, species such as Cornus florida and perennis, Pluchea odorata, Spergularia salina, Sassafras albidum predominate, while Amelan- and S. rubra can be found. Although gravelly chier arborea and Hammamelis virginiana oc- shores are fairly common at PBPK, there was no cur to a lesser extent. Common low shrubs in- extensive beach plant community typical of the clude Cornus sericea, Gaylussacia baccata, Ru- nearby north shore of Long Island as described bus Vaccinium pallidum, and Vi- by Lamont and Stalter (1991). Also, no primary allegheniensis, burnum The dune system exists at PBPK, such as found in acerifolium. ground layer herbaceous flora is diverse and includes such parks on the south shore of Long Island that border the Atlantic Ocean at the Fire Island Nation- species as Alliaria petiolata, Aster divaricatus, Circaea lutetiana Geranium al Seashore (see Stalter et al. 1986). ssp. canadensis, Helianthus Maianthe- Moving landward from the high salt marsh, maculata, divaricatus, Pedicu- one encountered a transition zone before the up- mum canadensis, Monotropa uniflora, laris S. caesia and land forest begins. This area is largely dominat- canadensis, Solidago bicolor, canadensis var. scabra. ed by stands of Tripsacum dactyloides. Here S. also can be found Hibiscus moscheutos, Phrag- In richer and moister soils of the forest, spe- mites australis, Polygonum ramosissimum and cies such as Betula alleghaniensis, Carpinus Teucrium canadense. In other places, especially caroliniana ssp. virginiana, Cornus alternifolia, where the terrain is slightly elevated or the bed- Liquidamber styraciflua, Platanus occidentalis, rock was exposed, a salt shrub and grass com- Quercus bicolor, and Ostrya virginiana were munity is found. Species of this drier zone in- collected. Beneath this canopy layer, certain clude Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens ssp. shrub species are more abundant, such as Cor- oraria and Myrica pensylvanica. Typical her- ylus americana, Ilex verticillata and Lindera baceous species include Panicum virgatum, Eu- benzoin. Herbaceous species include Agrimonia thamia graminifolia, Solidago sempervirens and gryposepala, Arisaema triphyllum, Cardamine rarely, Spartina pectinata. In more rocky and cocatenata, Impatiens capensis, Osmunda cin- 374 JOURNALOF THE TORREYBOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL.131 namomea, Phyrma leptostachya, Piptochaetium dominated by non-native species such as Am- avenaceum, and Thalictrum pubescens. pelopsis brevipedunculata, Artemisia vulgaris, A unique aspect of the upland forest for New Bromus spp., Centaurea spp., Cynanchum lou- York City Parks is that at PBPK this community iseae, Linaria vulgaris, Lonicera japonica, Pru- extends out in hillocks into the salt marsh in nus spp., Trifolium pratense, and Vicia spp. some areas. These hillocks can also occasionally WASTELAND/DISTURBEDHABITAT. Plants in- be found as lone islands surrounded by the salt habiting frequently disturbed or artificially main- marsh. Typical understory species in this habitat tained areas include species that are often non- include: Andropogon gerardii, Aralia nudicau- native in origin. Such species occur primarily in lis, Aster macrophyllus, Aster paternus, Aureo- and around buildings, parking lots, golf courses, laria flava, Chimaphila maculata, Gaylussacia highways, railways and the abandoned landfill. baccata, Helianthus divaricatus, Lespedeza hir- Typical species of these habitats include Hiera- ta, L. virginica, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Pteri- cium spp., Mazus pumilus, Poa pratensis, Ta- dium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Smilax glauca, raxacum officinale, Veronica spp., as well as Smilacina racemosa, Sorghastrum nutans and many of the non-native species that may also Tripsacum dactyloides. invade successional old fields and shrub lands. Many herbaceous species that are rare and un- If these disturbed sites were left alone over time, common within PBPK are confined to forest woodlands with a limited number of plant spe- edges and isolated small gaps within the forest. cies could develop. These habitats are then fre- In the latter case, the canopy gaps are often pro- quently dominated by woody species such as duced and maintained because of elevated, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus and Po- rocky areas of the forest floor overlain with thin pulus alba. soils. In addition, gaps are formed at PBPK when freshwater collected to form small pools RARE PLANTS AND EXTIRPATED SPECIES. Twen- within the forest, above which few trees have ty-seven species found during 1994-98 are con- grown. Since these areas have been too difficult sidered uncommon, rare, threatened or endan- to maintain by mowing or artificial plantings, gered in New York State (Mitchell 2000, Young isolated havens exist for several species other- and Weldy 2003). Eight of these species were at wise rare or uncommon in the park. These taxa or near the northern limits of their range at include: Agastache nepetoides, Ceanothus amer- PBPK. These were: Cyperus echinatus, Dios- icana, Desmodium canadense, Dicentra cucul- pyros virginiana, Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. laria, Diervilla lonicera, Eupatorium sessilifol- laciniatum, Eupatorium serotinum, Lactuca flor- ium, Mimulus alatus, Mitchella repens, Paro- idana, Lechea racemulosa, Ptelea trifoliata and nychia canadensis, Polypodium virginianum, Viburnum dentatum var. venosum. Pyrola americana and Viola pubescens. Other New York State listed species were in- dicative of habitats (e.g., salt marshes) that have GRASSLAND/MEADOWPLANT COMMUNITY. a limited distribution in the state, or were found From 1885-1984, land classified as meadow de- in a habitat that has declined in New York City clined by 85%, from 69.7 hectares to 10.5 hect- (grasslands). These were: Asclepias purpuras- ares (Sisinni and Anderson 1993). Compared to cens, Aster subulatus, Aster tenuifolius, Cen- habitat descriptions provided by Ahles (Ahles chrus tribuloides, Cuscuta pentagona, Iris pris- 1947, 1948), there were many more grasslands, matia, Juncus brachycarpus, Oenothera lacinia- meadows and fields in 1946-47 than in 1994- ta, Oenothera parviflora var. oakesiana, Pas- 1998 (DeCandido 2001, DeCandido 2004). In palum setaceum var. muhlenbergii, Suaeda