Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problems

The American Jewish Committee

Preliminary cufnnouncement

May, 1941

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 386 FOURTH AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y The American Jewish Committee

Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problems

Preliminary ÿ[nnouncement

May, 1941 COMMITTEE ON PEACE STUDIES OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE MORRIS R. COHEN, Chairman Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, College of the City of New York," Honorary President, Conference on Jewish Relations SOLOMON LOWENSTEIN, Fice-Chairman Executiq)e Vice-President of The Federation for the Support of Jeowish Philanthropic Societies of New York City MOSES MOSKOWITZ, Secretary Member, Research Staff, The American Jewish Committee SHLOMO BARDIN JACOB LANDAU Principal, tIaifa Technical High School, Managing Director, Jeÿvish Telegraphic Haifa Nautical School Agency SALO W. BARON CHARLES LIEBMAN Professor of Jewish History and Instl- President, Refugee Economic Corpora- tutions, Columbia Unicÿerslty; Presi- tion dent, Conference on Jecoish Relations HENRr MONSKY GABRIEL DAVIDSON President, B'nai B'rith Managing Director, The Jecoish Agri- EDWARD A. NORMAN cultural Society President, American Economic Commit- tee for Palestine; Member of Council Louis FINKELSTEIN of The Jewish Agency for Palestine President, Jewish Theological Seminary of America MRS. DAVID DE SOLA POOL President, Hadassah, The Women's MAx GOTTSCHALK Zionist Organization of America Director, Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problems JOSEPH ROSEN President, Agro-Joint; Fice-Presldent, ADOLPH HELD Dominican Republic Settlement Asso- Chairman, Jewish Labor Committee ciation MAURICE HEXTER ABRAM L. SACHAR Assistant Executive Fice - President, National President, B'nai B'rith Hillel The Federation for the Support of Foundation Commission Jeÿoish Philanthropic Societies of New HARRY SCHNEmERMArr York City Assistant Secretary, The American ALEXANDER KAHN Jewish Committee Fice-President, American Jewish Joint JOSEPH SCHLOSSBERÿ Distribution Committee Chairman, National Labor Committee BERNHARD KAHN for Palestine Honorary Chairman, European Execu- JACOB SHATZKY tive Council of the American Jewish Librarian, Ne¢o York State Psychiatric Joint Distribution Committee Institute ALAN M. STROOCK ISAAC L. KANDEL Member, Surÿey Committee of The Professor of Education, Teachers Col- American Jewish Committee; Member, lege, Cohtmbia University Jewish Education Committee MAURICE J. KARPP " MORRIS D. WALDMAN Director, Graduate School for Jewish Secretary, The American Je¢vish Com- Social Work mittee MAX M. WARBURG ARTHUR K. KUHN Former President, American Branch of MAX WEINREICH the International Laÿw Association; Research Director, Yiddish Scientific Former President of The Judeans Institute [3] ADVISORY COUNCIL*

RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON PEACE AND POsT-WAR PROBLEMS

RUTH BENEDICT ARTHUR W. MACMAHON Department of .4nthropology, Columbia Department of Public Laco, Columbia University University

MAURICE R. DAVlE WESLEY C. MITCHELL Chairman, Department of Sociology, Department of Economics, Columbia Yale University University EDWARD MEAD EARLE WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON Institute for Advanced Study, School of Economics and Politics, Princeton Uni- President Emeritus, Smith College versity ARTHUR NUSSBAUM WILLIAM HABER Department of Public Laÿz, Columbia Department of Economics, Uni,versity of University Michigan WILLIAM F. OGBURN MELVILLE HERSKOVITS Department o[ Sociology, University of Department of ./lnthropology, North- Chicago western University WILLIAM JAFFE JOHN E. ORCHARD Department of Economics, Northwest- Department of Economic Geography, ern University Columbia University PHILIP C. JEssue ROBERT REDFIELD Department of Public La,w, Columbia Department of /lnthropology, Univer- University sity of Chicago

