DOCSLIB.ORG

Transpressional Rupture Cascade of the 2016 Mw 7.8

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transpressional Rupture Cascade of the 2016 Mw 7.8 PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth RESEARCH ARTICLE Transpressional Rupture Cascade of the 2016 Mw 10.1002/2017JB015168 7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand Key Points: Wenbin Xu1 , Guangcai Feng2, Lingsen Meng3 , Ailin Zhang3, Jean Paul Ampuero4 , • Complex coseismic ground 5 6 deformation can be explained by slip Roland Bürgmann , and Lihua Fang on six crustal fault segments 1 2 • Rupture process across multiple faults Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, School of 3 likely resulted from a triggering Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China, Department of Earth Planetary and Space cascade between crustal faults Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 4Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, • Rupture speed was overall slow, but Pasadena, CA, USA, 5Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 6Institute of locally faster along individual fault segments Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China Supporting Information: Abstract Large earthquakes often do not occur on a simple planar fault but involve rupture of multiple • Supporting Information S1 • Data Set S1 geometrically complex faults. The 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand, involved the rupture of • Data Set S2 at least 21 faults, propagating from southwest to northeast for about 180 km. Here we combine space • Data Set S3 geodesy and seismology techniques to study subsurface fault geometry, slip distribution, and the kinematics of the rupture. Our finite-fault slip model indicates that the fault motion changes from predominantly Correspondence to: W. Xu, G. Feng, and L. Meng, right-lateral slip near the epicenter to transpressional slip in the northeast with a maximum coseismic surface [email protected]; displacement of about 10 m near the intersection between the Kekerengu and Papatea faults. Teleseismic [email protected]; back projection imaging shows that rupture speed was overall slow (1.4 km/s) but faster on individual fault [email protected] segments (approximately 2 km/s) and that the conjugate, oblique-reverse, north striking faults released the largest high-frequency energy. We show that the linking Conway-Charwell faults aided in propagation of Citation: rupture across the step over from the Humps fault zone to the Hope fault. Fault slip cascaded along the Xu, W., Feng, G., Meng, L., Zhang, A., Ampuero, J. P., Bürgmann, R., & Fang, L. Jordan Thrust, Kekerengu, and Needles faults, causing stress perturbations that activated two major (2018). Transpressional rupture cascade conjugate faults, the Hundalee and Papatea faults. Our results shed important light on the study of of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, earthquakes and seismic hazard evaluation in geometrically complex fault systems. New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123, 2396–2409. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015168 1. Introduction Received 29 OCT 2017 Accepted 5 FEB 2018 On 14 November 2016, an earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8 took place in the Kaikoura region in Accepted article online 12 FEB 2018 the Marlborough fault system (MFS), South Island, New Zealand (Figure 1) (Hamling et al., 2017; Kaiser et al., Published online 10 MAR 2018 2017). The region straddles a wide zone of active crustal deformation associated with the oblique collision between the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates (Van Dissen & Yeats, 1991). The seismic moment tensor solutions for the Kaikoura earthquake indicate an oblique-reverse focal mechanism. The hypocenter of the earthquake was located at about 15 km depth near the town of Culverden (Kaiser et al., 2017). Long-period seismological analysis of the earthquake indicates that the event initiated as a small strike-slip rupture during the first 60 s followed by a major 20 s burst of moment release, resulting in a long rupture duration (Duputel & Rivera, 2017). More than 2,000 aftershocks occurred within three days, four of which had Mw > 6 (Figure 1). A large number of shallow aftershocks occurred across a broad area north of Canterbury (Kaiser et al., 2017). Field investigations carried out by the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences suggested that at least 14 major faults and seven minor faults including 11 previously unmapped faults ruptured from the Humps fault zone in the south to Cape Campbell ending offshore on the