the last fifty years, many open areas have be- linearis, and Tripsacum dactyloides. Finally come dominated by shrubs and young trees. The there were seven New York State species found only "natural" meadow (the topsoil was re- in PBPK for which no discernible cause of de- moved for fill in the 1930s) with a high diversity cline could be determined. These were: Agas- of native herbaceous species in PBPK is com- tache nepetoides, Juglans cinerea, Mimulus ala- posed primarily of Tripsacum dactyloides. Other tus, Polygonum hydropiperoides var. opelousan- important species of this meadow are Lythrum um, Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus, Silene car- salicaria, Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, P. virgi- oliniana var. pensylvanica and Veronicastrum nianum, Solidago speciosa, Viburnum dentatum virginicum. var. lucidum and V. dentatum var. venosum. Appendix A also lists 17 plant species col- Elsewhere, fields and shrub lands were often lected by H.E. Ahles in 1946-47 that have spe- 2004] DECANDIDOAND LAMONT:FLORA OF PELHAMBAY PARK 375

cial rarity designations in New York State, and events such as construction of buildings or even have since become extirpated in PBPK. These natural area restoration efforts. In the wood- are: Carex bushii, Carex buxbaumii, Carex po- lands, the most pernicious of these non-native lymorpha, Carex seorsa, Crotolaria sagittalis, species are: Acer platanoides, Alliaria petiolata, Cyperus lupulinus, Eleocharis halophila, Juncus Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera japonica, Loni- scirpoides, Lespedeza violacea, Oxalis violacea, cera morrowii, and Rhamnusfrangula. The most Panicum scabriusculum, Plantago maritima ssp. widespread alien species in open habitats are juncoides, Polygonum erectum, Prunus pumila Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Artemisia vulgar- var. depressa, Salicornia bigelovii, Solidago is, Lythrum salicaria, and Populus alba. sempervirens var. mexicana and Spiranthes ver- The flora of Pelham Bay Park is a rich assem- nalis. With the exception of P. pumila var. de- blage of native and non-native species in one of pressa (a small shrub), each of these extirpated the world's largest cities. Though much of the plants is an herbaceous species. plant species diversity found by H. E. Ahles in There were also two important discoveries of 1946-47 still remains, significant changes have plant species not known from New York State, occurred in the last half-century. Establishing a or believed to have been extirpated in the state. park does not insure the preservation of its na- One of these (Hibiscus laevis) was first seen in tive species diversity, and may not even protect flower in July of 1990 (DeCandido 1991). It was its natural areas from development. As we enter subsequently extirpated due to repeated mowing a new millennium with open space at a premium of the area in the summer of 1992. The second in New York City, parks represent low-cost land, species, Lactuca floridana, was found in the where developers and city officials frequently at- same location it was originally discovered in tempt to build recreational facilities, expand 1954 (see Monachino 1955). This species was highways or place water treatment facilities. At previously thought to have been extirpated in Pelham Bay Park from 1990-2001, there have New York State. been proposals for placing an ice-skating rink, During the course of this five-year study, a bicycle paths, tennis courts, and baseball fields total of 21 plant species became extirpated (5 in natural areas. In the 21st century, the future native; 16 non-native) from PBPK. The five na- of the natural areas of PBPK depends on those tive species were: Aster patens, Desmodium cus- people who believe that biologically significant pidatum, Hibiscus laevis, Oenothera laciniata habitats for plants, wildlife (and humans) must and Spiranthes cernua. Each of these five spe- continue to exist in New York City. The degree cies had been reduced to a small population of to which biologists and educators create oppor- less than three individuals when initially discov- tunities for people to appropriately enjoy the re- ered. It was difficult to determine whether prox- maining natural areas will determine the level of imate or long-term factors were the decisive popular support, and in turn, the future of natural causes of particular native plant species extir- areas in PBPK and New York City. pations. Overall, 100 of 442 (22.6%) native species identified in this study were considered rare Literature Cited or uncommon at PBPK (Appendix A). The ma- jority of the native species at greatest risk of AHLES, H. E. 1947. Letter to Dr. H. D. House at the extirpation were herbaceous plants. Two factors New York State Museum. 19 March 1947. New Museum at seemed to be at work in the decline of herba- York State Albany. Albany, NY. AHLES,H. E. 1948. Letter to Dr. H. D. House at the ceous species: successional ecological forces New York State Museum. 18 March 1948. New and the loss of open habitat such as meadows/ York State Museumat Albany. Albany, NY. grasslands to development (DeCandido 2004). AHLES,H. E. 1951. Interestingweeds in New York City. Bull. TorreyBot. Club 78: 273-274. P. in NON-NATIVESPECIES. Compared to the 1946- BOLTON,R. 1922. Indianpaths the great metrop- olis. IndianNotes and Misc. 23. Two 1947 of the flora of there were 135 Monographs study PBPK, Volumes. Museum of the American Indian, New more non-native species collected in the park in York,NY. 1994-98. Since the earlier study, significant dis- CARO,R. A. 1974. The Power Broker.Robert Moses turbance events have affected PBPK (see Mon- and the fall of New York. Alfred A. Knopf, New NY. achino 1958, Kaltman 1968). These included the York, S. 1990. New York flora. of a landfill in the southern CLEMANTs, E. metropolitan placement sanitary New York City checklist. The Brooklyn Botanic of the the expansion of highways Garden. New 44 region park, Brooklyn, York, NY. p. in the park and other, small-scale disturbance CLEMANTS, S. E. [ed.]. 1999. Woody plant workbook. 376 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 131

Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, New York, MERGUERIAN, C. AND J. E. SANDERS. 1991. Geology of NY. 307 p. Manhattan and the Bronx. Notes for field trip 16. DECANDIDO,R. 1991. Hibiscus militaris L. (Malva- New York Academy of Sciences, Publication 3, ceae) new to New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club New York, NY. 118: 329. MERGUERIAN,C. AND J. E. SANDERS. 1993. Cameron's DECANDIDO, R. 2001. Recent changes in plant species line and the Bronx parks. Notes for field trip 26. diversity in Pelham Bay Park, Bronx County, New New York Academy of Sciences, Publication 16, York City, 1947-1998. PhD thesis. The City Uni- New York, NY versity of New York. New York, NY. MITCHELL,R. S. 2000. Database and revised checklist DECANDIDO, R. 2004. Recent changes in plant species of New York state plants. Part 1): A Database of diversity in urban Pelham Bay Park, 1947-1998. New York State Plants. In Microsoft Access. 3779 Biological Conservation. 120: 129-136. entries. CD-ROM format. New York State Muse- DECANDIDO,R., A. A. MUIR, AND M. B. GARGIULLO. um. Albany, NY. 2004. A first approximation of the historical and MITCHELL, R. S. AND G. C. TUCKER.1997. Revised extant vascular flora of New York City: Implica- checklist of New York plants. Bull. No. 490, New tions for native plant species conservation. J. Tor- York State Museum, Albany, NY. rey Bot. Soc. 131: 243-251. MONACHINO, J. 1955. Field Trip Report: October 10. GLEASON, H. A. AND A. CRONQUIST. 1991. Manual of Pelham Bay Park, NY. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 82: vascular plants of northeastern United States and 64. adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, MONACHINO, J. 1958. Field Trip Report: October 20. Bronx, New York, NY. Pelham Bay Park, NY. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 85: KAESER, E. J. 1970. The archery range site ossuary, 73-74. Pelham Bay Park, Bronx, New York. Pennsylvania NEW YORK FLORA ASSOCIATION. 1990. Preliminary Archaeologist 40: 9-34. vouchered atlas of the New York State Flora. New KALTMAN, H. 1968. Field Trip Report: July 14. Pelham York Flora Association of the New York State Mu- Bay Park. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95: 660. seum Institute. Albany, NY (Xerographic) 498 p. KUNTSLER,D. S. 1993. Siebold's viburnum, Viburnum NEW YORK STATEAD Hoc INVASIVEPLANT GROUP. sieboldii Miquel, new non-native species record for 2001. Top twenty list of the most serious invasive New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120: 188-190. plants in New York State. The Nature Conservan- LAMONT, E. E. 1994. Rediscovery of Solidago sem- cy, Troy, NY. pervirens var. mexicana (Asteraceae) in New York, PoNs, L. [ed.]. 1987. Pelham Bay Park: Creating the with notes on its taxonomic history. Bull. Torrey sanctuaries. City of New York Department of Parks Bot. Club 121: 292-294. and Recreation, Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay LAMONT, E. E. AND R. STALTER. 1991. The vascular Park Administrator's Office, Bronx, NY. flora of Orient Beach State Park, Long Island, New RESCHKE, C. 1990. Ecological communities of New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118: 459-468. York State. New York Natural Heritage Program, LEFKOWITZ,A. AND A. M. GRELLER. 1973. The distri- New York State Department of Environmental bution of tree species on the uplands of Cunning- Conservation, Latham, NY. ham Park, Queens County, New York. Bull. Torrey SCHNITZ, A. AND R. E. LOEB. 1984. "More public Bot. Club 100: 313-318. parks!" The first New York environmental move- LEVESON, D. J. AND C. K. SEYFERT. 1969 The role of ment. Bronx County Historical Jour. XIX: 51-66. metasomatism in the formation of layering in am- SCHUBERT,C. J. 1968. The geology of New York City phibolites of Twin Island, Pelham Bay Park, the and environs. The Natural History Press, Garden Bronx, New York. p. 379-399. In L. H. Larsen, M. City, New Jersey. Prinz, and V. Manson [eds.], Igneous and Meta- SISINNI, S. M. AND M. O. ANDERSON. 1993. Methods morphic Geology. Geological Society of America and results of natural resource assessments in New Memoir 115. New York, NY. York City, New York. Landscape and Urban Plan- LOEB, R. E. 1986. Plant communities of Inwood Hill ning 25: 95-114. Park, New York County, New York. Bull. Torrey STALTER, R., E. E. LAMONT, AND J. NORTHRUP. 1986. Bot. Club 113: 46-52. Vegetation of Fire Island, New York. Bull. Torrey LOEB,R. E. 1998a. Evidence of prehistoric corn (Zea Bot. Club 113: 298-306. mays) and hickory (Carya spp.) planting in New TIPPO,O. 1982. Harry E. Ahles, 1924-1981. Bull. Tor- York City: Vegetation history of Hunter Island, rey Bot. Club 109: 84-86. Bronx County, New York. Jour. of the Torrey Bot. WELLS, J. V. 1998. Important bird areas in New York Soc. 125: 74-86. State. National Audubon Society, Albany, NY. LOEB,R. E. 1998b. Urban ecosystem management and YOUNG, S. M AND T. W. WELDY. 2003. New York rare change during the past millennium: a case study plant status list. New York Natural Heritage Pro- from New York City. Urban Ecosystems 2: 17-26. gram. Albany, New York. 82 p. 2004] DECANDIDO AND LAMONT: FLORA OF PELHAM BAY PARK 377

Appendix A The following is a checklist of the vascular flora of Pelham Bay Park (PBPK), Bronx County, New York State. Nomenclature follows that of Mitchell and Tucker (1997) with minor revisions by Mitchell (2000). The following symbols have been used throughout the list: an asterisk (*) indicates a species non-native (alien) to northeastern United States. Brackets [ ] surrounding the scientific name indicate a species planted in the park that is not reproducing to any great degree in any natural area of PBPK. Species preceded by a plus (+) sign were collected only in 1994-1998. Species preceded by a minus (-) sign were collected only by H. E. Ahles in 1946-47. Vascular plants collected in both 1946-47 and 1994-1998 are preceded by no symbol unless the species is non-native (alien). Immediately following the scientific name, certain plants collected in 1994-98 have been classified as rare or uncommon in Pelham Bay Park (see the Methods section for definitions of these terms). If no mention is made regarding the status of a plant, it should be considered common in the appropriate habitat. Finally, if a species is considered uncommon, rare, threatened or endangered in New York State (NYS), its rarity designation is provided (see Young and Weldy 2003 for exact definitions of these terms for New York State plants).

