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Home , Jude the Apostle, Thaddeus of Edessa, Tiridates III of Armenia

“St. Jude” redirects here. For other uses, see St. Jude as “Jude, son of James” (in the New International Ver- (disambiguation). sion translation, for example). The of John also once mentions a called “Judas not Iscariot” (:22). This is often accepted For Thaddeus of also known as Adai to be the same person as the apostle Jude,[4] though some Addai, see scholars see the identification as uncertain.[5]

According to the , Jude was one of the In some Latin manuscripts of :3, he is called Twelve Apostles of . He is generally identified with Judas the Zealot. Thaddeus, and is also variously called Jude of James, Jude Thaddaeus, Judas Thaddaeus or Lebbaeus. He is sometimes identified with Jude, the brother of Je- 1.2 Possible identity with Thaddeus sus, but is clearly distinguished from , the apostle who betrayed Jesus prior to his crucifixion. The Armenian Apostolic honors Thaddeus along with Bartholomew as its patron . In the Roman , he is the of des- perate cases and lost causes. Saint Jude’s attribute is a club. He is also often shown in with a flame around his head. This represents his presence at , when he received the with the other apostles. Another common attribute is Jude holding an image of Jesus , in the . In some instances, he may be shown with a scroll or a book (the of Jude) or holding a carpenter’s rule.

St. Thaddeus, St. Sandukht and other Christians in ’s 1 Identity prison

1.1 New Testament In the comparable apostle-lists of Matthew 10:3 and :18, Jude is omitted, but there is a Thaddeus (or in Jude is clearly distinguished from Judas Iscariot, another some manuscripts of Matthew 10:3, “Lebbaeus who was apostle and later the betrayer of Jesus. Both “Jude” and surnamed Thaddaeus”) listed in his place. This has led “Judas” are translations of the name Ιούδας in the Greek many Christians since early times to harmonize the lists original New Testament, which in turn is a Greek variant by positing a “Jude Thaddeus”, known by either name. of Judah (Y'hudah), a name which was common among This is made plausible by the fact that “Thaddeus” seems at the time. In most in languages other than to be a nickname (see Thaddeus). English and French, Jude and Judas are referred to by the A further complication is the fact that the name “Judas” same name. was tarnished by Judas Iscariot. It has been argued that “Jude of James” is only mentioned twice in the New Tes- for this reason it is unsurprising that Mark and Matthew tament: in the lists of apostles in Luke 6:16 and Acts 1:13. refer to him by an alternate name.[6] The name by which Luke calls the Apostle, “Jude of Some Biblical scholars reject this theory, however, hold- James”, is ambiguous as to the relationship of Jude to ing that Jude and Thaddeus did not represent the same this James (). Though such a construction some- person.[7] Scholars have proposed alternate theories to times connoted a relationship of father and son, it has explain the discrepancy: an unrecorded replacement of been traditionally interpreted as “Jude, brother of James” one for the other during the ministry of Jesus because of (Luke 6:16)[3] although Protestants usually identify him or death;[7] the possibility that “twelve” was a

1 2 4 ICONOGRAPHY

symbolic number and an estimation;[8] or simply that the of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Linked to this tra- names were not recorded perfectly by the early church.[9] dition is the Saint Thaddeus Monastery (now in northern Thaddeus one of the twelve apostles is generally seen as ) and Saint Bartholomew Monastery (now in south- a different person from Thaddeus of Edessa, one of the eastern ) which were both constructed in what was .[10] then .

1.3 Brother of Jesus 3 Death and remains

Opinion is divided on whether Jude the apostle is the same as Jude, brother of Jesus, who is mentioned in Mark 6:3 and Matthew 13:55-57, and is the traditional author of the .[11] Some Catholics believe the two Judes are the same person,[12] while a number of Protes- tants do not.[13]

