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Samoa – City Development Strategy Samoa – City Development Strategy ‘PLANNING FOR RESILIENCE’ Planning and Urban Management Agency Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment, Government of Samoa Final (for Review) October, 2015 SAMOA – CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) First Edition 2015 United Nations Human Settlements Programme ROAP, Fukuoka, Japan Email: [email protected] www.unhabitat.org ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The Samoa – City Development Strategy (CDS) was funded by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). Principal Author: Planning and Urban Management Agency, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Contributors: Strategic Planning Section, Planning and Urban Management Agency, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Apia Urban Area Communities. Reviewer: Bernhard Barth (UN-Habitat) 1 SAMOA – CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Table Of Contents 6.5 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS - SOCIAL 42 6.6 CULTURAL HERITAGE 42 Executive Summary 4 6.7 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS - CULTURE 43 7. Environment and Natural Features 45 PART 1: Background 6 7.1 SENSITIVE ECOLOGICAL AREAS 46 1. Introduction 6 7.2 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS - ENVIRONMENT 46 1.1 STRATEGIC LAND USE PLANNING IN SAMOA 6 7.3 WATER RESOURCES 49 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 6 7.4 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – WATER RESOURCES 51 1.3 VISION AND GOALS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF APIA 7 7.5 LAND RESOURCES 54 1.4 THE CDS AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT PLANS 8 7.6 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – LAND RESOURCES 55 1.5 OTHER PLANNING FRAMEWORKS AND TOOLS 9 7.7 LANDSCAPE 55 1.6 THE FORM OF SMPS 10 7.8 RECOMMENDED ACTION - LANDSCAPE 55 2. Approach 12 8. Hazards & Vulnerability 56 2.1 GENERAL 12 8.1 GEOTECHNICAL HAZARDS 56 2.2 METHODS 13 8.2 CONTAMINATION HAZARDS 56 2.3 KEY ELEMENTS TO THE APPROACH 13 8.3 EXTRACTIVE AND MINERAL RESOURCES 56 2.4 CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISKS 14 8.4 LAND USE HAZARDS AND BUFFERS 57 2. 5 PURSUING ADAPTATION AND RISK REDUCTION 16 8.5 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – RESOURCE HAZARDS 57 2.6 PARTICIPATORY APPROACH 17 9. Risks, Constraints and Opportunities 59 2.7 SEQUENCING OF WORK 17 9.1 OVERALL RISKS AND CONSTRAINTS 59 3. Governance 19 9.2 FROM CONSTRAINTS TO OPPORTUNITIES 59 3.1 CHOICES FOR DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT 19 9.3 USE OF CONSTRAINTS DATABASES FOR SMPS 61 3.2 OPTIONS FOR GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE 20 10. Economic Development 63 3.3 PROMINENCE OF PUMA 22 10.1 LAND SUPPLY & DEMAND 64 Part 2: Situation Analysis 23 10.2 RESIDENTIAL LAND SUPPLY 64 4. Existing Situation 23 10.3 RURAL RESIDENTIAL LAND SUPPLY 65 10.4 COMMERCIAL LAND 65 4.1 EXISTING LAWS, REGULATIONS, PLANS & POLICIES 23 10.5 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – LAND SUPPLY AND STRUCTURE 67 4.2 THE CITY AREA 23 10.6 ENHANCING LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES 69 4.3 PRESENT ISSUES 24 10.7 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – LIVELIHOODS & CENTRES 71 4.4. RESOURCE INVENTORY & ASSESSMENT 25 10.8 COMMUNITY SERVICES NEEDS 71 5. Settlement, Tenure and Land Use 27 10.9 OPEN SPACE & RECREATION 72 10.10 ACCESS & MOVEMENT 72 5.1 LAND PATTERNS 27 10.11 ROAD HIERARCHY 72 5.2 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 27 10.12 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVISION 74 5.3 LAND TENURE 28 10.13 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – MOVEMENT NETWORKS 74 5.4 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – LAND TENURE 29 10.14 INFRASTRUCTURE & ESSENTIAL SERVICES 78 5.5 LAND USE 32 10.15 STORMWATER DRAINAGE 80 5.6 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – LAND USE 33 10.16 EFFLUENT 81 6. Social and Cultural Assessments 37 10.17 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY 81 6.1 POPULATION AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS 37 10.18 WASTE MANAGEMENT 82 6.2 URBAN POPULATION TRENDS 37 10.19 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS – INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES 82 6.3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES 40 PART 3: Implementation 84 6.4 SOCIAL ASSESSMENTS FOR SMPS 41 11. The Structure Plan 84 2 SAMOA – CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 11.1 LAYOUT AND URBAN FORM OF APIA 85 11.2 KEY STRUCTURE PLAN FEATURES 86 11.3 USE OF THE STRUCTURE PLAN 97 11.4 BENEFITS OF THE STRUCTURE PLAN 98 12. Development Standards and Guidelines 101 12.1 STRATEGIC PLANNING 101 12.2 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL 102 12.3 URBAN DESIGN AND BUILDING CONTROL 103 12.4 ADAPTATION AND RISK REDUCTION PRIORITIES 103 13. Implementation of the Strategy 105 13.1 ROLE OF THE CDS: 105 13.2 LAND TO WHICH IT APPLIES 105 13.3 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT & INVESTMENT PLAN 105 13.4 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 106 13. 