DIVISION: EQUISETOPHYTA [+Pinus resinosa] Family SELAGINACEAE [Pinus strobus] *Pinus -Selaginella apoda sylvestris -Selaginella rupestris Family TAXODIACEAE Family EQUISETACEAE [+ Taxodium distichum] Equisetum arvense Family CUPRESSACEAE DIVISION POLYPODIOPHYTA +Juniperus communis var. depressa-Rare in PBPK Family OPHIOGLOSSACEAE [Juniperus virginiana] -Botrychium dissectum DIVISION: MAGNOLIOPHYTA Family OSMUNDACEAE CLASS: MAGNOLIOPSIDA Osmunda cinnamomea Family MAGNOLIACEAE Osmunda claytoniana-Rare in PBPK Liriodendron tulipifera Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis Family LAURACEAE Family DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Lindera benzoin -Dennstaedtia punctiloba Sassafras albidum Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum Family SAURURACEAE Family THELYTPTERIDACEAE Saururus cernuus +Phegopteris hexagonoptera Thelypteris noveboracensis Family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens * +Aristolochia clematitis-Uncommon in PBPK Asarum canadense-Rare in PBPK Family ASPLENIACEAE +Asplenium platyneuron-Rare in PBPK Family RANUNCULACEAE -Actaea DRYOPTERIDACEAE pachypoda Family Anemone quinquefolia +Athyrium filix-femina var. asplenioides Anemone virginiana-Uncommon in PBPK -Dryopteris intermedia Aquilegia canadensis Onoclea sensibilis [*+Aquilegia vulgaris] -Polystichum acrostichoides Caltha palustris Cimicifuga racemosa Family POLYPODIACEAE * + Clematis terniflora +Polypodium virginianum-Uncommon in PBPK +Clematis virginiana Ranunculus arbortivus DIVISION: PINOPHYTA *Ranunculus acris *Ranunculus bulbosus Family GINKGOACEAE Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus-NYS Endangered [ +Ginkgo biloba] Sl Ranunculus recurvatus-Uncommon in PBPK TAXACEAE Family *Ranunculus sceleratus-Uncommon in PBPK +Taxus [ cuspidata] -Thalictrum aquilegifolium Thalictrum dioicum Family PINACEAE + Thalictrum pubescens [ +Picea abies] +Thalictrum revolutum-Rare in PBPK [ +Pinus nigra] -Thalictrum thalictroides 378 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 131

Family BERBERIDACEAE Quercus alba *Berberis thunbergii Quercus bicolor-Uncommon in PBPK Podophyllum peltatum Quercus coccinea [ +Quercus macrocarpa] Family MENISPERMACEAE Quercus montana Quercus palustris Menispermum canadense [+Quercus robur] Quercus rubra Family PAPAVERACEAE Quercus stellata *Chelidonium majus Quercus velutina *+Macleaya cordata-Uncommon in PBPK canadensis-Uncommon in PBPK Sanguinaria Family BETULACEAE *Alnus glutinosa Family FUMARIACEAE +Alnus incana ssp. rugosa-Rare in PBPK Dicentra cucullaria Betula alleghaniensis-Rare in PBPK Betula lenta PLATANACEAE Family Betula populifolia Platanus occidentalis Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana Corylus americana Family HAMAMELIDACEAE [+Corylus avellana] Hamamelis virginiana Ostrya virginiana-Rare in PBPK Liquidambar styraciflua Family PHYTOLACCACEAE Family ULMACEAE Phytolacca americana Celtis occidentalis-Uncommon in PBPK Ulmus americana Family NYCTAGINACEAE [ +Ulmus minor] *Mirabilis nyctaginea [ + Ulmus pumila] Ulmus rubra Family CACTACEAE [Zelkova serrata] +Opuntia humifusa-Rare in PBPK CANNABACEAE Family Family CHENOPODIACEAE collected [+Cannabis sativa]-no specimen Atriplex patula *-Humulus japonicus * +Atriplex prostrata *-Humulus lupulus * +Bassia scoparia *Chenopodium album Family MORACEAE *Chenopodium ambrosioides *Broussonetia papyrifera * +Chenopodium glaucum-Uncommon in PBPK * +Maclura pomifera-Uncommon in PBPK +Chenopodium simplex *Morus alba * +Cycloloma atriplicifolium-Rare in PBPK Morus rubra-Rare in PBPK -Salicornia bigelovii-NYS Threatened S2-S3 Salicornia europaea Family URTICACEAE Salicornia perennis Boehmeria cylindrica *Salsola kali -Laportea canadensis Suaeda calceoliformis Pilea pumila Suaeda linearis-NYS Endangered Si1 * + Urtica dioica -Suaeda maritima

Family JUGLANDACEAE Family AMARANTHACEAE *Amaranthus albus-Uncommon in PBPK Carya cordiformis * + +Amaranthus blitum-Uncommon in PBPK Carya glabra * ovata +Amaranthus cruentus Carya * tomentosa +Amaranthus hybridus Carya * +Juglans cinerea-Rare in PBPK; NYS Uncommon +Amaranthus retroflexus S4 Juglans nigra Family PORTULACACEAE Claytonia virginica Family MYRICACEAE *Portulaca oleracea -Comptonia peregrina Myrica pensylvanica Family MOLLUGINACEAE *Mollugo verticillata Family FAGACEAE Castanea dentata Family CARYOPHYLLACEAE Fagus grandifolia * +Agrostemma githago-Rare in PBPK [ +Fagus sylvatica] *Arenaria serpyllifolia 2004] DECANDIDO AND LAMONT: FLORA OF PELHAM BAY PARK 379