Needles fault (Figure 1) (Litchfield et al., 2016). The total length of the ruptured faults exceeds 150 km making it the largest historic event in the region. Field observations found that the largest surface fault offsets occurred along the Kekerengu fault with right-lateral slip reaching a maximum of about 11 m (Litchfield et al., 2016). Vertical displacements (6–8m) were observed on the previously unmapped Papatea fault with a conjugate geometry to the Kekerengu fault (Litchfield et al., 2016). Continuous and campaign Global Positioning System (GPS) stations captured the coseismic ground deformation (Hamling et al., 2017). Stations near the epicenter show that the ground displacements were dominated by horizontal motions. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. Multiple studies have been carried out to understand the complex faulting along the 2016 Kaikoura rupture All Rights Reserved. using different data sets and methods (e.g., field observations, geodesy, seismology, satellite optical and XU ET AL. 2396 Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 10.1002/2017JB015168 −41˚30' Australian Plate WF HST NF AWF CF AF AF Pacific Plate 2016/11/13 −42˚00' 11:52:45 KF JT PF 2016/11/13 13:31:25 HF PKF −42˚30' SJF HDF CCF 2016/11/13 HFZ 13:31:25 2016/11/14 HST 00:34:22 2016/11/13 11:02:56 −43˚00' 172˚30' 173˚00' 173˚30' 174˚00' 174˚30' Figure 1. The regional setting and location of the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake in the northern South Island, New Zealand. The red lines show the location of the modeled faults. The dark green lines show the fault ruptures mapped. The mapped major faults are shown in black. AF, Alpine fault; WF, Wairau fault; AWF, Awatere fault; CF, Clarence fault; NF, Needles fault; KF, Kekerengu fault; PF, Papatea fault; JT, Jordan Thrust; HF, Hope fault; HDF, Hundalee fault; SJF, Stone Jug fault; CCF, Conway-Charwell fault zone; HFZ, Humps fault zone; PKF, Point Kean Fault; HST, Hikurangi subduction thrust. The red focal mechanism represents the epicenter of 2016 Kaikoura earthquake determined by the U.S. Geological Survey. The green focal mechanisms represent four Mw > 6 aftershocks. The cyan dots represent 2383 relocated aftershocks from the first 5.5 days (Kaiser et al., 2017). The dashed purple box outlines the region shown in Figure 2. The inset shows the study area (red dashed rectangle). The grey and cyan rectangles show the coverage of ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1, respectively. The white lines indicate the plate boundary faults. The yellow line represents the geometry of the HST from Williams et al. (2013). radar imagery, and tsunami recordings). Kääb et al. (2017) showed the localized horizontal coseismic displacement field along the Kekerengu fault using images collected by the PlanetScope optical cubesat constellation. Kääb et al. (2017) observed ~10 m horizontal surface offsets on the Kekerengu fault and ~7 m on the Papatea fault. Clark et al. (2017) found highly variable coseismic coastal deformation ranging from À2.5 to 6.5 m from airborne light detection and ranging differencing. Hollingsworth et al. (2017) correlated Landsat-8 images from before and after the earthquake to obtain a complete horizontal coseismic displacement field covering the whole rupture. Hollingsworth et al. (2017) also analyzed seismic waveforms to determine fault slip on the Kekerengu fault and on a deeper offshore fault. Hamling et al. (2017) proposed a model involving slip on over 20 crustal fault segments and the Hikurangi subduction thrust to explain the observed coseismic displacements from both GPS and radar interferometry (interferometric synthetic aperture radar [InSAR]). Using a multiarray P wave back projection (BP) method, Zhang et al. (2017) showed the earthquake ruptured unilaterally along multiple faults to the northeast and found that the peak ground acceleration is well correlated with inferred release of short-period energy. Modeling teleseismic body waves and regional tsunami recordings, Bai et al. (2017) proposed simultaneous rupture on the subduction thrust and the upper crustal faults. This is also supported by joint XU ET AL. 2397 Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 10.1002/2017JB015168 inversion of teleseismic waveform and space geodetic data (Wang et al., 2018). Heidarzadeh and Satake (2017), however, suggested that the tsunami was likely triggered by submarine landslides and fault slip on the subduction thrust. Cesca et al. (2017) examined regional and teleseismic data to reconstruct the ruptured fault geometry. Cesca et al. (2017) found that the upper crustal faults are connected with a low-angle