ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI

XLIV

ANALECTA ROMANA

INSTITUTI DANICI

XLIV

2019

ROMAE MMXX ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI XLIV © 2020 Accademia di Danimarca ISSN 2035-2506

Scientific Board

Mads Kähler Holst (Bestyrelsesformand, Det Danske Institut i Rom) Jens Bertelsen (Bertelsen & Scheving Arkitekter) Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (Aalborg Universitet) Karina Lykke Grand (Aarhus Universitet) Thomas Harder (Forfatter/writer/scrittore) Morten Heiberg (Københavns Universitet) Hanne Jansen (Københavns Universitet) Erik Vilstrup Lorenzen (Den Danske Ambassade i Rom) Mogens Nykjær (Aarhus Universitet) Vinnie Nørskov (Aarhus Universitet) Niels Rosing-Schow (Det Kgl. Danske Musikkonservatorium) Erling Strudsholm (Københavns Universitet) Lene Østermark-Johansen (Københavns Universitet)

Editorial Board Marianne Pade (Chair of Editorial Board, Det Danske Institut i Rom - 31.08.19) Charlotte Bundgaard (Chair of Editorial Board, Det Danske Institut i Rom) Patrick Kragelund (Danmarks Kunstbibliotek) Sine Grove Saxkjær (Det Danske Institut i Rom) Gert Sørensen (Københavns Universitet) Anna Wegener (Det Danske Institut i Rom) Maria Adelaide Zocchi (Det Danske Institut i Rom)

Analecta Romana Instituti Danici. — Vol. I (1960) — . Copenhagen: Munksgaard. From 1985: Rome, «L’ERMA» di Bretschneider. From 2007 (online): Accademia di Danimarca.

ANALECTA ROMANA INSTITUTI DANICI encourages scholarly contributions within the Academy’s research fields. All contributions will be peer reviewed. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be sent to: [email protected] Authors are requested to consult the journal’s guidelines: www.acdan.it Contents

Signe Buccarella Hedegaard & Cecilie Brøns: Lost in Translation: An Introduction to the Challenging Task of Communicating Long-lost Polychromy on Graeco - Roman Marble Sculptures 7

Lærke Maria Andersen Funder: Continuity and Reception: The Life of the Spinario 29

Claus Asbjørn Andersen: What is Metaphysics in Baroque Scotism? Key Passages from Bartolomeo Matri’s Disputations on Metaphysics (1646-1647) 49

Costantino Ceccanti: “Andre udmærkede Bygmestre”: Hermann Baagøe Storck e lo stile toscano nella Danimarca dell’Ottocento 73 Philology Then and Now Proceedings of the Conference held at the Danish Academy in Rome, 16 July 2019

Introduction: Making Sense of Texts: From Early Modern to Contemporary Philology 95

Minna Skafte Jensen: The Emic-Etic Distinction: a Tool in Neo-Latin Research? 99

Šime Demo: Getting Help from a Daughter: Linguistic Methodology and Early Modern Philology 113

Paolo Monella: A Digital Critical Edition Model for Priscian: Glosses, Graeca, Quotations 135

Johann Ramminger: Stylometry in a Language without Native Speakers: A Test Case from Early Modern Latin 151

Marianne Pade: Imitation and Intertextaulity in Humanist Translation 169

Julia Haigh Gaisser: Philology and Poetry in the Humanism of Giovanni Pontano 187

Karen Skovgaard-Petersen: Philological Pessimism: Henrik Ernst’s Treatise on Textual Criiticism (1652) 205

Trine Arlund Hass: The Meaning of Jul (Christmas) according to Pontanus, Vedel and Worm: Etymology, Controversy, and Foundation Myths of the Danes 217

Report

Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Claudio Parisi Presicce, Rubina Raja & Massimo Vitti:

Excavating Caesar’s Forum: Present Results of the Caesar’s Forum Project 239

REPORT

Excavating Caesar’s Forum Present Results of the Caesar’s Forum Project

by Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Claudio Parisi Presicce, Rubina Raja & Massimo Vitti

Abstract. This report presents the Caesar’s Forum Project. It furthermore summarizes the results obtained this far while situating the current investigations within the broader research history pertaining to the area best known as that of Caesar’s Forum. Hitherto the 16th–20th century Alessandrino Quarter that until now only received limited scholarly attention has been excavated within the framework of the project. Moreover, the pottery from the 1998–2000 excavations conducted by the Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali has been processed in preparation for the ongoing excavations, which are expected to reveal material similar to that from previous excavations, spanning a cultural horizon of more than 3000 years.