*Cerastium fontanum +Hibiscus laevis-Extirpated in PBPK *Cerastium glomeratum Hibiscus moscheutos * +Cerastium semidecandrum [ +Hibiscus syriacus] *Dianthus armeria * +Malva moschata-Extirpated in PBPK [ +Lychnis coronaria] * +Malva neglecta +Paronychia canadensis-Rare in PBPK * +Sagina japonica Family CISTACEAE *Sagina procumbens -Helianthemum canadense *Saponaria officinalis +Lechea mucronata-Uncommon in PBPK *Scleranthus annuus -Lechea pulchella Silene antirrhina-Uncommon in PBPK +Lechea racemulosa-NYS Rare S3 Silene caroliniana var. pensylvanica-NYS Vulnera- ble S3 Family VIOLACEAE *Silene latifolia -Viola Silene stellata affinis -Viola conspersa *Silene vulgaris-Rare in PBPK -Viola cucullata * +Spergularia rubra * *Viola odorata +Spergularia salina -Viola *Stellaria palmata graminea [ +Viola -Stellaria pedata] longifolia -Viola x porteriana *Stellaria media Viola pubescens-Rare in PBPK Viola sororia Family POLYGONACEAE * +Polygonum arenastrum Family CUCURBITACEAE Polygonum arifolium * + Citrullus colocynthis aviculare *Polygonum +Echinocystis lobata-Rare in PBPK bellardii *+Polygonum Sicyos angulatus *Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum convolvulus *-Polygonum Family SALICACEAE * +Polygonum cuspidatum erectum-NYS: *Populus alba -Polygonum Extirpated deltoides *Polygonum hydropiper +Populus Populus grandidentata Polygonum hydropiperoides tremuloides *Polygonum lapathifolium Populus +Salix alba] Polygonum pensylvanicum [ * [ +Salix babylonica] +Polygonum persicaria Salix discolor Polygonum punctatum var. confertiflorum-Uncom- mon in PBPK [ +Salix fragilis] [ +Salix lucida] Polygonum ramosissimum-Rare in PBPK +Salix nigra-Rare in PBPK Polygonum sagittatum +Salix sericea-Rare in PBPK *Polygonum scandens Polygonum virginianum *Rumex acetosella Family CAPPARIDACEAE *Rumex crispus [+Cleome hassleriana ]-Extirpated in PBPK *Rumex obtusifolius *Rumex patienta Family BRASSICACEAE *Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus *Alliaria petiolata *-Allysum alyssoides Family PLUMBAGINACEAE *Arabidopsis thaliana * Limonium carolinianum +Armoracia rusticana-Extirpated in PBPK *Barbarea vulgaris *-Brassica Family CLUSIACEAE nigra *+Brassica rapa boreale -Hypericum Cakile edentula Hypericum gentianoides-Rare in PBPK mutilum *Capsella bursa-pastoris +Hypericum Cardamine bulbosa *Hypericum perforatum Cardamine concatenata Hypericum punctatum Cardamine diphylla-Rare in PBPK * + Cardamine hirsuta TILIACEAE Family -Cardamine x maxima Tilia americana +Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola [ +Tilia cordata] Cardamine pensylvanica +Cardamine pratensis-Rare in PBPK Family MALVACEAE * + Cardaria draba *Abutilon theophrasti * +Diplotaxis muralis [ +Alcea rosea] * +Diplotaxis tenuifolia *Althaea officinalis * +Draba verna 380 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 131

*-Erysimum repandum Amelanchier stolonifera Aronia x prunifolia *Hesperis matronalis *+ Aruncus dioicus var. acuminatus *Lepidium campestre [Crataegeus monogyna] * +Lepidium ruderale *Duchesnea indica Lepidium virginicum Fragaria virginiana *Raphanus raphanistrum Geum canadense *Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum *Malus pumila *Rorippa palustris * +Potentilla argentea *Rorippa sylvestris -Potentilla canadensis *+Sinapis alba-Extirpated in PBPK Potentilla norvegica ssp. monspeliensis *-Sisymbrium altissimum * +Potentilla recta *Sisymbrium officinale Potentilla simplex *Thlaspi arvense-Rare in PBPK Prunus americana *Prunus avium Family CLETHRACEAE +Prunus maritima-Rare in PBPK Clethra alnifolia +Prunus persica -Prunus pumila var. depressa-NYS Endangered S 1 Family ERICACEAE Prunus serotina [+Prunus serrulata] + Chimaphila maculata [+Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford'] Gaylussacia baccata +Kalmia [ +Pyrus communis] latifolia scandens in PBPK *Rhodotypos Lyonia ligustrina-Rare -Rosa carolina Monotropa uniflora * +Rosa multiflora +Pyrola americana-Rare in PBPK +Rosa palustris [+Rhododendron maximum] *Rosa Rhododendron rugosa periclymenoides Rosa in PBPK Rhododendron viscosum-Rare in PBPK setigera-Uncommon Rosa virginiana Vaccinium corymbosum Rubus allegheniensis Vaccinium pallidum Rubus flagellaris *Rubus laciniatus-Rare in PBPK EBENACEAE Family Rubus occidentalis in NYS Threat- Diospyros virginiana-Rare PBPK; *Rubus phoenicolasius ened S2 -Rubus setosus +Spiraea alba var. latifolia-Rare in PBPK Family PRIMULACEAE -Spiraea tomentosa *+Anagallis arvensis-Extirpated in PBPK +Lysimachia ciliata Family FABACEAE *Lysimachia nummularia *+Albizia julibrissin-Rare in PBPK Lysimachia quadrifolia *+Amorpha fruticosa-Rare in PBPK Lysimachia terrestris Amphicarpea bracteata-Uncommon in PBPK Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus-Rare in PBPK Apios americana Baptisia tinctoria Family HYDRANGEACEAE [+Cercis canadensis] * +Philadelphus coronarius Chamaecrista fasciculata * + Coronilla varia Family GROSSULARIACEAE -Crotolaria sagittalis-NYS Endangered S1 *Ribes rubrum Desmodium canadense-Rare in PBPK +Desmodium cuspidatum-Extirpated in PBPK Family CRASSULACEAE -Desmodium humifusum-NYS: Extirpated Desmodium +Penthorum sedoides-Uncommon in PBPK paniculatum + Genista tinctoria *Sedum album-Rare in PBPK * + Gleditsia *Sedum sarmentosum triacanthos] [ +Gymnocladus dioica] *Sedum telephium -Lathyrus japonicus var. maritimus [+Lathyrus latifolius] Family SAXIFRAGACEAE Lespedeza capitata -Chrysosplenium americanum Lespedeza hirta Heuchera americana +Lespedeza intermedia-Rare in PBPK -Saxifraga virginiensis +Lespedeza procumbens-Uncommon in PBPK -Lespedeza violacea- NYS Rare S3 ROSACEAE Family Lespedeza virginica Agrimonia gryposepala *Lotus corniculata +Agrimonia pubescens-Uncommon in PBPK *Medicago lupulina +Amelanchier arborea *Medicago sativa + Amelanchier canadensis-Rare in PBPK *Melilotus alba [ +Amelanchier laevis] *Melilotus officinalis 2004] DECANDIDO AND LAMONT: FLORA OF PELHAM BAY PARK 381

