EARTHSCAN REFERENCE COLLECTION

Conservation

Volume I The Idea of Conservation

Edited by William M. Adams

I publishing for a sustainable future London • Sterling, VA Contents

VOLUME I THE IDEA OF CONSERVATION

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Overview to Four Volumes: Conservation xiv

Editorial Introduction to Volume I 1

Part I Western Ideas of Nature 1 Creating a Second Nature 17 Clarence J. Glacken 2 The Origins of Environmentalism 36 Richard Grove 3 Walking 46 Henry D. Thoreau 4 The Hetch Hetchy Valley 68 John Muir 5 A Fable for Tomorrow and the Obligation to Endure 74 Rachel Carson

Part II Indigenous Ideas of Nature and Conservation 6 Animals 83 Hugh Brody 7 Traditional Knowledge Systems in Practice 90 Fikret Berkes

Part III The Misuse of Nature 8 Destructiveness of Man and Human and Brute Action Compared 115 George Perkins Marsh 9 Principles of Conservation 122 Gifford Pinchot vi The Idea of Conservation

10 The Former Abundance of Wildlife 128 William Hornaday 11 The Round River 133 Aldo Leopold

Part IV Philosophies of Conservation 12 Ideas of Nature 143 Raymond Williams 13 The Cultural Approach to Conservation Biology 158 Bryan G. Norton 14 The Conservation Ethic 167 Edward O. Wilson 15 Definitions, Values and Philosophies 181 George F. Peterken

Part V Wilderness and Countryside 16 Thinking Like a Mountain 209 Aldo Leopold 17 The Trouble with Wilderness; or Getting Back to the Wrong Nature 211 William Cronon 18 The Making of an Ideal 233 Michael Bunce

Part VI Protecting Nature 19 Perspectives 247 Richard Mabey 20 The Carbon Connection 275 David W. On

Index 282 Contents vii

VOLUME II THE CONSERVATION OF DIVERSITY

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii

Editorial Introduction to Volume II 1

Part I Biodiversity and Biodiversity Loss 1 The Vulnerable Earth: Toward a Planetary History 21 Donald Worster 2 Biodiversity Threatened 37 Edward O. Wilson 3 Human domination of Earth's ecosystems 64 Peter M. Vitousek, Harold A. Mooney, Jane Lubchenco and Jerry M. Melillo

Part II Understanding Change in Nature 4 Anecdotes and the Shifting Baseline Syndrome of Fisheries 81 Daniel Pauly 5 What is Natural? The Need for a Long-term Perspective in Biodiversity Conservation 84 KatherineJ. Willis and H. J. B. Birks 6 False Forest History, Complicit Social Analysis: Rethinking Some West African Environmental Narratives 97 James Fairhead and Melissa Leach

Part III Ecology and Conservation 7 The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms 121 Arthur G. Tansley 8 Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems 144 C. S. Holling 9 Pyromancy: Reading Stories in the Flames 168 Stephen J. Pyne

Part IV Conservation Planning 10 Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities 177 Norman Myers, Russell A. Mittermeier, Cristina M. Mittermeier, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Jennifer Kent viii The Idea of Conservation

11 The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Earth's Most Biologically Valuable Ecoregions 196 David M. Olson and Eric Dinerstein 12 Mapping the Conservation Landscape 220 Kent H. Redford, Peter Coppolillo, Eric W. Sanderson, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Eric Dinerstein, Craig Groves, Georgina Mace, Steven Maginnis, Russell A. Mittermeier, ReedNoss, David Olson, John G. Robinson, Amy Vedder and Michael Wright 13 Systematic Conservation Planning 249 Chris Margules and Robert L. Pressey

Part V Managing Species and Spaces 14 Command and Control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management 279 C. S. Hotting and Gary K. Meffe 15 Directions in Conservation Biology 295 Graeme Caughley 16 The Island Dilemma: Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Studies for the Design of Natural Reserves 350 Jared Diamond 17 A Regional Landscape Approach to Maintain Diversity 367 Reed Noss 18 Effectiveness of Parks in Protecting Tropical Biodiversity 382 Aaron Bruner, Raymond E. Gullison, Richard E. Rice and Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca

Part VI Conservation Management and Restoration 19 Biological Invasions: Winning the Science Battles but Losing the Conservation War? 393 Philip E. Hulme 20 Restoration Ecology: Repairing the Earth's Ecosystems in the New Millennium 419 Richard J. Hobbs and]. A. Harris

Index 433 Contents ix

VOLUME HI CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii

Editorial Introduction to Volume III 1

Part I Conservation and Sustainable Development 1 The Land Ethic 27 Aldo Leopold 2 Towards Sustainable Development 41 Gro Harlem Brundtland 3 Conservation of Biodiversity in a World of Use 61 Kent H. Redford and Brian D. Richter 4 Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty 80 William M. Adams, Ros Aveling, Daniel Brockington, Barney Dickson, Jo Elliott, Jon Hutton, Dilys Roe, Bhaskar Vira and William Wolmer