ALVIN S. JOHNSON JESSE SIDDALL REEVES Department of Economics, Yale Uni- Department of Political Science, Uni- versity versity of Michigan

HANS KELSEN ALEXANDER SACK Law School, Harvard University Laÿa School, Neÿ.o York University

SIMON KUZNETS ISAIAH LEO SHARFMAN Department of Economics, University Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania of Michigan ROBERT H. Lowlr W. LLOYD WÿNER Department of Anthropology, Univer- Department of .4nthropology, Univer- sity of Sohthern California sity of Chicago ROBERT S. LYND Louis WIRTH Department of Sociology, Columbia Department oÿ Sociology, University of University Chicago

*As of May, 1941. Es] RESEARCH STAFF MEMBERS OF THE RESEARCH STAFF---Continued RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON PEACE AND POsT-WAR PROBLEMS

Director MOSES MOSKOWITZ, B.S., College of the City of New York; Graduate MAX GOTTSCHALK, LL.D., Candidat en Philosophie et Lettres, University studies in International Law and Relations, Columbia Uni- of Liege, Belgium. versity.

Research professor, Institut de Soclologie Solvay (Brussels Member of Research Staff, American Jewish Committee U,nlversity) ; Professor, Instltut des Hautes Etudes, Brus- since January 1937; Contributor to various publications, sels; Belgian Correspondent of the International Labor including: American Jewish Year Book, Menorah Jour- Office, Geneva; President, National Office for Unemploy- nal, Contemporary Jewish Record, etc. ment and Placement, Belgium; President, HIAS-IcA Emigration Association (HICEM) ; Vice-President, Su- SIMON SEGAL, M.A., LL.D., University of Paris, Diploma, Ecole Libre des preme Council for Labor and Social Security; Member of Sciences Politiques, Paris; Research Fellow, Institute of the Board: Jewish Colonization Association, Palestine Internation'al Relations, Geneva; Carnegie Endowment for Jewish Colonization Association, EMICA, Alliance International Peace. Israelite Universelle; President, Refugee Committee, Brussels; Author: La Reforme de L'Assurance Chbmage, Lecturer at the Institut de Droit Comparfi, University of La Remise des Ch6meurs au Travail, La Legislation So- Paris; Research associate, Foreign Policy Association; Au- ciale dans la Bible, etc. thor: L'individu en Droit International Positif, The New Poland and the Jews; Contributor to various publications, including: Revue de Droit International et de Legislation Comparÿe, Bruxelles; La Rÿvue du Droit International ABRAHAM G. DUKER, B.A., College of the City of New York; Graduate Public; Britannica Year Book, etc. studies in History, Columbia University; Research Fellow on the Miller Foundation, 1933-1934. MILTON WOLL, B.A., M.S., College of the City of New York; Graduate Author: The Situation of the Jews in Poland, Conference work in Sociology, Columbia University on Jewish Relations, New York, 1936; Jewish Survival in the World Today, Hadassah, New York, 1938-1941; Research assistant, Division. of Placement and Unemploy- Contributor to various publications, including: Hebrew ment Insurance, New York State Department of Labor, Union. College Annual, Current History, Jiwo Bleter, 1935-1937; Research in.vestigator, Division of Women in Kirjath Sepher, etc. ; Managing editor, Contemporary Jew- Industry and Minimum Wage, New York State Depart- ish Record; Associate editor, The Reconstructionist, The ment of Labor, 1937-1939; Staff member, Carnegie-Myr- Universal Jewish Encyclopedia; Associate chairman, Edi- dal Study of the Negro in America, 1939-1940. torial Board, Jewish Social Service Quarterly. SPECIAL STUDIES: Friedrich Blach; Ben Halpern; Joachim Haniel; Leopold EUGENE HEVESI, LL.D., University of Budapest; Graduate, Academy for Heinemann; Guido Kisch; Franz Neumann; Gerhard Neumann. Oriental Trade, Budapest; Graduate, Consular Academy, Vienna. Chief of the Section of Foreign Trade Policy of the Royal Hungarian Foreign Trade Office, 1931-1936; Hungarian Commercial Attache, Bucharest, 1936-1937; New York, 1937-1938. Author: Pacta Sunt Servanda, Intricacies of a Commercial Treaty, Prices and the Exchange Rate, Compensation and Clearing as a Technique in Interna- tional Trade, etc. (all published in Hungarian). INTRODUCTION