2 Tradition and legend

Symbol of his martyrdom

According to tradition, Saint Jude suffered martyrdom about 65 AD in , in the Roman province of , together with the apostle , with whom he is usually connected. The axe that he is often shown holding in pictures symbolizes the way in which he was killed.[16] Their acts and martyrdom were recorded in an Saint Thaddeus Armenian Monastery Acts of Simon and Jude that was among the collection of passions and legends traditionally associated with the leg- Tradition holds that Saint Jude preached endary Abdias, of Babylon, and said to have been in , , Idumaea, Syria, and translated into Latin by his disciple Tropaeus Africanus, [17] .[14] He is also said to have visited Beirut and according to the account of the saints. Edessa, though the emissary of latter mission is also iden- Sometime after his death, Saint Jude’s body was brought tified as Thaddeus of Edessa, one of the Seventy. The from Beirut to Rome and placed in a crypt in St. Peter’s 14th-century writer Nicephorus Callistus makes Jude the Basilica which was visited by many devotees. Now his bridegroom at the wedding at Cana. The legend reports bones are in the left transept of St. Peter’s Basilica under that St. Jude was born into a Jewish family in Paneas, a the main altar of St. in one tomb with the remains town in later rebuilt by the Romans and renamed of the apostle Simon the Zealot. According to another . popular tradition, the remains of St. Jude were preserved In all probability he spoke both Greek and , like in an Armenian monastery on an island in the northern almost all of his contemporaries in that area, and was a part of Issyk-Kul Lake in at least until the farmer by trade. According to the legend, St. Jude was a mid-15th century. Later legends either deny that the re- son of and his mother Mary, a cousin of the mains are preserved there or claim that they were moved Mary.[15] Tradition has it that Jude’s father, Clopas, was to a yet more desolate stronghold in the Pamir Mountains. martyred because of his forthright and outspoken devo- tion to the risen Christ. Although Saint is credited as 4 Iconography the “Apostle to the ”, when he baptized King Tiridates III of Armenia in 301, converting the Arme- Jude is traditionally depicted carrying the image of Jesus nians, the Apostles Jude and Bartholomew are tradition- in his hand or close to his chest, betokening the legend of ally believed to have been the first to bring to the Image of Edessa, recorded in apocryphal correspon- Armenia, and are therefore venerated as the patron saints dence between Jesus and Abgar which is reproduced in 3

Church of Saints Simon and Jude Thaddeus in Rudno, .

Eusebius' History Ecclesiastica, I, xiii. relates that King Abgar of Edessa (now Şanlıurfa in southeast Turkey) sent a letter to Jesus seeking a cure for an illness afflicting him. With the letter he sent his envoy Hannan, the keeper of the archives, offering his own home city to Jesus as a safe dwelling place. The envoy painted a likeness of Jesus with choice paints (or alternatively, im- pressed with Abgar’s faith, Jesus pressed his face into a cloth and gave it to Hannan) to take to Abgar with his an- swer. Upon seeing Jesus’ image, the king placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses. After Christ’s execution, sent Jude to King Ab- gar and the king was cured. Astonished, he converted to Christianity, along with many of the people under his rule. Additionally, St. Jude is often depicted with a flame above his head, representing his presence at Pentecost, when he was said to have received the Holy Spirit with the other apostles. Statue of St. Jude in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by . 5 Veneration team in , Brazil). His other patronages include desperate situations and hospitals. One of his According to tradition, after his martyrdom, pilgrims namesakes is St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in came to his grave to pray and many of them experienced Memphis, Tennessee, which has helped many children the powerful intercessions of St. Jude. Thus the title, with terminal illnesses and their families since its found- 'The Saint for the Hopeless and the Despaired'. St. Brid- ing in 1962. His feast day is (Roman Catholic get of Sweden & St. Bernard had visions from God ask- Church, the and Lutheran Church) ing each to accept St. Jude as 'The Patron Saint of the and June 19 (). Impossible'.[16][18] A common Roman Catholic prayer to St Jude is: The Order of Preachers (the Dominicans) began work- ing in present day Armenia soon after their founding in “O most holy apostle, Saint Jude, faithful 1216. There was a substantial devotion to St. Jude in this servant and friend of Jesus, the Church hon- area at that time, by both Roman Catholic and Orthodox oureth and invoketh thee universally, as the pa- Christians. This lasted until persecution drove Christians tron of hopeless cases, and of things almost de- from the area in the 18th century. Devotion to Saint Jude spaired of. Pray for me, who am so miserable. began again in earnest in the 19th century, starting in Make use, I implore thee, of that particular and , spreading to , and finally to the privilege accorded to thee, to bring visible and (starting in the area around ) owing speedy help where help was almost despaired to the influence of the and the Dominicans in of. Come to mine assistance in this great need, the 1920s. that I may receive the consolation and succor Saint Jude is the patron saint of the Chicago Police De- of Heaven in all my necessities, tribulations, partment and of Clube de Regatas do Flamengo (a soccer and sufferings, particularly (here make your 4 7 REFERENCES

5.1 and churches

Many countries venerate the Apostle Jude and have con- structed either shrines or churches dedicated to his mem- ory. Such sites include those in Australia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Puerto Rico and several sites in , the Philip- pines, the United States and Lebanon.

