Skull Anatomy

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Skull Anatomy Cranial Capacity (braincase size) – cranium minus the face; may or may not indicate the level of intelligence (Intelligence is determined by overall size of the organism, where it lives, and the level of brain development.) Post-orbital Construction – the narrowing of the braincase behind the eye orbits; the orbit is the eye socket Sagittal Crest – ridge on top of the cranium for attachment of chewing muscles; runs down the middle of the top of the head; seen in predators that chase and bring down prey Forehead – frontal bone (A vertical forehead indicates an expanded frontal lobe, which is used for planning, reasoning, judgement, future consequences from current actions.) Foramen Magnum – the opening in the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters (The location indicates whether an organism is bipedal or quadruped.) Brow Ridge – bony ridge over the eye orbit (This reinforces weaker bones of the face due to strong chewing muscles.) Facial Prognathism – forward projection of the jaws and teeth beyond the cheek bone (A less forward projection indicates a reduction in tooth size due to a change in diet and cooked food. Chin angle relates to this.) Chin – slopes backward without a point or forward with a pointed end Dental Arcade – shape of the teeth row when viewed from above (U-shaped or parabolic- shaped) Teeth – Incisors – for cutting Canines – for tearing Molars – for grinding Canine Diastema – gap between the upper incisors and canines, and lower canines and premolars (the diastema is either present or absent to accommodate the canine from the opposite jaw) .

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What Can I Learn from a Skull? Animal Skulls Have Evolved for Millions of Years to Protect Vertebrate’S Brains and Sensory Organs
What Can I Learn From a Skull? Animal skulls have evolved for millions of years to protect vertebrate’s brains and sensory organs. Many of an animal’s dietary and social patterns can be deduced by examining its skull and teeth. HERBIVORE OMNIVORE CARNIVORE White-tailed Deer Virginia Opossum Coyote (Odocoileus virginianus) (Didelphis virginiana) (Canis latrans) TEETH SHOW DIET . The hardest and longest-lasting bone in the body is tooth enamel. The most common fossils are teeth, followed by jaws. Unlike other animals, mammals have only two sets of teeth, the first (often called ‘milk teeth’) erupts after birth. After puberty, a larger set, with more and bigger teeth to fill larger jawbones, emerges. There are four different types of teeth – • Incisors are the front teeth, used for cutting and grasping. • Canines are next to incisors and are used for tearing. • Premolars , located behind the canines, have sharp edges for crushing food. • Molars , the very back teeth, are broad, flat grinders. Generally, herbivores have large incisors to nip vegetation and premolars and molars to grind it into food; very few have canines. Carnivores, who eat meat, generally have small incisors, very large canines and sharp premolars and molars. Omnivores eat almost everything and their teeth reflect their Lakeside Nature Center 4701 E Gregory, KCMO 64132 816-513-8960 www.lakesidenaturecenter.org preferences; they have all four types of teeth. In fact, if you’d like to see an excellent example of an omnivore’s teeth, look in the mirror. EYE PLACEMENT IDENTIFIES PREDATORS . Carnivores generally have large eyes, placed so that the eyes look forward and the areas of vision of the two eyes overlap.
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Metastatic Skull Tumours: Diagnosis and Management Mitsuya K, Nakasu Y European Association of Neurooncology Magazine 2014; 4 (2) 71-74
Volume 4 (2014) // Issue 2 // e-ISSN 2224-3453 European Association of NeuroOncology Magazine Neurology · Neurosurgery · Medical Oncology · Radiotherapy · Paediatric Neuro- oncology · Neuropathology · Neuroradiology · Neuroimaging · Nursing · Patient Issues Metastatic Skull Tumours: Diagnosis and Management Mitsuya K, Nakasu Y European Association of NeuroOncology Magazine 2014; 4 (2) 71-74 Homepage www.kup.at/ journals/eano/index.html Online Database Featuring Author, Key Word and Full-Text Search Member of the THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF NEUROONCOLOGY Indexed in EMBASE Krause & Pachernegg GmbH . VERLAG für MEDIZIN und WIRTSCHAFT . A-3003 Gablitz, Austria Metastatic Skull Tumours Metastatic Skull Tumours: Diagnosis and Management Koichi Mitsuya, Yoko Nakasu Abstract: Metastases of the skull are classifi ed Magnetic resonance imaging is the primary diag- skull metastasis. Surgery is indicated in selected into 2 anatomical groups, presenting distinct clin- nostic tool. Skull metastasis is a focal lesion with patients with good performance status who need ical features. One is calvarial metastasis, which a low-intensity signal on T1-weighted images. En- immediate decompression, cosmetic recovery, or is usually asymptomatic but may cause dural in- hanced T1-weighted images with fat-suppression histological diagnosis. Eur Assoc NeuroOncol vasion, dural sinus occlusion, or cosmetic prob- show tumour, dural infi ltration, and cranial nerve Mag 2014; 4 (2): 71–4. lems. The other is skull-base metastasis, which involvements. Irradiation is the effective and fi rst- presents with cranial-nerve involvement leading line therapy for most skull metastases. Chemo- to devastating symptoms. A high index of suspi- therapy or hormonal therapy is applied depending cion based on new-onset cranial nerve defi cits on tumour sensitivity.
