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Is the Demise of Plant Taxonomy in Sight? Maybe Yes, Maybe No… Citation: Baldini R.M., Cota-Sánchez J.H., Aedo C

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Is the Demise of Plant Taxonomy in Sight? Maybe Yes, Maybe No… Citation: Baldini R.M., Cota-Sánchez J.H., Aedo C Journal of Plant Firenze University Press Taxonomy www.fupress.com/webbia WEBBIA and Geography Opinion Is the demise of plant taxonomy in sight? Maybe yes, maybe no… Citation: Baldini R.M., Cota-Sánchez J.H., Aedo C. (2021) Is the demise of plant taxonomy in sight? Maybe yes, maybe no… Webbia. Journal of Plant Tax- Riccardo M. Baldini1, J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez2, Carlos Aedo3 onomy and Geography 76(1): 3-10. doi: 1 10.36253/jopt-10802 Editor in Chief of Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography, Webbia, Department of Biology, Tropical herbarium (FT) Research Centre, University of Florence, Italy Received: February 5, 2021 2 Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada 3 Head of Flora Ibérica project, Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid, Spain Accepted: March 15, 2021 Published: April 27, 2021 Taxonomy – the scientific discipline that explores, dis- Copyright: © 2021 Baldini R.M., Cota- covers, interprets, represents, names, and organizes Sánchez J.H., Aedo C. This is an open organic beings – is an integral component of biogeog- access, peer-reviewed article published raphy, evolutionary biology, ecology, conservation and by Firenze University Press (http:// www.fupress.com/webbia) and distrib- other biodiversity studies (Ebach et al. 2011: 550). uted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro- vided the original author and source The wide and significant spectrum of taxonomy in our society is clearly are credited. stated in the above quote by Ebach et al. (2011). As taxonomists who have embraced the amalgamation of traditional and modern research techniques, Data Availability Statement: All rel- evant data are within the paper and its we have witnessed dramatic changes and the gradual disappearance of one of Supporting Information files. the oldest disciplines in biological science, that is, taxonomy and the associ- ated application of nomenclature. In this note we address some of the causes Competing Interests: The Author(s) and effects behind reductionism and the ensuing curricular changes affecting declare(s) no conflict of interest. research, education and training in taxonomy in major academic institutions. Editor: Lia Pignotti Over the last few years scientific specialization has had an unprecedent impact in society enabling biological research progress primarily due to the ORCID RMB: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181- implementation of technological innovation, raising employment and eco- 3441 nomic development. As a result, the resolutions in scientific and educational JHCS: https://orcid.org/0000-0002- institutions have been adjusted accordingly. The field of botany, in particu- 7522-4848 lar, has undergone significant changes. Botany has been influenced by shifts CA: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384- 6980 in the approach to the scientific method, to the extent that this traditional field of studies has been increasingly replaced in universities and research institutes by broader meaning labels, such as of “Plant Biology” and “Inte- grative Biology.” In fact, several claims regarding the vanishing of taxonom- ic research have been made, from the lack of funding (Ebach and Holdrege 2005; Guerra García et al. 2008), training of new personnel (Drew 2011; Britz et al. 2020), denying recognition (Dar et al. 2012; Wheeler 2014), and reduc- tionism (Crisci 2008; Crisci et al. 2020). According to Dar et al. (2012), taxonomic impediment in education is based in part on the deficiency in institutional and financial support, lack of appreciation, job opportunities, turn-around in research output, and relative Webbia. Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography 76(1): 3-10, 2021 ISSN 0083-7792 (print) | ISSN 2169-4060 (online) | DOI: 10.36253/jopt-10802 4 Riccardo M. Baldini, J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez, Carlos Aedo lower impact factor for taxonomic journals, among other THE EFFECT OF REDUCTIONISM ON PLANT causes. Furthermore, in an era of genomics and applied TAXONOMY science, the taxonomist has become an endangered spe- cies (Ali et al. 2014). All these adverse factors are over- Reductionism encompasses a set of ontology-based, whelming and difficult to overcome by the community epistemic, and methodological opinions about the rela- of taxonomists, to the extent that potential new positions tions between different scientific domains (Brigandt and emerging from retirement of senior taxonomists are Love 2019). In science, reductionism leads to marketable being modified in scope or lost from the academic pro- inventions that may have detrimental effect