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D'urbano, Paolo (2012) Ikhwan Web: Digital Activism and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood

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D'urbano, Paolo (2012) Ikhwan Web: Digital Activism and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood D'Urbano, Paolo (2012) Ikhwan web: digital activism and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/16815 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Ikhwan Web: Digital Activism and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Paolo D'Urbano Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Media and Film Studies 2011/2012 Centre for Media and Film Studies School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: ____________________________ Date: _________________ ABSTRACT The research focuses on the practices of digital activism and political communication of the Muslim Brotherhood, examining a selection of meda outlets established by the group before the 25 January revolution. In doing so, it attempts to answer the following research questions: what is the political role of digital technologies? How is one to conceive of the role they play in relation to contemporary social movements? The thesis argues that the political role of new media is to be found in their capacity to store information. Far from merely making claims to authorities or expressing identities, social movements produce knowledges about the territories they inhabit. What new media provide social movements with is the capacity to assemble digital archives, which in turn enable them to organize and produce knowledge. By going online, social movements create archives of their own history, read against the grain others' archives or remember what was arbitrarily removed from them. For keeping memory is never an innocent act, but always an exquisitely political one. Having positioned the theoretical argument in relation to both social movement and new media studies, I will then proceed to apply it to three cases of study. Two chapters will examine and compare the official websites of the Muslim Brotherhood - one in English, the other in Arabic. The last chapter focuses instead on the development of an Ikhwan-related blogosphere. The research argues that the adoption of new media was both beneficial and detrimental to the organization. Digital technologies did help the group in circumventing the obstacles imposed by the regime, yet they equally enabled internally marginalized subjects, such as the youth, to intervene in decision- making processes and pierce the ideological veil of unity and cohesion. Table of Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2 Methodology....................................................................................................................................6 Structure of the Thesis...................................................................................................................11 Chapter 1............................................................................................................................................14 Social Movements: Theoretical Approaches and Recent Developments on Digital Technologies....14 Social Movement Theory...............................................................................................................14 Political Islam, Islamist Activism and Nonmovements: Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Islamist Movements.......................................................................................................................18 Social Nonmovements and the Multitude: Bayat and Autonomist Marxism................................21 Materialist perspectives on New Media, Digital Culture and Free Labour...................................27 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................33 Chapter 2............................................................................................................................................35 Arab New Media: Emergence, Theoretical Debates, and the Case for Archival Media....................35 New Media in Egypt: A Brief Outline...........................................................................................36 Arab Media Studies: A Critical Review.........................................................................................42 The Case for Archival Media.........................................................................................................48 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................57 Chapter 3............................................................................................................................................59 Mahzoura: Historical Background of The Muslim Brotherhood.......................................................59 1928-1954: From the Formative years to the short honeymoon with Nasser................................60 1954-1973: The re-birth of an Islamist movement under The President believer.........................63 Mubarak and the Brothers: A post-Islamist Turn?.........................................................................68 Mahzoura: Islamism and/as the Arab State of Exception..............................................................71 Conclusion: Cracks from Below....................................................................................................75 Chapter 4............................................................................................................................................78 Ikhwanweb as a Digital Archive.........................................................................................................78 Ikhwanweb: History in a Box........................................................................................................79 MB vs. Al Qaeda: Dissociating from Political Violence...............................................................83 MB and the West: Associating with “the West”.............................................................................87 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................94 Chapter 5 ...........................................................................................................................................96 Ikhwanonline: A Comparison between the MB Official Websites in English and Arabic.................96 Ikhwanonline: Brief Historical Background and Description.......................................................97 Analysis of the Content................................................................................................................102 A Comparison between Ikhwanweb and Ikhwanonline..............................................................108 By Way of Conclusion: Da‘awy vs. siyyasi.................................................................................113 Chapter 6...........................................................................................................................................115 MB Bloggers: Blogging as both a Hegemonic and Resistance Tool................................................115 Blogging: Early Developments and the emergence of an Islamist blogosphere..........................116 Memory work and Advocacy Blogging: MB Youth and Human Rights.....................................121 Blogging as a Tool of Resistance.................................................................................................127 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................134 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................136 List of References.............................................................................................................................143 1 Introduction At the time of writing, the fifth and current President of Egypt has recently taken part to the 16th summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), held in Tehran from 26 to 31 August 2012. There, he delivered a speech that surely caught off guard the majority of his audience. Displaying confidence and reclaiming a major international role for his country, Morsi would
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