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MBB: Head & Neck Anatomy
MBB: Head & Neck Anatomy Skull Osteology • This is a comprehensive guide of all the skull features you must know by the practical exam. • Many of these structures will be presented multiple times during upcoming labs. • This PowerPoint Handout is the resource you will use during lab when you have access to skulls. Mind, Brain & Behavior 2021 Osteology of the Skull Slide Title Slide Number Slide Title Slide Number Ethmoid Slide 3 Paranasal Sinuses Slide 19 Vomer, Nasal Bone, and Inferior Turbinate (Concha) Slide4 Paranasal Sinus Imaging Slide 20 Lacrimal and Palatine Bones Slide 5 Paranasal Sinus Imaging (Sagittal Section) Slide 21 Zygomatic Bone Slide 6 Skull Sutures Slide 22 Frontal Bone Slide 7 Foramen RevieW Slide 23 Mandible Slide 8 Skull Subdivisions Slide 24 Maxilla Slide 9 Sphenoid Bone Slide 10 Skull Subdivisions: Viscerocranium Slide 25 Temporal Bone Slide 11 Skull Subdivisions: Neurocranium Slide 26 Temporal Bone (Continued) Slide 12 Cranial Base: Cranial Fossae Slide 27 Temporal Bone (Middle Ear Cavity and Facial Canal) Slide 13 Skull Development: Intramembranous vs Endochondral Slide 28 Occipital Bone Slide 14 Ossification Structures/Spaces Formed by More Than One Bone Slide 15 Intramembranous Ossification: Fontanelles Slide 29 Structures/Apertures Formed by More Than One Bone Slide 16 Intramembranous Ossification: Craniosynostosis Slide 30 Nasal Septum Slide 17 Endochondral Ossification Slide 31 Infratemporal Fossa & Pterygopalatine Fossa Slide 18 Achondroplasia and Skull Growth Slide 32 Ethmoid • Cribriform plate/foramina
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Osteoma of Occipital Bone
© 2003 Indian Journal of Surgery www.indianjsurg.comCase Report Effective treatment is crucial for avoiding recurrent Low-grade chondrosarcoma in an extremity can be incidence and depends on excising all tissues with treated with limited surgery. carcinoma. As the tumour is radio-resistant, complete removal is the only treatment of choice. A wide excision REFERENCES for low-grade chondrosarcoma is generally advised. Following open biopsy, local excision or, if required, 1. Bovee JVMG, van der Heul RO, Taminiau AHM, Hogendoorn PCW, reconstruction is advised.5 Chondrosarcoma of the phalanx: A locally aggressive lesion with minimal metastatic potential. Cancer 1999;86:1724-32. 2. Evans HL, Ayala AG, Romsdahl MM, Prognostic factors in chond- In our case, we think that the removal of the tumoral rosarcoma of bone. Cancer 1977;40:818-31. tissue from the normal tissue margin is the treatment 3. Dahlin DC, Beabout JW, Dedifferentiation of low-grade chondro- sarcomas. Cancer 1971;28:461-6. of choice. Our case is a young case that had Grade 1 4. Damron TA, Rock MG, Unni KK, Subcutaneous involvement after chondrosarcoma in his fourth and fifth finger and fifth a metacarpal chondrosarcoma: Case report and review of litera- metatarsal diaphysis. The difference of our case from ture. Clin Orthop 1995;316:189-94. 5. Ogose A, Unni KK, Swee RG, May GK, Rowland CM, Sim FH. the ones reported in literature is that he was young Chondrosarcoma of small bones of the hands and feet. Cancer (18-year-old) and had a lesion involving two different 1997;80:50-9. compartments synchronously as localization.
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Sutural Variability in the Hominoid Anterior Cranial Fossa Robert McCarthy, Monica Kunkel, Department of Biological Sciences, Benedictine University Email contact information: [email protected]; [email protected] SAMPLE ABSTRACT Table 2. Results split by age. Table 4. Specimens used in scaling analyses. Group Age A-M434; M555 This study Combined In anthropoids, the orbital plates of frontal bone meet at a “retro-ethmoid” Species Symbol FMNH CMNH USNM % Contact S-E S-E S-E % % % frontal suture in the midline anterior cranial fossa (ACF), separating the contact/n contact/n contact/n presphenoid and mesethmoid bones. Previous research indicates that this Hylobatid 0 0 23 13.0 Hylobatid Adult 0/6 0 4/13 30.8 4/19 21.1 configuration appears variably in chimpanzees and gorillas and infrequently in modern humans, with speculation that its incidence is related to differential Juvenile 0/2 0 3/10 30.0 3/12 25.0 Orangutan 6 0 37 100.0 growth of the brain and orbits, size of the brow ridges or face, or upper facial Combined 0/9 0 7/23 30.4 7/32 21.9 prognathism. We collected qualitative and quantitative data from 164 Gorilla 3 0 4 28.6 previously-opened cranial specimens from 15 hominoid species in addition to A Orangutan Adult 12/12 100.0 21/21 100.0 21/21 100.0 Chimpanzee 1 0 7 57.1 qualitative observations on non-hominoid and hominin specimens in order to Juvenile 13/13 100.0 13/13 100.0 13/13 100.0 (1) document sutural variability in the primate ACF, (2) rethink the evolutionary trajectory of frontal bone contribution to the midline ACF, and Combined 26/26 100.0 34/34 100.0 34/34 34/34 Human 0 83 0 91.8 (3) create a database of ACF observations and measurements which can be Gorilla Adult 3/7 42.9 1/2 50.0 3/7 42.9 used to test hypotheses about structural relationships in the hominoid ACF.
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