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PV Status Report 2007 - Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics

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PV Status Report 2007 - Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics PV Status Report 2007 - Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics Arnulf Jäger-Waldau EUR 23018 EN - 2007 The mission of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability is to provide scientific-technical support to the European Union’s Policies for the protection and sustainable development of the European and global environment. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Contact information Address: Via Enrico Fermi, TP 450, 21020 Ispra(VA), Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 789119 Fax: +39 0332 789268 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 40519 EUR 23018 EN ISBN 978-92-79-07446-2 ISSN 1018-5593 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities © European Communities, 2007 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy PV Status Report 2007 Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics September 2007 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit Via Enrico Fermi 1; TP 450 I – 21020 Ispra, Italia EUR 23018 EN Front cover: Artwork by Jennifer Rundle PREFACE Record oil prices and speculations when the oil price will exceed $ 100 per barrel have already become a reality. This development has shifted the focus to more abundant fossil energy resources like gas and coal. However, the Gas Crisis at the beginning of 2006 has demonstrated that Europe is still highly vulnerable with respect to its total energy supply. A possible solution is the diversification of supply countries as well as the diversification of energy sources including renewable energies and photovoltaics. In March 2007 the European Council endorsed the binding target of a 20% share of renewable energies in the overall EU energy consumption by 2020. Now the question in the European Union is no longer – What can renewable energies contribute to the European energy supply? – but – How can we realise the growth of renewable energy production? The motivation behind the Council Decision is the need to stabilise atmospheric greenhouse gases in the 450 to 550 ppmv range which leads to the necessity to decarbonise our energy supply. Photovoltaics is a key technology option to realise such a shift. The solar resources in Europe and world wide are abundant and can't be monopolised by one country. Regardless for what reasons and how fast the oil price and energy prices will increase in the future, Photovoltaics and other renewable energies are the only ones to offer a reduction of prices rather than an increase in the future. In 2006, the photovoltaic industry production again grew by over 40% reaching a world-wide production volume of 2,520 MWp of photovoltaic modules and has become a € 12 billion business. Yearly growth rates over the last five years were in average more than 40%, which makes photovoltaics one of the fastest growing industries at present. Business analysts predict the market volume to increase to € 40 billion in 2010 and expect lower prices for consumers. 2006 was also the year when thin film photovoltaics started to grow faster than the overall PV market and this trend continued in 2007. The Sixth Edition of the “PV Status Report” tries to give an overview about the current activities regarding Research, Manufacturing and Market Implementation. I am aware that not every country and development is treated with the same attention, but this would go beyond the scope of this report. Nevertheless, I hope that this report will provide a useful overview about the situation world-wide. The opinion given in this report is based on the current information available to the author, and does not reflect the opinion of the European Commission. Ispra, September 2007 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission Joint Research Centre; Renewable Energies Unit 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 2. The World Market ................................................................................................................... 8 3. Japan ....................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Policy to Introduce New Energies in Japan .................................................................................. 15 3.2 Implementation of Photovoltaics .................................................................................................. 18 3.3 NEDO PV Programme.................................................................................................................. 21 3.4 Japanese Market Situation............................................................................................................. 24 3.5 Market Players .............................................................................................................................. 27 4. The People’s Republic of China and Taiwan....................................................................... 36 4.1 PV Resources and Utilisation........................................................................................................ 37 4.2 Solar Companies ........................................................................................................................... 42 5. The United States ................................................................................................................... 50 5.1 Incentives supporting PV .............................................................................................................. 53 5.2 Photovoltaics Technology Plan..................................................................................................... 60 5.3 Very High Efficiency Solar Cell programme................................................................................ 63 5.4 The US PV-Industry Roadmap ..................................................................................................... 64 5.5 Solar Companies ........................................................................................................................... 68 6. The European Union..............................................................................................................73 6.1 Market and Implementation in the European Union..................................................................... 75 6.2 PV Research in Europe ................................................................................................................. 86 6.3 Solar Companies ........................................................................................................................... 95 7. Outlook.................................................................................................................................. 104 8. Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ 108 9. References ............................................................................................................................. 109 3 4 1. INTRODUCTION In 2006, the photovoltaic industry continued its impressive growth and delivered world- wide some 2,520 MWp [Pvn 2007] of photovoltaic generators (Fig. 1). Since 2003 total PV production grew in average by almost 50%, whereas the thin film segment – starting from a very low level – grew by almost 80% and reached 196 MW or 8% of total PV production in 2006. The high growth rate of thin film production and the increase of the total production share indicate that the thin film technology is gaining more and more acceptance. A thin film market share of 25 to 30% in 2010 seems not to be unrealistic. This takes into account the fact that more and more PV manufacturers are diversifying their production portfolio and that the current market leader Sharp announced a 1 GW thin film factory to be operational in 2010 [Sha 2007]. 3.000 Rest of World 2.500 United States China & Taiwan Europe 2.000 Japan 1.500 1.000 PV Production [MW] Production PV 500 0 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Fig. 1: World PV Cell/Module Production from 1990 to 2005 (data source: PV News [Pvn 2007]) Public traded companies manufacturing solar products or offering related services are attracting a growing number of private and institutional investors. In June 2007 alone 5 companies went public and collected more than $ 1 billion (€ 0.75 billion1) on the stock exchanges. The number of consulting companies and financial institutions offering market 1 Exchange rate: 1 € = 1.33 $ 5 studies and investment opportunities has considerably increased in the last few years and business
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