Introduction of Excellence, Centre for Urban Network The Forum Iulium, Gaius Julius Caesar’s Evolutions (UrbNet) at Aarhus University, eponymous forum in the heart of public the Danish Institute in Rome (DIR), and Rome, constitutes one of the most famous and Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali. influential architectural spaces of the ancient (Fig. 1) The project focuses on excavating world. Initiated in 54 BCE and abutting the the south-eastern part of the forum complex much older and tradition-bound Forum which makes up roughly one third of the entire Romanum, the new forum placed its patron at area of the late Republication forum space. the centre, both in terms of politics at the time The excavations are carried out in accordance and topographic location within the city, while with the most recent advances within the whole time accentuating how powerful archaeological fieldwork methods and aim not Caesar was becoming. It also set a precedent just to shed light on the Late Republican and and an example for many of the later Roman emperors. Since 2017, the joint Danish-Italian Caesar’s Forum Project has been unearthing a part of the forum area that hitherto had not been subjected to archaeological investigation. This report gives an overview of the Caesar’s Forum Project, situates it within the wider scholarly attention paid to the forum, and presents the results obtained until now.

The project and its relation to previous archaeological excavations in the area The Caesar’s Forum Project was initiated in 2017. It is a collaboration between the Danish Fig. 1. Area of the 2019-excavations along the Via dei National Research Foundation’s Centre Fori Imperiali (photo: the Caesar’s Forum project) 240 Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Claudio P arisi Presicce & Rubina Raja

Imperial phases of the history of the forum Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali del Comune but to obtain knowledge about the entire span di Roma instigated a project to establish an of the archaeology of the area, which covers archaeological park in the area of the imperial more than 3000 years of habitation from the fora.5 This also included new excavations on Recent Bronze Age until the present. The the Caesar’s Forum which were carried out excavations are complemented by scientific in the years 1998-2000 and 2005-2008.6 For analyses allowing us to perceive the prehistory the first time, the investigation focused on and history of Rome – also before the city the earlier remains beneath the forum level, came into being – in what we might term high and foundations of buildings dating to the definition.1 archaic and early republican periods (7th–4th The current project is the latest of several century BCE) were uncovered.7 Moreover, the archaeological excavations in the forum space investigations led to the discovery of traces which began almost 90 years ago. The first of the initial human activity in the area during excavations were carried out in the early 1930s the Recent- and Final Bronze Age (13th–12th under the political reign of Benito Mussolini century BCE) and a slightly later series of and in connection with the construction of graves dating as early as the Late Bronze Age the Via dei Fori Imperiali (then called Via and Early Iron Age (11th–9th­ century BCE).8 dell’Impero).2 The excavations laid open the The results of these excavations likewise point north-westernmost part of the forum including towards the existence of specialized workshops large parts of the temple dedicated to Venus in the area during the 9th-6th century BCE.9 Genetrix. At this time, too, the three Corinthian Altogether, the previous archaeological columns which are now supporting a part of investigations underline the not surprising the architrave of the Venus temple in the forum fact that activity in the area, which became were reconstructed and put back into place.3 the location of Julius Caesar’s forum is not However, as the road was constructed along confined to the Caesarean period. Rather, and atop the imperial fora, large habitation it extends much further back in time and quarters had to be demolished, and, in the continues until modern times allowing us process, substantial parts of the Forum of the unique opportunity to investigate Rome’s Caesar were buried beneath it. From the 1960s archaeology and history even before the site and 70s the excavations focused on a small became Rome and up through time until today. area in front of the temple as well as the area A similar stratigraphical sequence is expected at immediately behind the curia, and during the the south-eastern end of the forum. Precisely 1980s the latter area was also archaeologically this broad, diachronic perspective lies at the investigated.4 The main focus of these heart of the aims of the present project and investigations was the layout of the forum and will be investigated in detail over the coming its portico. However, excavations within the years. recent decades have uncovered earlier phases in the southern part of the forum. In connection Results of the archaeological investigations of the with the Grand Jubilee of 2000, the Ministero project this far dei Beni Culturali, the Sovrintendenza Speciale The work done so far has until now provided per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, and the important insights pertaining to the history

1 Jacobsen & Raja 2018. 6 Delfino 2014; De Santiset al. 2010a. 2 Ricci 1932 7 Delfino 2010; Delfino 2014; Petersen 2018. 3 Meneghini 2009, 50. 8 For a recent overview of the early phases cf., De 4 Lamboglia 1980; Morselli & Tortorici 1989; Amici Santis 2019; De Santis et al. 2010a. et al. 2007. 9 De Santis et al. 2010b. 5 Meneghini 2009.