Phaseolus polystachios-Rare in PBPK Family EUPHORBIACEAE *+Puereria lobata -Acalypha gracilens *Robinia pseudo-acacia Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea +Strophostyles helvula Chamaesyce maculata *Trifolium arvense-Uncommon in PBPK +Chamaesyce polygonifolia-Rare in PBPK *-Trifolium aureum *Euphorbia cyparissias * + Trifolium campestre *Trifolium hybridum Family RHAMNACEAE *Trifolium pratense Ceanothus americanus-Rare in PBPK *Trifolium repens * +Rhamnus cathartica *Vicia cracca ssp. tenuifolia *Rhamnus frangula *Vicia sativa ssp. nigra *-Vicia tetrasperma Family VITACEAE *-Vicia villosa * *Vicia in PBPK +Ampelopsis brevipedunculata tetrasperma-Rare Parthenocissus * + Wisteria sinensis quinquefolia *+Parthenocissus tricuspidata-Rare in PBPK + Vitis aestivalis ELAEAGNACEAE Family Vitis labrusca [+Elaeagnus angustifolia]-Extirpated in PBPK *Elaeagnus umbellata Family LINACEAE * +Linum in PBPK LYTHRACEAE usitatissimum-Extirpated Family -Linum virginianum +Lythrum alatum-Rare in PBPK *Lythrum salicaria Family POLYGALACEAE -Polygala sanguinea ONAGRACEAE Family -Polygala verticillata var. ambigua Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis Polygala verticillata var. isocycla Epilobium coloratum *Epilobium hirsutum-Rare in PBPK Family SAPINDACEAE + +Ludwigia alternifolia [ +Koelreuteria paniculata] Ludwigia palustris Oenothera biennis + Oenothera laciniata-Extirpated; NYS Endangered Family HIPPOCASTANACEAE S1 [+Aesculus flava]-Rare in PBPK +Oenothera parviflora var. oakesiana-Rare; NYS Threatened S2 [+Aesculus hippocastanum] Oenothera perennis Family ACERACEAE *+Acer Family NYSSACEAE campestre * +Acer ginnala Nyssa sylvatica *+Acer negundo *Acer platanoides CORNACEAE Family *Acer pseudoplatanus +Cornus alternifolia-Rare in PBPK Acer rubrum Cornus amomum Acer saccharinum Cornus florida [+Acer saccharum] Cornus foemina ssp. racemosa [+Cornus mas] Family ANACARDIACEAE +Cornus [ sericea] Rhus copallinum Rhus glabra Family SANTALACEAE Rhus hirta-Rare in PBPK -Comandra umbellata Toxicodendron radicans -Toxicodendron vernix Family CELASTRACEAE * + Celastrus orbiculata Family SIMAROUBACEAE Celastrus scandens-Rare in PBPK * +Ailanthus altissima [ +Euonymus alata] [*Euonymus europaeus] Family RUTACEAE [ +Euonymus fortunei var. radicans] Ptelea trifoliata-Rare in PBPK; NYS Endangered S1-S2 Family AQUIFOLIACEAE [+Ilex opaca] Family OXALIDACEAE +Ilex verticillata Oxalis stricta -Oxalis violacea-NYS Threatened S2-S3 Family BUXACEAE [+Buxus sempervirens] Family GERANIACEAE * +Pachysandra terminalis * +Erodium cicutarium 382 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 131

Geranium carolinianum-Rare in PBPK Family HYDROPHYLLACEAE Geranium maculatum Hydrophyllum virginianum BALSAMINACEAE Family Family BORAGINACEAE Impatiens capensis *+Echium vulgare-Extirpated in PBPK [+Mertensia virginica]-Extirpated in PBPK Family ARALIACEAE +Myosotis laxa Aralia nudicaulis +Myosotis verna-Rare in PBPK -Aralia racemosa *+Pulmonaria saccharata-Rare in PBPK *+Aralia elata *+Symphytum officinale-Rare in PBPK *+Hedera helix -Panax trifolius Family VERBENACEAE in PBPK Family APIACEAE +Phryma leptostachya-Rare Verbena hastata-Uncommon in PBPK * +Aegopodium podagraria Verbena urticifolia * +Aethusa cynapium Angelica venenosa-Rare in PBPK Cicuta maculata Family LAMIACEAE * + Conium maculatum-Rare in PBPK Agastache nepetoides-Rare in PBPK; NYS Threat- Cryptotaenia canadensis ened S2-S3 *Daucus carota Collinsonia canadensis Heracleum maximum *Glechoma hederacea Osmorhiza longistylis Hedeoma pulegioides-Rare in PBPK *Pastinaca sativa * +Lamium purpureum Sanicula odorata *Leonurus cardiaca Sanicula marilandica Lycopus americanus -Zizia aptera Lycopus uniflorus -Zizia aurea +Lycopus virginicus *-Mentha arvensis Family GENTIANACEAE -Monarda fistulosa cataria -Bartonia virginica *-Nepeta -Physostegia virginiana Family APOCYNACEAE *Prunella vulgaris tenuifolium Apocynum androsaemifolium Pycnanthemum virginianum Apocynum cannabinum var. cannabinum Pycnanthemum *Vinca minor Scutellaria lateriflora Teucrium canadense Trichostema dichotomum Family ASCLEPIADACEAE Ascilepias incarnata var. pulchra Family PLANTAGINACEAE Asclepias purpurascens-Rare in PBPK; NYS Un- common S2-S3 *Plantago lanceolata Asclepias syriaca *Plantago major Asclepias tuberosa var interior-Rare in PBPK -Plantago maritima ssp. juncoides-NYS Threatened *Cynanchum louiseae S2-S3 Plantago rugelii Family SOLANACEAE -Plantago virginica +Datura stramonium *Lycium barbarum Family OLEACEAE * +Lycopersicon esculentum [+Chionanthus virginicus]-Extirpated in PBPK -Physalis heterophylla [ +Forsythia viridissima] Solanum carolinense Fraxinus americana *Solanum dulcamara [ +Fraxinus nigra] Solanum ptycanthum Fraxinus pennsylvanica *Ligustrum vulgare Family CONVOLVULACEAE *+Syringa vulgaris *Calystegia sepium *Convolvulus arvensis Family SCROPHULARIACEAE * +Ipomoea nil-Extirpated in PBPK maritima * -Agalinis +Ipomoea purpurea -Agalinis purpurea -Agalinis tenuifolia Family CUSCUTACEAE Aureolaria flava -Cuscuta gronovii -Aureolaria virginica Cuscuta pentagona-NYS Uncommon S-3 * +Chaenorrhinum minus-Rare in PBPK Chelone glabra-Uncommon in PBPK Family POLEMONIACEAE Gratiola neglecta *Phlox paniculata Linaria canadensis 2004] DECANDIDO AND LAMONT: FLORA OF PELHAM BAY PARK 383