splay thrust fault rather than the Hikurangi subduction thrust. Holden et al. (2017) studied local strong motion and high-rate GPS data and suggested that the Hikurangi subduction thrust most likely did not slip during the earthquake. Using only 21 local strong motion data, Zheng et al. (2018) estimated the source rupture process on multiple fault segments from the kinematic waveform inversion. In this study, we combine seismic and geodetic data to study ground deformation of the 2016 Kaikoura earth- quake and its relation to the geometrical complexity of faults and the rupture process at depth. We use InSAR data and radar offset measurements from multiple platforms to generate a complete three-dimensional coseismic displacement field. We analyze geodetic data to identify the ruptured faults, to constrain the source parameters and fault geometry. We examine the resolving power of our geodetic data to answer whether onshore geodetic data are sensitive to fault slip on the Hikurangi subduction thrust and the Point Kean fault.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 482 (2018) 44–51 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl The 2016 Kaikoura¯ earthquake: Simultaneous rupture of the subduction interface and overlying faults ∗ Teng Wang a, Shengji Wei a,b, , Xuhua Shi a, Qiang Qiu c, Linlin Li a, Dongju Peng a, Ray J. Weldon a,d, Sylvain Barbot a,b a Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore b Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore c School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, United Kingdom d Department of Geological Science, University of Oregon, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The distribution of slip during an earthquake and how it propagates among faults in the subduction Received 2 August 2017 system play a major role in seismic and tsunami hazards, yet they are poorly understood because Received in revised form 22 October 2017 offshore observations are often lacking. Here we derive the slip distribution and rupture evolution during Accepted 26 October 2017 the 2016 Mw 7.9 Kaikoura¯ (New Zealand) earthquake that reconcile the surface rupture, space geodetic Available online xxxx measurements, seismological and tsunami waveform records. We use twelve fault segments, with eleven Editor: P. Shearer in the crust and one on the megathrust interface, to model the geodetic data and match the major Keywords: features of the complex surface ruptures. Our modeling result indicates that a large portion of the finite rupture model moment is distributed on the subduction interface, making a significant contribution to the far field strong motion surface deformation and teleseismic body waves.
    [Show full text]
  • Geophysical Structure of the Southern Alps Orogen, South Island, New Zealand
    Regional Geophysics chapter 15/04/2007 1 GEOPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN ALPS OROGEN, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND. F J Davey1, D Eberhart-Phillips2, M D Kohler3, S Bannister1, G Caldwell1, S Henrys1, M Scherwath4, T Stern5, and H van Avendonk6 1GNS Science, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, [email protected] 2GNS Science, Dunedin, New Zealand 3Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA 4Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany 5School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 6Institute of Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA ABSTRACT The central part of the South Island of New Zealand is a product of the transpressive continental collision of the Pacific and Australian plates during the past 5 million years, prior to which the plate boundary was largely transcurrent for over 10 My. Subduction occurs at the north (west dipping) and south (east dipping) of South Island. The deformation is largely accommodated by the ramping up of the Pacific plate over the Australian plate and near-symmetric mantle shortening. The initial asymmetric crustal deformation may be the result of an initial difference in lithospheric strength or an inherited suture resulting from earlier plate motions. Delamination of the Pacific plate occurs resulting in the uplift and exposure of mid- crustal rocks at the plate boundary fault (Alpine fault) to form a foreland mountain chain. In addition, an asymmetric crustal root (additional 8 - 17 km) is formed, with an underlying mantle downwarp. The crustal root, which thickens southwards, comprises the delaminated lower crust and a thickened overlying middle crust.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Quaternary Faulting in the Kaikoura Region, Southeastern Marlborough, New Zealand