on the out- gram. comes of quality and planning in order to attain a fab- Among the previous indicators, reductionism ricated metric evaluation dictated by corporations and has impacted taxonomy in programs and institu- personal needs (Muller 2018). For instance, Crisci et al. tions throughout the world. The changes are evident (2020: 1173) stated: “…molecular biology cannot dispense in numerous major universities that used to have old with the reference systems of biology as a whole provided traditional and prestigious botany and zoology depart- by Botany, among other disciplines..., it is impossible to ments and graduate programs with strong taxonomic complete a biological project at any level of hierarchy in training but are now integrated into more widely con- nature without any scientific names associated with the temporary named departments and units dominated by observations or experimentations.” Thus, because of their non-organismal professionals (Woodland 2007). These multidimensional approach, the research core compo- changes have enabled modern approaches intersect- nents of botany and plant taxonomy cannot be reduced ing evolutionary biology and technological applications to a few modules of investigation (Crisci 2006; Crisci et putting aside a curriculum embracing aspects of clas- al. 2020). Reductionism alone cannot express the com- sical taxonomy. The increasing practice of reduction- plexity of nature. Taxonomy, as opposed to reduction- ism with concomitant decrease of organismal biology ism, is based on critical and practical analyses with is directed to applied sciences and more profitable pro- several layers and contextual factors leading to specific grams that have driven the way for the neglect of tax- outcomes (Mingers 2014, reviewed in Fox and Alptekin onomy (Dar et al. 2012). 2018). In a recent provocative and somewhat alarmist commentary entitled the “End of Botany,” Crisci et al. CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION AS (2020, but see also Crisci 2006, 2008), reflected on the MULTIDIMENSIONAL METHODOLOGICAL modern meaning of botany in light of the influence of PROCESSES methodological reductionism. It is clear, even to the most distracted researcher, that over the last three dec- In the broad sense, classification and identifica- ades or so there has been an erosion in the conceptu- tion are intimately connected and are cognitive and al perception of botany as a typical multidimensional basic aspects of botany. Their dissemination synthe- discipline. This decline is associated to the use of new, sis is reflected in a correct and stable procedure of sci- more inclusive techniques that often disconnect our entific names according to the nomenclatural rules understanding and objectivity from the surrounding established by the International Code of Nomenclature natural world. Within this context, plant taxonomy and (Turland et al. 2018). Because of classification and iden- nomenclature, two core components in the botanical tification are complex processes based on a multidimen- and zoological sciences, have been directly and adverse- sional knowledge, they cannot be the result of a single ly affected by reductionism, an ongoing issue for most method focused solely on one source of information. teachers responsible for the training in plant taxonomy For instance, identification cannot be based only on (Crisci et al. 2019, 2020). The limited training has pro- DNA barcodes (Hebert et al. 2002), a method that is not duced numerous plant biologists lacking basic train- easy to access or that cannot replace morphology (Will ing, hence unable to morphologically recognize some and Rubinoff 2004; Will et al. 2005) and presents either of the most common plant species, i.e., the loss of the promises or serious pitfalls (cf. Moritz and Cicero 2004). operational and predictive value of botany. This prob- On the other hand, it is likely that a good number lem has also been addressed in a paper discussing the of sequencing DNA accessions with misidentified (or “One-dimensional Systematist,” (Crisci 2006), a topic lacking vouchers) has been deposited in DNA sequenc- worthwhile exploring in conjunction with the aspects ing data repositories. Therefore, the reconstruction of a addressed below, which may be needed to understand phylogenetic hypothesis based only on molecular infor- this discussion. mation extracted from a GeneBank source without Is the demise of plant taxonomy in sight? Maybe yes, maybe no… 5 supporting reliable herbarium vouchers and accurate but publishers and authors should be aware about pub- morphological identification of the species investigated lished online digital images with unverified data and/or (taxonomic sampling), is not admissible. In addition, erroneous information that can be misleading and unre- issues of hybridization and lineage sorting are not eas- lated to the biological entity in discussion. ily resolved in a single-gene phylogeny and
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