6 See also

• Veneration of Judas Thaddaeus (San Judas Tadeo) in Mexico

7 References

[1] “St Jude, Apostle”. EWTN. Retrieved 27 May 2014.

[2] “St. Jude , Yoodhapuram”. Yoodhapuram- church.com. Retrieved 2013-12-16.

[3] Jude 1:1

Procession in , . [4] Commentary on John 14:22, Expositor’s Commen- tary CDROM, Zondervan, 1978

request) and that I may praise God with thee [5] Raymond E. Brown, The Gospel According to Saint John and all the elect throughout eternity. I promise volume 2, p. 641. thee, O blessed Jude, to be ever mindful of this [6] For instance Otto Harpan, in “The Apostle” (Sands, great favour, to always honour thee as my spe- 1962), quoted at 12apostlesofthecatholicchurch.com cial and powerful patron, and to gratefully en- courage devotion to thee. Amen.” [7] John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew volume 3, pp 130-133, 200 (“Christian imagination was quick to harmonize and An alternative prayer: produce Jude Thaddeus, a conflation that has no basis in reality.”); Rudolf Pesch, “Simon-Petrus. Geschichte und geschichtliche Bedeutung der ersten Juengers Jesu “May the Sacred Heart of Jesus be adored, Christ”, Paepste und Papsttum 15, Hiersmann, 1980. glorified, loved and preserved now and forever. p.36. Sacred Heart of Jesus have mercy on us, Saint Jude worker of Miracles, pray for us, Saint [8] E. P. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press, 1985. Jude helper and keeper of the hopeless, pray ISBN 0-334-02091-3. p.102 for us, Thank you Saint Jude.” [9] , The Gospel according to Luke: Introduc- tion, translation, and notes, Volume 2, The Anchor Bible, to Saint Jude ( are a prayer said for nine Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981-1985. ISBN 0-385- consecutive days): 00515-6. p.619-620

[10] Kutash, V. Rev. Ihor,. “Thaddeus, Apostle of the Sev- “O Holy St Jude! enty”. Ukrainian-.org. Retrieved 2013-12-16. Apostle and , great in virtue and rich in miracles, near kinsman of Jesus Christ, [11] H. Neyrey, 2 Peter, Jude, Anchor Bible Reference faithful intercessor for all who invoke you, spe- Library, Doubleday, 1993. p.44-45. cial patron in time of need; to you I have re- course from the depth of my heart, and humbly [12] Bechtel, Florentine. “The Brethren of the Lord.” The beg you, to whom God has given such great Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Ap- power, to come to my assistance; help me now pleton Company, 1907. 10 Aug. 2014 in my urgent need and grant my earnest peti- [13] The situation is similar with James: Catholics tend to iden- tion. I will never forget thy graces and favors tify James the brother of Jesus with the apostle James, son you obtain for me and I will do my utmost to of , but Protestants and Orthodox generally do spread devotion to you. Amen.” not. 5

[14] “About Saint Jude, Shrine of St. Jude Thaddeus, San Francisco, Ca”. Stjude-shrine.org. Retrieved 2013-12- 16.

[15] “Who is St. Jude?, International Shrine of St. Jude, New Orleans, La”. Judeshrine.com. Retrieved 2013-12-16.

[16] “St. Jude the Apostle”, St. Jude Shrine, Koothattukulam

[17] Reid, George. “Apocrypha.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 10 Aug. 2014

[18] “Biography of St. Jude Thaddeus, St. Jude’s Pilgrim Shrine, Travandrum, India”. Stjudetvm.com. Retrieved 2013-12-16.

==External links==SS Simon and Jude Cathedral in Phoenix AZ[1]

• Catherine Fournier, Saint Simon and Saint Jude 6 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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