HE center of gravity of the world's interest has been steadily shifting from one battle area to another. The importance of the war's immediate issues has thrust into the background the question of the peace that will follow after the hostilities have ceased. Yet, throughout the United States as well as in the free British Commonwealth of Nations thoughtful men and women with a sense of responsibility for the future are individually and in groups studying the problems of an enduring and endurable peace. It is obvious that Jews have not only a vital concern but an imperative duty in seeing not only that those aspects of these problems which concern Jews, as such, be given due consideration, but also that adequate information for the intelligent consideration of these aspects be made available. Since the days of antiquity Jews have recognized that their welfare is closely bound up with that of the community in which they live. However, in view of the various factors that enter into the Jewish problem, a more specific undertaking is required on their part, in addi- tion to joining their fellow-citizens in the general struggle for a just world order. In this spirit, The American Jewish Committee, immedi- ately upon the outbreak of the war, began to orientate its program to the new situation. In the spring of 1940, it appointed a Committee on Peace Studies, under the chairmanship of Professor Morris Raphael Cohen, to prepare a program of studies which would promote a more intelligent understanding of the Jewish situation and aid in the defense of the rights of Jews in the free forum of the world's conscience, as well as to formulate the necessary plans for its execution. After discussion at a number of meetings, the Committee on Peace Studies submitted, on September 23, 1940, to the Administra- tive Committee of The Amei'ican Jewish Committee a report recommending a program for a sustained and intensive study not only of the actual situation of Jews abroad and at home, and of the possible effects of the various plans and proposals for post-war reconstruction, but also of the problems which are likely to confront the Jewish people after the war. The report pointed out that, notwithstanding the fact that Jewish organizations and agencies have in past years accum- [9] ulated a great mass of information on various problems of con- Oryanization and Program of Study cern to Jews, there was an urgent need for additional knowledge as well as for better integregation of existing data. In THE Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problems view of this, the Committee on Peace Studies recommended was established on November 1, 1940. Its personnel consists the establishment of a Research Institute on Peace and Post- of a director and a research staff. Because of the magnitude War Problems as a special department of The American and diversity of the problems to be investigated, the work of Jewish Committee. The Administrative Committee of The the Institute has been divided into three divisions as follows: American Jewish Committee unanimously adopted the recom- (1) Division on Political, Economic and Social Status; (2) mendations of the Committee on Peace Studies and its action Division on Migration and Colonization; and (3) Division was approved at the annual meeting of The American Jewish on Relief and Reconstruction. Each division, in turn, is sub- Committee held in New York on January 16, 1941.* divided into sections in accordance with the various categories The Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problems of problems under investigation. is a special department of The American Jewish Committee. The Division on Political, Economic and Social Status, It is charged with the function of ascertaining, integrating consisting of seven sections, is concerned with the study of the and publishing of the requisite facts that will promote a better problem of maintaining the essential rights of Jews and the understanding of the Jewish situation and by the scholarly proper adjustment to their environment under the new world and scientific integrity of its findings, provide a reliable basis conditions that are likely to arise after the war. Section I for subsequent efforts in the field of reconstruction and re- deals with the political, legal, economic, social and cultural habilitation. It is hoped that the work of the Institute will situation of the Jews since the end of the last war. Its purpose contribute towards an understanding in the Jewish community is to investigate the causes and factors which have led to the that will permit unified action at the opportune moment. The distinctive development of the Jewish situation in different governing body of the Institute is the Committee on Peace parts of the world. Section II studies the status of Jews under Studies, composed of men and women representing various the so-called German "New Order," particularly with the de- shades of opinion in the Jewish community, with the Secre- velopment of the Jewish situation both in Greater Germany tary and Assistant Secretary of The American Jewish Com- and in the German-occupied and controlled territories. Its mittee and the Director of the Institute serving on it ex-officio. primary object is to ascertain the transitory and permanent The Committee on Peace Studies formulates and approves changes brought about in Jewish life as a result of Nazi rule. plans and programs of studies, defines the work of the Insti- Section III is concerned with the study of the plans and pro- tute and reports to The American Jewish Committee. The posals of Allied and neutral countries for post-war