Excavating Caesar’s Forum 241 of the area. Due to the nature of the 1930s. Beneath these were remains of the formation of the archaeological record, the habitational units in the shape of rectilinear archaeological investigations this far have walls delineating rooms. The vestiges of been concerned with the investigation of floors of the interior rooms were uncovered the layers immediately below the level of Via beneath a layer of debris consisting of tiles, dei Fori Imperiali, the so-called Alessandrino plaster, bricks, and concrete, and the paving Quarter. allowed for an identification of the room’s character as either domestic or commercial. The Alessandrino quarter (Fig. 2) Furthermore, the houses could be As mentioned above, Mussolini’s Via dei identified, through comparisons with existing Fori Imperiali necessitated the dismantling cartographical plans. of a large domestic quarter and therefore Apart from the houses, the excavated the eviction of approximately a thousand material only held few finds pertaining to families, around 4000 people who were the habitation, including ceramic fragments. rehoused in new suburban building projects.10 The scarcity of finds can be explained by The research history outlined above has to the organized abandonment of the quarter, a large degree neglected the investigation a process where the inhabitants had time to of this occupational phase, and, thus, the collect their belongings. Other finds comprise current excavations constitute one of the last a neo-classical column base thought to have opportunities to thoroughly document this adorned one of the palazzi, which were part of the city’s history. located in the area. However, the finds at this After activity ceased in the 11th century, point also include fragments predating the and the orchards and domus terrinae of that Alessandrino Quarter phase. These count period were abandoned, the low-lying a stamped tile manufactured during the area turned swampy and was given the Tetrarch period (late 3rd to first half of 4th unflattering nickname i pantani, meaning the century CE) as well as a fragment of a Roman swamps. However, in the second half of period architrave.13 (Fig. 3) the 16th century, the swamp was drained, Another interesting observation has the area raised, and new buildings were erected in order to accommodate the rapidly growing population of Rome. The new neighbourhood was named after the cardinal Michele Bonelli (1541-1598) whose birthplace was Alessandria in Piedmont. The same name was given to one of the main streets of the neighbourhood, the Via Alessandrina.11 The habitation quarter consisted of 35 houses, the inhabitants of which were often portrayed as artisans and immigrants.12 The excavation in 2019 recovered a dense layer of tile, brick, and blocks of concrete Fig. 2. Interior of house from the beginning of the bearing attesting to the thorough demolition 20th century after excavation (photo: the Caesar’s and levelling undertaken in the early Forum project)..

10 Cederna 1979, 192. 13 For the stamped tile cf. Bodel 1983, 60 n. 113. For 11 Bernacchio 2017, 34-39, with reference to the architrave fragment cf. Pinna Caboni 2008, 57, previous publications on the Alessandrino area. fig. 2. 12 Meneghini 2009, 237-238. 242 Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Claudio Parisi Presicce & Rubina Raja also emerged from the excavations of this documentation the remaining parts of the occupational phase. As noted above, the Alessandrino Quarter have been preserved Alessandrino Quarter is usually referred virtually and secures future studies. (Fig. 4) to as a neighbourhood that housed lower classes of the Roman society. However, the Processing material from previous excavations new archaeological investigations of the area Apart from the excavation, the work carried out rather point to a situation, which seems more this far also entailed the detailed registration reconcilable with a middle-class community. of a massive amount of ceramic deriving The apparent discrepancy between the from the excavations conducted from 1998 memory of the place and the actual to 2000 by the Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai archaeological situation may be the result of Beni Culturali.14 The archaeological material a more or less conscious attempt on part of is temporarily stored at the Danish Institute the fascist regime to legitimize the project in Rome where the registration work was of laying bare the Roman Imperial phases carried out in the archaeological laboratory. with which the regime was eager to compare The material work is now concluded, and the and associate itself. Consequently, the either results are being written up.15 completely removed or merely bulldozed The material amounted to around a remains naturally played a much smaller thousand crates. Upon registration and role in that narrative, and it was strategically classification, the sizeable material proved convenient to rhetorically minimize the to be rather heterogeneous, spanning a importance of the removed remains. substantial chronological scope of the history In order to re-evaluate the nature of the of the area. (Fig. 5) Some of the earlier pieces Alessandrino Quarter all stratigraphical units, are fragments of reduction-fired, buccheroid structures, and finds have been recorded and vessels characteristic of the archaic period geo-referenced during the new excavations. (7th to 5th century BCE), the regal period of Moreover, photogrammetric models have Rome. From the Imperial period comes terra been produced of the excavated area as sigillata, red glazed and bearing characteristic well as the basements. Through this digital relief decoration. The post-Roman, Medieval

