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The Path to Successful Water User Associations in the North West Dolomite Aquifers

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The Path to Successful Water User Associations in the North West Dolomite Aquifers THE PATH TO SUCCESSFUL WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS IN THE NORTH WEST DOLOMITE AQUIFERS Report to the Water Research Commission by Jude Cobbing, Kathy Eales, Theo Rossouw Jude Cobbing Consulting WRC Report No. 2429/1/16 ISBN 978-1-4312-0808-1 July 2016 Obtainable from Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina, 0031 [email protected] or download from www.wrc.org.za DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. © Water Research commission Page i K5/2429 FINAL REPORT CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 2 3 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 FOCUS AND ORGANISATION OF THIS LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 6 3.2 GROUNDWATER IN SOUTH AFRICA .......................................................................................................... 7 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 7 3.2.2 HOW MUCH GROUNDWATER DO WE HAVE IN SOUTH AFRICA? ............................................................................ 8 3.3 INTRODUCTION TO GROUNDWATER AND LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................. 9 3.4 AMBIVALENCE TOWARDS GROUNDWATER IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................... 10 3.5 ADVANTAGES OF GROUNDWATER .......................................................................................................... 10 3.6 HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING TOOLS IN RSA .......................................................... 11 3.7 MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN SOUTH AFRICA ........................................................... 12 3.7.1 WHAT IS GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT? ...................................................................................................... 12 3.7.2 GROUNDWATER DATA AND GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 13 3.7.3 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT VERSUS GROUNDWATER GOVERNANCE ........................................................... 14 3.7.4 INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONS .............................................................................................................. 15 3.7.5 ORGANISATIONS MANAGING WATER IN SOUTH AFRICA .................................................................................... 16 3.8 OVERVIEW OF GROUNDWATER IN THE NW DOLOMITES .......................................................................... 18 3.8.1 GEOLOGY OF THE NW DOLOMITES .............................................................................................................. 18 3.8.2 HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE NW DOLOMITES .................................................................................................... 19 3.9 MANAGEMENT ASPECTS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR THE NW DOLOMITES ....................................... 24 3.9.1 TECHNICAL ISSUES IN THE NW DOLOMITES IN NEED OF FURTHER WORK: .......................................................... 25 3.9.2 MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN THE NW DOLOMITES IN NEED OF ATTENTION: ............................................................. 25 3.10 INTRODUCTION TO THE GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENT ...................................................................... 27 3.10.1 TOPOGRAPHY, DRAINAGE AND GEOLOGY OF THE GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENT ............................................ 27 3.10.2 EXTENT AND THICKNESS OF THE AQUIFER ..................................................................................................... 28 3.10.3 BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................................. 28 3.10.4 TRANSMISSIVITY AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY .......................................................................................... 29 3.10.5 STORAGE .................................................................................................................................................. 29 3.10.6 RECHARGE ............................................................................................................................................... 30 3.11 GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENT YIELDS ............................................................................................. 31 3.11.1 GROOTFONTEIN WELLFIELD ........................................................................................................................ 31 3.11.2 IRRIGATION ABSTRACTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.11.3 OTHER ABSTRACTIONS ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.11.4 FORMER SPRING / EYE FLOW ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.12 CURRENT STATE OF THE GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENT .................................................................... 33 3.13 INTRODUCTION TO THE STEENKOPPIES COMPARTMENT ....................................................................... 34 3.13.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.13.2 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 36 3.13.3 HISTORY OF GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AT STEENKOPPIES ....................................................................... 38 3.14 LITERATURE REVIEW CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED ISSUES ........................................... 41 4 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE GROOTFONTEIN AND STEENKOPPIES COMPARTMENTS ..... 43 4.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.1 THE ECONOMIC HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.2 STRUCTURE OF THIS CHAPTER .................................................................................................................... 44 4.1.3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 44 Jude Cobbing, Kathy Eales, K5/2429 Final Report March 2016 Theo Rossouw Page ii 4.2 THE END OF WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS ............................................................................................. 45 4.3 THE LARGER CONTEXT: SOME BROADER ECONOMIC TRENDS RELEVANT TO COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN THE TWO GROUNDWATER COMPARTMENTS ...................................................................................... 47 4.3.1 GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION IN NORTH WEST PROVINCE ................................................................................ 49 4.4 ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF IRRIGATION AND GOVERNANCE IN THE STEENKOPPIES AND GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 51 4.4.1 THE STEENKOPPIES COMPARTMENT ............................................................................................................. 51 4.4.2 TOWARDS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A WATER USER ASSOCIATION AT STEENKOPPIES ........................................ 56 4.4.3 THE GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENT ........................................................................................................... 57 4.4.4 GROWING MUNICIPAL WATER USE AT GROOTFONTEIN .................................................................................... 58 4.4.5 CURRENT CROPPING IN THE GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENT .......................................................................... 59 4.4.6 IRRIGATION TRENDS AT GROOTFONTEIN ........................................................................................................ 61 4.4.7 NON-AGRICULTURAL USE OF GROUNDWATER FROM THE GROOTFONTEIN COMPARTMENT ................................... 63 4.5 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................... 64 4.6 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 65 5 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS ................................................. 68 5.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 68 5.2 LEGAL BACKGROUND AND HISTORY AS IT APPLIES TO GROUNDWATER .................................................... 68 5.3 WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS ..............................................................................................................
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