*Linaria vulgaris Viburnum prunifolium -Lindernia dubia * +Viburnum sieboldii * +Mazus pumilus +Mimulus alatus-Uncommon in PBPK; NYS Rare Family ASTERACEAE S-3 *Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa +Mimulus ringens Ambrosia artemisiifolia Pedicularis canadensis Ambrosia trifida *+Penstemon digitalis-Uncommon in PBPK -Anaphalis margaritacea Scrophularia lanceolata Antennaria plantaginifolia +Scrophularia marilandica * +Anthemis arvensis-Rare in PBPK *Verbascum blatteria +Anthemis cotula * Verbascum thapsus *Arctium minus *Veronica arvensis * +Artemisia annua * + Veronica chamaedrys *Artemisia vulgaris * + Veronica hederifolia Aster cordifolius *Veronica officinalis Aster divaricatus Veronica peregrina Aster ericoides * +Veronica persica Aster laevis *Veronica serpyllifolia +Aster lanceolatus var. simplex Veronicastrum virginicum-NYS Threatened S-2 Aster lateriflorus +Aster lowrieanus Family OROBANCHACEAE Aster macrophyllus -Epifagus virginiana Aster novae-angliae Orobanche uniflora Aster patens-Extirpated in PBPK Aster paternus Family BIGNONIACEAE +Aster pilosus *Campsis radicans-Rare in PBPK +Aster schreberi * +Catalpa speciosa-Rare in PBPK -Aster puniceus *Paulownia tomentosa Aster subulatus-Uncommon in PBPK; NYS Threat- ened S2 Family CAMPANULACEAE Aster tenuifolius-NYS Uncommon S3 Aster umbellatus-Rare in PBPK * + in PBPK Campanula rapunculoides-Extipated -Aster undulatus Lobelia inflata Baccharis halimifolia -Lobelia spicata Bidens bipinnata-Rare in PBPK +Lobelia siphilitica Bidens frondosa * + Triodanis perfoliata var. biflora-Rare in PBPK *+Bidens polylepis-Rare in PBPK Triodanis perfoliata var. perfoliata +Bidens vulgata * +Carduus nutans-Rare in PBPK Family RUBIACEAE * + Centaurea jacea Cephalanthus occidentalis-Rare in PBPK * + Centaurea maculosa Galium aparine -Centaurea nigra +Galium in PBPK circaezans-Uncommon *Centaurea nigrescens *Galium mollugo *Cichorium intybus +Galium palustre-Rare in PBPK *Cirsium arvense -Galium tinctorum Cirsium discolor +Galium triflorum *Cirsium horridulum-Uncommon in PBPK +Mitchella in repens-Rare PBPK *Cirsium vulgare Conyza canadensis CAPRIFOLIACEAE Family *Coreopsis lanceolata-Extirpated in PBPK +Diervilla lonicera-Rare in PBPK [ +Echinacea purpurea]-Extirpated in PBPK [ +Lonicera fragrantissima] Erechtites hieracifolia *Lonicera japonica Erigeron annuus * +Lonicera morrowii Erigeron philadelphicus *+Lonicera x bella -Erigeron pulchellus Lonicera sempervirens-Rare in PBPK +Erigeron strigosus Sambucus canadensis +Eupatorium dubium [ +Symphoricarpus albus var. laevigatus]-Extirpated +Eupatorium fistulosum in PBPK +Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. laciniatum-Uncom- Triosteum perfoliatum mon in PBPK; NYS Threatened S2 Viburnum acerifolium -Eupatorium maculatum Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum Eupatorium perfoliatum Viburnum dentatum var. venosum-Uncommon in -Eupatorium pilosum PBPK; NYS Threatened S2 Eupatorium purpureum *Viburnum dilatatum Eupatorium rugosum Viburnum lentago +Eupatorium serotinum-NYS Endangered S1 *+ Viburnum opulus-Uncommon in PBPK Eupatorium sessilifolium-Rare in PBPK 384 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 131

Euthamia graminifolia Family ARACEAE +Euthamia tenuifolia Acorus americanus-Rare in PBPK * +Gaillardia aristata-Extirpated in PBPK Arisaema triphyllum *Galinsoga parviflora Symplocarpus foetidus *Galinsoga quadriradiata Gnaphalium obtusifolium Family LEMNACEAE *+Gnaphalium uliginosum-Rare in PBPK Lemna minor -Helenium flexuosum * +Helianthus annuus-Rare in PBPK Helianthus divaricatus Family COMMELINACEAE Helianthus giganteus *Commelina communis var. ludens -Helianthus strumosus *+Tradescantia virginiana-Rare in PBPK *Helianthus tuberosus helianthoides -Heliopsis JUNCACEAE * +Heterotheca subaxillaris-Uncommon in PBPK Family Juncus acuminatus *Hieracium aurantiacum-Extirpated in PBPK -Juncus articulatus *Hieracium caespitosum +Juncus *+Hieracium floribundum-Rare in PBPK brachycarpus +Hieracium kalmii -Juncus bufonius -Juncus * + Hieracium piloselloides dudleyi -Hieracium scabrum Juncus effusus var. pylaei Hieracium venosum Juncus gerardii S 1 radicata -Juncus scirpoides-NYS Endangered *Hypochaeris Juncus tenuis Iva frutescens ssp. oraria Luzula campestris var. multiflora -Krigia biflora Krigia virginica Lactuca biennis Family CYPERACEAE Lactuca canadensis Bulbostylis capillaris +Lactuca floridana-Rare in PBPK; NYS Endangered -Carex alata S1 -Carex amphibola var. turgida *Lactuca serriola Carex annectens * +Lapsana communis-Uncommon in PBPK -Carex aquatilis *Leucanthemum vulgare -Carex bebbii *Matricaria discoidea Carex blanda Mikania scandens -Carex bushii- NYS Uncommon S3 Pluchea odorata var. succulenta -Carex buxbaumii- NYS Threatened S2 Prenanthes trifoliolata-Uncommon in PBPK Carex cephalophora *Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima -Carex conoidea -Rudbeckia lacinata Carex crinita * +Senecio vulgaris -Carex digitalis Solidago bicolor Carex festucacea Solidago caesia -Carex granularis Solidago canadensis var. scabra -Carex gynandra Solidago juncea -Carex hirtifolia -Solidago nemoralis + Carex intumescens Solidago odora + Carex laxiflora Solidago rugosa Carex lurida -Carex normalis -Solidago sempervirens var. mexicana-NYS Endan- -Carex gered S 1 pallescens +Solidago sempervirens var. sempervirens Carex pellita Carex Solidago speciosa pensylvanica -Carex NYS: -Solidago ulmifolia polymorpha- Extirpated *-Sonchus arvensis -Carex projecta *Sonchus oleraceus -Carex rosea -Carex [ +Tagetes patula] scoparia seorsa- NYS Threatened S3 *Tanacetum vulgare -Carex Carex *Taraxacum officinale squarrosa Carex *Tragopogon pratensis stipata *Tussilago farfara Carex stricta Vernonia noveboracensis Carex swanii Xanthium strumarium var. canadense Carex tribuloides -Carex trisperma Carex vulpinoidea CLASS: LILIOPSIDA + Cyperus diandrus Family ALISMATACEAE Cyperus echinatus-Rare in PBPK; NYS Endangered Alisma subcordatum S1 * Sagittaria latifolia-Rare in PBPK + Cyperus esculentus var. macrostachyus 2004] DECANDIDO AND LAMONT: FLORA OF PELHAM BAY PARK 385

* -Cyperus lupulinus ssp. lupulinus-NYS Threatened +Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum S2 * + Hordeum pusillum Cyperus lupulinus ssp. macilentus Leersia oryzoides Cyperus strigosus Leersia virginica -Eleocharis elliptica var. elliptica *Lolium perenne var. aristatum Eleocharis elliptica var. pseudoptera *Lolium perenne var. perenne -Eleocharis halophila - NYS Threatened S2 *Lolium pratense Eleocharis obtusa -Muhlenbergia mexicana -Fimbristylis autumnalis Muhlenbergia schreberi Scirpus atrovirens -Panicum acuminatum Scirpus cyperinus -Panicum boscii +Scirpus pendulus Panicum capillare Scirpus pungens Panicum clandestinum Scirpus robustus Panicum dichotomiflorum Panicum dichotomum Family POACEAE -Panicum latifolium *Agrostis gigantea -Panicum oligisanthes var. scribnerianum Agrostis hyemalis Panicum rigidulum var. pubescens +Agrostis perennans -Panicum sabulorum var. thinum * +Aira caryophyllea -Panicum scabriusculum-NYS Endangered S 1 * +Aira praecox Panicum sphaerocarpon * +Alopecurus pratensis -Panicum verrucosum Andropogon gerardii Panicum virgatum var. spissum Andropogon virginicus -Panicum virgatum var. virgatum Anthoxanthum nitens Paspalum setaceum var. muhlenbergii *Anthoxanthum odoratum Paspalum setaceum var. setaceum-NYS Threatened Aristida dichotoma-Rare in PBPK S2 +Aristida longespica +Phalaris arundinacea- *Aristida oligantha *Phleum pratense *Arrhenatherum elatius Phragmites australis *+Avena sativa fatua ssp. Piptochaetium avenaceum-Rare in PBPK *Bromus commutatus *Poa annua * +Bromus hordeaceus * +Poa bulbosa *Bromus inermis * *Poa compressa +Bromus sterilis * +Poa nemoralis *Bromus tectorum *Poa pratensis Calamagrostis canadensis *Poa trivialis -Calamagrostis cinnoides * +Puccinellia distans +Cenchrus tribuloides-Rare in PBPK; NYS Threat- ened S2 Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. scoparium * +Secale cereale Cinna arundinacea * +Setaria -Cinna faberi latifolia *-Setaria italica *Dactylis glomerata in PBPK +Danthonia compressa +Setaria parviflora-Rare +Danthonia *Setaria pumila spicata *Setaria viridis +Deschampsia flexuosa nutans *Digitaria ischaemum Sorghastrum *Digitaria sanguinalis +Spartina alterniflora Rare in PBPK Distichlis spicata Spartina cvnosuroides- *Echinochloa crusgalli Spartina patens in PBPK +Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya Spartina pectinata-Rare -Echinochloa muricata var. muricata Sporobolus asper-Rare in PBPK *Eleusine indica Tridens flavus -Elymus canadensis Tripsacum dactyloides-NYS Threatened S2 -Elymus villosus var. arkansanus *Triticum aestivum-Rare in PBPK Elymus virginicus -Vulpia octoflora * * +Elytrigia repens +Vulpia myuros -Eragrostis capillaris [ +Zea mays] *Eragrostis cilianensis * +Eragrostis minor Family SPARGANIACEAE Eragrostis pectinacea -Sparganium americanum Eragrostis spectabilis in PBPK *Festuca rubra Sparganium eurycarpum-Rare *-Festuca trachyphylla TYPHACEAE Glyceria striata Family *Holcus lanatus Typha angustifolia * +Hordeum jubatum Typha latifolia 386 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 131

Family LILIACEAE Family IRIDACEAE Allium canadense * +Crocus sp. *-Allium schoenoprasum Iris prismatica-Uncommon in PBPK; NYS Threat- *Allium vineale ened S2 *Asparagus officinalis * +Iris pseudacorus * +Convallaria majalis Iris versicolor-Uncommon in PBPK * + Chionodoxa luciliae Sisyrinchium angustifolium Erythronium americanum -Sisyrinchium atlanticum * + Galanthus nivalis +Sisyrinchium montanum *Hemerocallis fulva *Hosta ventricosa * Family AGAVACEAE +Hyascinthoides nonscripta * + Yucca Hypoxis hirsuta filamentosa Lilium canadense-Rare in PBPK Lilium superbum-Rare in PBPK Family SMILACACEAE Maianthemum canadense Smilax glauca Maianthemum racemosum Smilax herbacea -Medeola virginiana Smilax rotundifolia *Muscari botryoides * +Narcissus pseudo-narcissus Family DIOSCOREACEAE * umbellatum +Ornithogalum Dioscorea villosa-Rare in PBPK Polygonatum biflorum Polygonatum commutatum-Uncommon in PBPK * +Scilla siberica Family ORCHIDACEAE [+Trillium grandiflorum]-Extirpated in PBPK * +Epipactis helleborine [ +Trillium cernuum] -Plantanthera lacera Uvularia perfoliata-Rare in PBPK Spiranthes cernua-No specimen collected; Extirpated Uvularia sessilifolia in PBPK Veratrum viride -Spiranthes vernalis - NYS Endangered S1