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Russell J. Van Dissen for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on February 15, 1989. Title: Late Quaternary Faulting in the Kaikoura Region, Southeastern Marlborough, New Zealand Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: Dr. Robert 8.0eats Active faults in the Kaikoura region include the Hope, Kekerengu, and Fidget Faults, and the newly discovered Jordan Thrust, Fyffe, and Kowhai Faults. Ages of faulted alluvial terraces along the Hope Fault and the Jordan Thrust were estimated using radiocarbon-calibrated weathering-rind measurements on graywacke clasts. Within the study area, the Hope Fault is divided, from west to east, into the Kahutara, Mt. Fyffe, and Seaward segments. The Kahutara segment has a relatively constant Holocene right-lateral slip rate of 20-32 mm/yr, and an earthquake recurrence interval of 86 to 600 yrs: based on single-event displacements of 3 to 12 m. The western portion of the Mt. Fyffe segment has a minimum Holocene lateral slip rate of 16 + 5 mm/yr .(southeast side up); the eastern portion has horizontal and vertical slip rates of 4.8+ 2.7 mm/yr and 1.7 + 0.2 mm/yr, respectively (northwest side up). There is no dated evidence for late Quaternary movementon the Seaward segment, and its topographic expression is much more subdued than that of the two western segments. The Jordan Thrust extends northeast from the Hope Fault, west of the Seaward segment. The thrust has horizontal and vertical slip rates of 2.2 + 1.3 mm/yr and 2.1 + 0.5 mm/yr, respectively (northwest side up), and a maximum recurrence interval of 1200 yrs: based on 3 events within the last 3.5 ka.
    [Show full text]
  • Contest 2015 Title: “Slip Rate and Paleoseismicity of the Kekerengu Fault: an Anchor Point for Deformation Rates and Seismic H
    Contest 2015 Title: “Slip Rate and Paleoseismicity of the Kekerengu Fault: An anchor point for deformation rates and seismic hazard through central New Zealand” Leader: Timothy A. Little Organisation: Victoria University of Wellington Total funding (GST ex): $182,778 Title: Slip Rate and Paleoseismicity of the Kekerengu Fault: An anchor point for deformation rates and seismic hazard through central New Zealand Programme Leader: Timothy A. Little Affiliation: Victoria University of Wellington Co-P.I.: Russ Van Dissen (GNS Science) A.I.: Kevin Norton (VUW) Has this report been peer reviewed? Provide name and affiliation. Part of it: the paper by Little et al. was published in 2018 in the Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, which is a peer-reviewed international journal. Table of Contents: 1. Key Message for Media 2. Abstract 3. Introduction/ Background 4. Research Aim 1: Determining Kekerengu Fault Paleoseismic History 5. Research Aim 2: Determining the Late Quaternary Slip Rate of the Kekerengu Fault 6. Conclusions & Recommendations 7. Acknowledgments 8. References 9. Appendices Key Message for Media: [Why are these findings important? Plain language; 5 sentences.] Prior to this study, little scientific data existed about the rate of activity and earthquake hazard posed by the active Kekerengu Fault near the Marlborough coast in northeastern South Island. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that this fault carries most of the Pacific-Australia plate motion through central New Zealand, and is a major source of seismic hazard for NE South Island and adjacent regions straddling Cook Strait—something that had previously been encoded in the NZ National Seismic Hazard Model.
    [Show full text]
  • Multimillennial Incremental Slip Rate Variability of the Clarence Fault at the Tophouse Road Site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand
    This is a repository copy of Multimillennial incremental slip rate variability of the Clarence fault at the Tophouse Road site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/142880/ Version: Published Version Article: Zinke, R., Dolan, J.F., Rhodes, E.J. orcid.org/0000-0002-0361-8637 et al. (5 more authors) (2019) Multimillennial incremental slip rate variability of the Clarence fault at the Tophouse Road site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (2). pp. 717-725. ISSN 0094-8276 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080688 © 2018 American Geophysical Union. Reproduced in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Multimillennial Incremental Slip Rate Variability 10.1029/2018GL080688 of the Clarence Fault at the Tophouse Road Site, Key Points: Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand • Geomorphic analysis of lidar data and a luminescence dating protocol Robert Zinke1 , James F.