recon- members of the Committee on Peace Studies also act in a struction and their direct and indirect bearing on the vital supervisory capacity to the Divisions of the Institute and are needs and interests of the Jewish population. Section IV in- organized for this purpose into three sub-committees. In ad- vestigates the current political and social tendencies in the dition, there is a standing Advisory Council composed of Jewish community, both in the United States and abroad with specialists in various fields of physical science, history and the purpose of finding out its attitude regarding the problems social studies, who have agreed to contribute guidance and confronting it and their solution. Section V deals with the advice to the Institute. attitude of the various Churches, and international social, political and cultural movements towards Jews and Jewish * A more detailed and comprehensive 16, 1941, and reprinted in the Contempo- problems. Section VI studies the question of Palestine in its account is contained in the report of its rary Jewish Record, Vol. IV, No. 2, chairman, Professor Morris R. Cohen, to March, 1941. Copies of the report are ob- Jewish and international aspects, including the problem of the annual meeting of The American tainable on request. Arab-Jewish relations. Section VII will interpret the results Jewish Committee, New York, January of the researches of the preceding six fact-finding sections in the light of past experience and current developments, pre- paratory to the working out of a program which will permit prompt and intelligent action. [10] [11] The Division on Migration and Colonization proceeds on is concerned with a critical examination of the policies and the assumption that any consideration of post-war reconstruc- methods of these organizations and agencies, as well as of the tion must include the question of large-scale migration. It is extent to which they may be organizationally, technically and concerned in the main with three major problems: (1) the financially equipped to cope with the various problems of potential areas of emigration and the character of the likely relief and reconstruction in the future. Section VI examines emigrants; (2) the potential areas of immigration, and; (3) the question of cooperation with general relief and reconstruc- the various ways and means of organizing migration and set- tion agencies. tlement. The Division is divided into seven sections. Sec- tions I, II and III deal respectively with the various factors Methods of Work and Procedure which determined Jewish migration in the past, the likely determining factors in the future, and the areas of potential IT is obvious that the research projects outlined above could emigration and character of the emigrants. Their purpose is not possibly be carried out by a single research body however to interpret the findings of the Division on Political, Eco- well-equipped, if it were not, as mentioned above, for the ex- nomic and Social Status and to apply them to the specific istence of a large body of scholarly material already assem- requirements of the Division on Migration and Colonization. bled, which merely requires integration and interpretation. Section IV surveys the countries of possible immigration from A primary function of the Institute is, therefore, to collect, the point of view of their comparative suitability and the arrange, index, and integrate the available material and in- opportunities and possibilities for Jewish settlement. Section formation and bring it up to date. The methods of approach- V is devoted to a study of immigration laws and policies in ing each individual problem are illustrated in Appendix II different parts of the world. Sections VI and VII investigate (page 19). The Institute also counts upon the availability of the various schemes of organized migration and settlement, numerous scholars and experts in the United States and abroad both Jewish and general, their experience and reasons for who have devoted themselves to the study of particular aspects their success or failure, as well as the legal, technical and of various problems, whose cooperation it hopes to enlist. financial questions involved. Lastly, in order to avoid unnecessary duplication, the Institute The Division on Relief and Reconstruction, consisting of endeavors to cooperate with existing organizations and agen- six sections, is guided by these fundamental considerations: cies, both Jewish and general, engaged in similar efforts, and first, that the most immediate and pressing problem, upon to draw upon their knowledge and experience in the fields of the cessation of hostilities, will be that of relief of the desti- their specialization. tute; second, that the maintenance of the essential rights of Jews in the countries in which they live, will depend to a large extent upon the degree to which they may be economi- cally and socially adjusted to their environment; third, that in cases of emigration, the opportunities of the migrants will depend upon the quality of their training and preparation. Section I is concerned with a general study of the likely relief requirements after the cessation of hostilities and the relation of Jewish to general relief. Section II examines the problems and methods of social, economic and communal reconstruction on the basis of past experience and current changes. Sections III and IV deal with a survey of the existing Jewish relief and reconstruction organizations and agencies, their organizational set-up, policies, methods of work, sources of income, inter-relationship, and their experience. Section V