Fig. 3a. Stamped tile manufactured during the Tetrarch period (late 3rd to first half of 4th century CE). Fig. 3.b: Fragment of a Roman period architrave (photos: the Caesar’s Forum project).

14 Delfino 2014. 15 Foro di Cesare II, in preparation. Excavating Caesar’s Forum 243

to the general picture emerging from the previous excavations, namely that of a wide chronological dispersal compressed within few metres of soil. Therefore, the catalogued material will be invaluable as comparanda for the finds unearthed in the further excavations.

Concluding remarks The Caesar’s Forum Project builds upon an extensive history of research carried out during the past century. Through the Fig. 4. Photogrammetric model of basements in the Ales- sandrino Quarter (photo: the Caesar’s Forum project). excavation of the remaining until now unexcavated south-eastern part of the forum area, it seeks to enhance the knowledge produced so far while filling out the gaps still present. The Alessandrino Quarter represents such a gap, and thus a main objective of the initial stages of the project’s excavations has been the documentation of this particular phase in detail. This work has yielded significant insights, which can be compared with existing plans as well as descriptions of the neighbourhood leading to important observations about the nature of this understudied domestic neighbourhood. Furthermore, the excavated habitation quarter Fig. 5. Selection of pottery fragments. Buccheroid has been carefully documented and digitized, vessels; terra sigillata pottery, vetrina pesante pottery and ceramica invetriata pottery (photo: the Caesar’s Forum securing the possibility of returning to the project). data in the future. The registration of the pottery excavated in 1998–2000 has similarly generated additional knowledge and will period is represented by so-called Forum Ware ensure broader accessibility to the data whilst pottery (vetrina pesante) which is recognizable supporting the analyses of material brought by a green or brownish glaze as well as added to light in the future excavations. relief tongues. This specific ware has been An expansion of the excavated area named after specimens discovered during towards the north will be undertaken as well early excavations in the imperial fora.16 as continuous excavation in the areas already Finally, several wares can be dated to the under excavation. The work is expected period in which the area was occupied by the to uncover stratigraphies consistent with Alessandrino Quarter, the 17th-20th century that encountered in previous excavations CE. These count ceramica invetriata, a glazed in the area of Caesar’s Forum as well as kitchen-ware, and fragments of maiolica the chronological phases represented by pottery. On a fragment of the latter type, the the processed pottery. The project will thus date 1880 has been painted on. allow for a coherent and comprehensive This briefly outlined pattern corresponds assessment of the development of the area

16 See Whitehouse 1965. 244 Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Claudio Parisi Presicce & Rubina Raja from the Bronze age until the present while Jan Kindberg Jacobsen also contributing significantly to the general Accademia di Danimarca knowledge of the archaeology and history of [email protected] Rome. Claudio Parisi Presicce Acknowledgements Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali The Caesar’s Forum Project is a collaboration Direzione Musei archeologici e storico- between the Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai artistici Beni Culturali, the Danish National Research [email protected] Foundation’s Centre of Excellence, Centre for Urban Network Evolutions at Aarhus Rubina Raja University (grant 119) as well as the Danish Centre for Urban Network Evolutions Institute in Rome with permission from (UrbNet) the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage Aarhus University and Activities. The project is funded by the [email protected] Carlsberg Foundation (since 2017) and Aarhus University Research Foundation (since 2019) Massimo Vitti with a flagship grant. Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali For additional information about the Direzione Musei archeologici e storico- project, visit: . artistici [email protected]

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