    [Show full text]
  • Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand
    This is a repository copy of Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128042/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Massey, C, Petley, D.N., Townsend, D. et al. (25 more authors) (2018) Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 108 (3B). ISSN 0037-1106 https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170305 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript BSSA_Kaikoura_Landslides_revised_FINAL.docx 1 Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New 2 Zealand 3 C. Massey1; D. Townsend1; E. Rathje2; K.E. Allstadt3; B. Lukovic1; Y. Kaneko1; B. Bradley4; J. 4 Wartman5; R.W. Jibson3; D.N. Petley6; N. Horspool1; I. Hamling1; J. Carey1; S.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying the Incompleteness of New Zealand's Prehistoric
    Quantifying the incompleteness of New Zealand’s prehistoric earthquake record A. Nicol, R.J. Van Dissen, M.W. Stirling, M.C. Gerstenberger BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Nicol, A.; Van Dissen, R.J.; Stirling, M.W., Gerstenberger, M.C. 2017. Quantifying the incompleteness of New Zealand’s prehistoric earthquake record. EQC project 14/668 Final Report, 25 p. A. Nicol, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand R.J. Van Dissen, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand M.W. Stirling, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand M.C. Gerstenberger, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand EQC Project 14/668 Final Report 2 CONTENTS LAYMANS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... IV TECHNICAL ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... V KEYWORDS ......................................................................................................................... V 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 6 2.0 DATA SOURCES ....................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Historical Earthquakes .................................................................................................. 8 2.2 active fault earthquake source identification ............................................................... 10 3.0 PROBABILITY OF
    [Show full text]
  • Plunket Annual Report 2016/17
    ANNUAL REPORT The2017 Royal New Zealand Plunket Society Inc. a Our vision 3 From our New Zealand President 4 From our Chief Executive 6 Plunket by the numbers 8 Our heart 12 Our people 16 Our approach 18 Our insights 20 Our funding 22 Plunket Board and Leadership 26 Financials 28 Funding Partners 34 Principal Partner 36 ISSN 0112-7004 (Print) ISSN 2537-7671 (Online) 1 OUR VISION OUR GOALS OUR MĀORI PRINCIPLES Our vision, Healthy tamariki – We make sure every Mana Atua – Mana Atua is the most Whānau tamariki/child has the opportunity to be important foundation pillar, enabling āwhina as healthy and well as they can be. Māori to reconnect to the source of Confident whānau – We build the creation, based on their realities as goals, In the first 1000 confidence and knowledge of whānau/ tangata whenua. The disconnection families across New Zealand. of tangata whenua from their Mana days we make Atua (resulting in a state of Wairua Connected communities – We make Matangaro) is a source of ‘haumate’ the difference sure no whānau/family is left isolated, strategic (unwellness). disconnected or unable to cope. of a lifetime Mana Tūpuna – Acknowledging OUR STRATEGIC THEMES the ancestral dimension, a person’s Tamariki, their whānau/family and connection to their ancestry through themes whakapapa (genealogy). communities are at the heart of everything we do. Mana Whenua – Mana Whenua High performing Plunket people. recognises the physical, spiritual and emotional connection to the land. This & Māori Integrated, collaborative and includes forests, swamps, pa sites, connected approach. rivers and other geographical entities, Plunket is a learning organisation elements each in their own right able to principles fuelled by knowledge, data and define a person’s tūrangawaewae (place insights.