[12] [13] Appendix I

DIVISION I- POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS

A. Situation of Jews since the World War

1. Legal Status

(a) Rights of Jews as citizens: Equality in law and in fact. Inte- gration of Jews in the general political, economic, social and cultural life of the nations.

(b) Position of Jews as a racial, religious, national or linguistic minority: minority guarantees.

2. Economic and Social Status

(a) Social and economic structure of the Jewish population. (b) Position of the Jews in the economic and social life of the various countries.

B. The German "'New Order" and the Jews

1. Nazi plans concerning Jews.

2. Major developments in the political, economic and social life in Greater Germany and in the countries under German occupation, and control. Forces of resistance within and outside of Germany.

3. Transitory and permanent effects, direct and indirect, orL the political, economic, social and cultural life of the Jews.

Co Official and Unofficial Plans and Proposals for Post-War Reconstruction of Allied and Neutral Countries

1. Their basic political, economic and social objectives.

2. Their general and specific application to Europe and to other parts of the world.

3. The Jewish question within the general framework of these plans.

Do Attempts by Jews to Solve their Problems

1. Jewish experiences in previous crises.

2. Current tendencies: Zionism, territorialism, "diaspora nationalism," assimilationism, etc.

3. Relevant Jewish organizations: their aims and policies. E!5] 1. Determining factors behind these policies. E. International Movements in Relation to Jews and Jewish Problems 2. Analysis of immigration legislation. 1. Attitude of various Christian Churches and the Islamic world. 3. Administration of the same. 2. Attitude of labor and other economic class movements to the Jews.

3. International political, cultural, humanitariarL and other movements E. Experiences in Colonization and Settlement in the Past and Current in relation to Jewish problems. Plans and Schemes

. Experiences in colonization and settlement by governments, League F. The Status of Palestine of Nations, and private organizations. 1. Jewish-Arab relations in Palestine and surrounding lands. . Experiences in Jewish immigration, colonization and settlement: in 2. Effects of the war on the Mandate and status of Palestine. Palestine and in other countries.

3. Plans and proposals for the settlement of the Palestine question. . New plans for organized migration and colonization by private com- panies or governments. G. Experiences of the Past and their Bearing upon the Present F. Legal, Financial and Technical Questions Involved in Organized Mi- 1. Reason for the success or failure of the various attempts irÿ the past gration Movements to solve the Jewish question. 1. Survey of transit countries. 2. Validity of pre-war concepts in the light of changed circumstances. 2. Capital resources involved and the various schemes of financing large- 3. Determining factors of the post-war settlement of the Jewish ques- scale migration. tion: in.ternational, regional, national, external and internal. 3. The transportation problems, etc.

DIVISION II--MIGRATION AND COLONIZATION DIVISION III -- RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION Migration as an Aspect of Post-War Reconstruction

1. Consideration of the likely determining factors of post-war migra- A. Problem of Relief upon the Cessation of Hostilities tion. 1. Critical survey of the temporary and permanent damage wrought by 2. Likely character of Jewish migration,. the war, and of the remaining resources of European Jews.