Part II Sustainability and Wild Harvests 5 Fishing Down Marine Food Webs 91 Daniel Pauly, Villy Christensen, Johanne Dalsgaard, Rainer Froese and Francisco C. Torres Jr 6 Having Your Wildlife and Eating It Too: An Analysis of Hunting Sustainability Across Tropical Ecosystems 99 John G. Robinson and Elizabeth L. Bennett 7 Requiem for the Grand Banks 123 • Mark Kurlansky

Part III Institutions and Environmental Management 8 The Struggle to Govern the Commons 133 Thomas Dietz, Elinor Ostrom and Paul C. Stern 9 Human Ecology and Resource Sustainability: The Importance of Institutional Diversity 149 C. Dustin Becker and Elinor Ostrom 10 People, Livelihoods and Collective Action in Biodiversity Management 169 Jules Pretty x The Idea of Conservation

Part IV Economics and Conservation 11 The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value 195 Gretchen C. Daily, Tore Soderqvist, Sara Aniyar, Kenneth J. Arrow, Partha Dasgupta, Paul R. Ehrlich, Carl Folke, AnnMari Jansson, Bengt-Owe Jansson, Nils Kautsky, Simon Levin, Jane Luchenco, Kari-Goran Ma'ler, David Simpson, David Starrett, David Tilman and Brian Walker 12 Who Should Pay for Tropical Conservation, and How Could the Costs Be Met? 201 Andrew Balmford and Tony Whitten 13 Direct Payments to Conserve Biodiversity 223 PaulJ. Ferraro and Agnes Kiss

Part V Community and Conservation 14 If Community Conservation is the Answer, What is the Question? 231 William M. Adams and David Hulme 15 Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation 244 Arun Agrawal and Clark C. Gibson 16 The Background to Community-based Conservation 273 David Western andR. Michael Wright 17 Planning for People and Parks: Design Dilemmas 284 Katrina Eadie Brandon and Michael Wells 18 The Future of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects: Building on What Works 306 Michael P. Wells, Thomas O. McShane, Holly T. Dublin, Sheila O'Connor and Kent A. Redford 19 Sustainable Use and Incentive-driven Conservation: Realigning Human and Conservation Interests 328 JonM. Hutton and Nigel Leader-Williams

Index 347 Contents xi

VOLUME IV THE POLITICS OF CONSERVATION

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii

Editorial Introduction to Volume IV 1

Part I The State, Conservation and Protected Areas 1 Nature and Space 29 James C. Scott 2 Nature-State-Territory: Towards a Critical Theorization of Conservation Enclosures 75 Roderick P. Neumann 3 The Environmental Challenge to the Nation-State: Superparks and National Parks Policy in Zimbabwe 98 Rosaleen Duffy 4 Coercing Conservation? The Politics of State Resource Control 111 Nancy Lee Peluso

Part II Science, Knowledge and the Politics of Conservation 5 Deliberative Democracy and Participatory Biodiversity 137 Tim O'Riordan and Susanne Stoll-Kleemann 6 Environmentality: Community, Intimate Government, and the Making of Environmental Subjects in Kumaon, India 160 Arun Agrawal 7 Non-governmental Organizations and Governmentality: 'Consuming' Biodiversity and Indigenous People in the Philippines 203 Raymond L. Bryant 8 Green Dots, Pink Hearts: Displacing Politics from the Malaysian Rainforest 229 /. Peter Brosius 9 The Shifting Middle Ground: Amazonian Indians and Eco-politics 267 Beth Conklin and Laura R. Graham 10 The 'Wild', die Market and the Native: Indigenous People Face New Forms of Global Colonization 292 Marcia Langton 11 Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique 320 Ramachandra Guha xii The Idea of Conservation

Part HI The Social Impacts of Protected Areas 12 Salvaging Nature: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas 339 Marcus Colchester 13 Farewell Song 371 Karljacoby 14 Displacement and Relocation from Protected Areas: Towards a Biological and Historical Synthesis 393 Mahesh Rangarajan and Ghazala Shahabuddin 15 The Winding Road: Incorporating Social Justice and Human Rights into Protected Areas Policies 412 Crystal L. Fortwangler 16 Political Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation 432 Ashwini Chhatre and Vasant Saberwal

Part IV Conservation Futures 17 Love it Or Lose it: The Coming Biophilia Revolution 447 David W. Orr 18 Nature Matrix: Reconnecting People and Nature 466 Robert Michael Pyle 19 Society With Nature 481 William M. Adams 20 Optimism and Hope in a Hotter Time 497 David W. Orr

Index 504