    [Show full text]
  • Variability in Single Event Slip and Recurrence Intervals for Large
    Variability of single event slip and recurrence intervals for large magnitude paleoearthquakes on New Zealand’s active faults A. Nicol R. Robinson R. J. Van Dissen A. Harvison GNS Science Report 2012/41 December 2012 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Nicol, A.; Robinson, R.; Van Dissen, R. J.; Harvison, A. 2012. Variability of single event slip and recurrence intervals for large magnitude paleoearthquakes on New Zealand’s active faults, GNS Science Report 2012/41. 57 p. A. Nicol, GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand R. Robinson, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand R. J. Van Dissen, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand A. Harvison, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand © Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, 2012 ISSN 1177-2425 ISBN 978-1-972192-29-0 CONTENTS LAYMANS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... IV TECHNICAL ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... V KEYWORDS ......................................................................................................................... V 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 2.0 GEOLOGICAL EARTHQUAKES ................................................................................ 2 2.1 Data Sources ................................................................................................................. 2 2.2
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Instrumented Buildings Under the 2016 Kaikoura¯ Earthquake
    237 Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 50, No. 2, June 2017 RESPONSE OF INSTRUMENTED BUILDINGS UNDER THE 2016 KAIKOURA¯ EARTHQUAKE Reagan Chandramohan1, Quincy Ma2, Liam M. Wotherspoon3, Brendon A. Bradley4, Mostafa Nayyerloo5, S. R. Uma6 and Max T. Stephens7 (Submitted March 2017; Reviewed April 2017; Accepted May 2017) ABSTRACT Six buildings in the Wellington region and the upper South Island, instrumented as part of the GeoNet Building Instrumentation Programme, recorded strong motion data during the 2016 Kaikoura¯ earthquake. The response of two of these buildings: the Bank of New Zealand (BNZ) Harbour Quays, and Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) buildings, are examined in detail. Their acceleration and displacement response was reconstructed from the recorded data, and their vibrational characteristics were examined by computing their frequency response functions. The location of the BNZ building in the CentrePort region on the Wellington waterfront, which experienced significant ground motion amplification in the 1–2 s period range due to site effects, resulted in the imposition of especially large demands on the building. The computed response of the two buildings are compared to the intensity of ground motions they experienced and the structural and nonstructural damage they suffered, in an effort to motivate the use of structural response data in the validation of performance objectives of building codes, structural modelling techniques, and fragility functions. Finally, the nature of challenges typically encountered in the interpretation of structural response data are highlighted. INTRODUCTION [4–6], the 2013 Seddon earthquake [7–9], and the 2013 Lake Grassmere earthquake [8]. The 2016 Kaikoura¯ earthquake pro- Lessons learnt from historical earthquakes have played a vital duced intense ground motion in Wellington [10], with some role in the progressive improvement of our structural design stan- buildings experiencing ground motions of intensity correspond- dards.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Resilience in Transient Rural Communities – a Post-Earthquake Regional Study: Scoping Report
    Building resilience in transient rural communities – a post-earthquake regional study: Scoping report Jude Wilson David Simmons November 2017 RNC Report: RNC032:04.01 DISCLAIMER: While every effort has been made to ensure that the information herein is accurate, neither the authors nor Lincoln University accept any liability for error of fact or opinion which may be present, or for the consequences of any decision based on this information. Cover image sourced from New Zealand Transport Agency – Plan your Journey (https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/plan-your-journey/) Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 1 LIST OF BOXES ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Some NZ Earthquake Lessons and Better Building Construction
    Some NZ Earthquake Lessons and Better Building Construction Gregory A. MacRae 1, G. Charles Clifton 2 and Michel Bruneau 3 1. Corresponding Author. Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Email: [email protected] 2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ Email: [email protected] 3. Professor, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA Email: [email protected] Abstract Over the past few years, the South Island of New Zealand has been subject to significant sequences of earthquake shaking. In particular, 2010-2011 events affected the city of Christchurch, resulting in widespread demolition of buildings. Also, the recent and continuing 11/2016 events caused severe damage in the countryside, in small towns, and moderate damage further afield. This paper summarizes general lessons associated with these events. It also describes “low damage construction” methods being used in NZ, and especially in the Christchurch rebuild, to limit the possibility of building demolition in future large seismic events. The buildings used in the Christchurch rebuild are generally supported by structural steel framing. These steel buildings include BRB systems, EBF systems with replaceable active links, rocking systems, base isolation using friction pendulum systems and/or lead-rubber dissipaters, RBS beams, lead extrusion dissipaters, yielding flexural dissipaters, and friction connections. Concerns about a number of currently used systems are discussed. It is shown that subjective quantitative tools, rather than purely probabilistic ones, may be more useful to engineers as they decide what structural system to use.
    [Show full text]