2. The relief problem in the past and the likely requirements after the B. Potential Migrants: Their Distribution, Background and Qualifications present war. 1. The potential areas of emigration. 3. General relief in relation to the Jews. 2. Character of migrants: refugees, deportees, evacuees, declassees, etc. Problem of Post-War Rehabilitation 3. Age, sex an.d occupational distribution: material, moral, intellectual B. and vocational resources, etc. 1. Readjustment of Jewish economic, social and communal life.

2. Methods of readjustment: training, retraining and resettlement. C. Survey of Countries of Potential Immigration and Colonization

1. Physical, political, economic and social conditions. C. Jewish Relief Agencies in the United States and Abroad 2. Their relative suitability for Jewish immigration, colonization and 1. Their policies, structure, sources of income, methods of procedure settlement, or both. and history of their activities.

2. Relations between the several organizations and their respective fields D° Immigration Policies, Laws and Administrative PrActices in Countries of Potential Immigration of activity. [16] [17] O. Jewish Reconstruction Organizations

1. Their policies, structure, sources of income, methods of procedure and history of their activities. Appendix II 2. Relations between the several organizations and their respective fields SAMPLE OF DETAILED STUDY OUTLINE of activity. DIVISION II--POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS E. Analysis of Policies, Functions attd /Vlethods of the Various Relief and Reconstruction Organizations B. THE GERMAN "NEW ORDER" IN EUROPE

1. Their merits and shortcomings. I. Nazi Plans for the Economic Reorganization of Europe 2. Their successes and failures in the past.

3. Degree of their flexibility and adaptability to changing circumstances. A. Meaning of the so-called Grossraumwirtschaft.

4. Extent of their organizational, financial and technical resources to 1. Definition of the term. cope with the problem in the future. 2. Brief history of the evolution of the concept.

F, Cooperation with General Relief and Reconstruction Agencies and 3. Comparison between the Nazi Grossraumwirtschaft and similar Organizations ideas for the economic reorganization of Europe. 4. Other plans.

B. Political ideas underlying the Grossraumwirtschaft.

1. The Nazi concept of Geopolitik.

2. The position of Germany on the European continent.

(a) The territorial limits of Greater Germany. (b) The Nazi concept of Herrenvolk. (c) The function of Germany in a Nazi-dominated Europe.

C. Status assigned to the various countries and peoples in Europe under the the new Nazi economic order.

1. _As producers of raw material.

2. As reserves of labor.

3. _As specialized industrial centers. (a) Primary industries. (b) Secondary industries.

D° Relation between Grossraumwirtschaft and lVehrwirtschaft. 1. Extent to which the Nazi economic order is a by-product of the immediate necessities and requirements of the German war economy.

2. The permanent elements in the Grossraumwirtschaft.

18 ÿ [ 19 ] II. Execution of the Nazi Economic Plans a. Economic organization of the Nazi-occupied-and-controlled territories

1. Reorganization of agriculture, industry, finance, trade and commerce. (a) For the purposes of war economy. (b) As part of the permanent economic reorganization of Europe.

2. Changes introduced in the economic systems of the respective countries. (a) Fate of the pre-war economic institutions. (b) Modifications in the system of production and distribution. (c) Role of private capital and enterprise.

3. Nazi labor policy. (a) System of compulsory labor. (b) Conscription of labor.

B. Control of the national wealth.

1. Extent to which Germany and her nationals have succeeded in obtaining control over the rmtural resources and other properties in the occupied and controlled countries.

2. Methods by which Germany is obtaining such control. (a) Confiscation of State property. (b) Confiscation of private property. (c) Expropriations and forced liquidations. (d) Devaluation or inflation of local currencies. (e) Preferential treatment of racial Germans. (f) Other direct and indirect methods.

3. Aryanization of private property. (a) Aryanization as an instrument of exploitation. (b) Mechanics and process of Aryanization. (c) Extent to which Aryanization is applied in the different countries.

[20]