5 CITY MANAGEMENT UNITS 106 13.7 PRIORITY SMP SCHEDULING 107 13.8 STRATEGIC TECHNICAL ASSESSMENTS 107 13.9 LAND USE AND GOVERNANCE 110 13.10 FINANCING URBAN DEVELOPMENT 110 13.11 HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY NEEDS 111 13.12 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) 111 REFERENCES 115 ANNEX 1: CDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 117 ANNEX 2: FUNCTIONS OF PUMA & GOVERNANCE 118 ANNEX 3: CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT & INVESTMENT PLAN 124 ANNEX 4: PROGRAMME SCHEDULING 131 ANNEX 5: INTRODUCTION TO ‘NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING” 134 ANNEX 6: PREFERRED USE AREA – LAND USE ALLOCATION CRITERIA 141 ANNEX 7: FINANCING URBAN DEVELOPMENT 163 ANNEX 8: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT – RELEVANT TO LAND USE PLANNING 166 ANNEX 9: HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY NEEDS 168 3 SAMOA – CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Executive Summary . Goal 2: to Create and Enhance Employment Opportunities . Goal 3: to Improve Accessibility and Travel Connection Samoa is witnessing significant urbanization which has placed . Goal 4: to Respect and Protect the Natural Environment and burgeoning pressures on the physical, environmental, social, cultural, Heritage legal and institutional systems and financial resources of the Government. Corresponding with this, the capital city of Apia has The City Spatial Plan reflects on the community’s aspirations for the experienced extreme and extensive impacts from climate change and future of the city and surrounds, defining key development principles, natural disaster events. objectives to meet the goals and a series of key initiatives to assist with the long term planning and coordination of the city and its The rapid change in the urban fabric and catchment conditions has infrastructure. The spatial focus was far broader than the current city reduced the city’s natural resilience to climate change, natural and bounds. human induced disasters. Continued unstructured and ad-hoc urban development has severely affected the ability to reduce the The generation of this City Development Strategy (CDS) is cumulative impacts of land cover and catchment change. Without accommodated under the Planning and Urban Management coordinated and orderly physical development, Government has been Authority’s Land Use Planning and Management Programme. The unable to secure the investment required for capital improvements, intent is to take the high level commitment of the National Urban Policy urban revitalization and theefficient provision of essential infrastructure and the long term visions for the city under the City Spatial Plan to and services. This situation has entrenched urban poverty and led to provide a framework which enables implementation over the coming conflicts over land use and nuisance activities. There has been a lack 20 years. Its coverage is the greater urban area of the City as defined of awareness of the implications of unfettered development and this by the inclusion of four Districts: Vaimauga East, Vaimauga West, has affected general community support to address the situation. Faleata East and Faleata West. In October, 2013 the Government of Samoa released the Samoa The role of the City Development Strategy is to provide the strategic National Urban Policy, to provide a high level commitment to framework for land use planning, development and environmental strategically address urban land use and development management. management decision-making for the City of Apia (as currently This has set in train the pursuit of a “Sustainable, Resilient and Inclusive defined). It is accommodated by the PUM Act, 2004 and will City” through a long term strategic framework to guide urban particularly rely on the subsequent generation of Sustainable development, growth and change. To support this very high level Management Plans (SMPs) under Part IV of the Act. These SMPs will policy the City Spatial Plan was released in December, 2014 to provide provide the interface between national advocated forms and location a clear long term strategic direction for the physical development of of development and the communities’ needs. The CDS will guide the Apia. This provided conceptual picturing of the future development of SMPs for them to successfully manage and direct future land use and the city over the next 50 plus years based on present patterns, pressures development, and guide decision-making within the City area. and needs of the community. Those needs were captured in the key values expressed through community engagement and turned into The Planning and Urban Management Act, 2004 provides the legal strategic goals: mechanisms for strategic urban planning (Part IV Sustainable Management Plans). The lack of an overall spatial plan for the . Goal 1: to Create a Unique City development and management of the City was identified as a key 4 SAMOA – CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY shortcoming to using the strategic land use provisions of the Act. As such (c) Improved sustainability of Samoa’s natural and built the City Development Strategy is spatially focussed both in the environment through better resource allocation and risk comprehensive analysis of key urban, social, cultural and environmental reduction measures; issues, as well as in the forwarding of an overall City Structure Plan and (d) Enhanced appreciation of the prospect of community provisions to guide future planning and infrastructure provision. The CDS will wellbeing through better land use allocation, introduction of guide the generation of SMPs scheduled over a three to five year urban design, planning and access to amenity facilities. programme. There will be fundamental supporting technological and (f) Avenues for enhanced cultural identity within the Apia city. human resource capacity building that will correspond with this programme – some delivered through commensurate Government Apia is a unique City with traditional villages located within the urban area.
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