Building Resilience in Transient Rural Communities – a Post-Earthquake Regional Study: Scoping Report

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Building Resilience in Transient Rural Communities – a Post-Earthquake Regional Study: Scoping Report Building resilience in transient rural communities – a post-earthquake regional study: Scoping report Jude Wilson David Simmons November 2017 RNC Report: RNC032:04.01 DISCLAIMER: While every effort has been made to ensure that the information herein is accurate, neither the authors nor Lincoln University accept any liability for error of fact or opinion which may be present, or for the consequences of any decision based on this information. Cover image sourced from New Zealand Transport Agency – Plan your Journey (https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/plan-your-journey/) Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 1 LIST OF BOXES ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 5 REPORT STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................................. 6 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................. 7 EARTHQUAKE IMPACTS AND EFFECTS ........................................................................................................................... 7 RURAL COMMUNITY RESILIENCE ................................................................................................................................. 9 Defining rural ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Rural change ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Community ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Resilience ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 POPULATION GROUPS ................................................................................................................................... 17 TRANSIENT VERSUS PERMANENT .............................................................................................................................. 17 MIGRANTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 WORKING VISAS .................................................................................................................................................... 19 Essential Skills Work Visas ........................................................................................................................... 19 South Island Contribution Work Visa ........................................................................................................... 19 Work to Residence Visas .............................................................................................................................. 19 Skilled Migrant Category.............................................................................................................................. 20 Recognised Seasonal Employers (RSE) Scheme ............................................................................................ 20 Working Holiday Schemes (WHS) ................................................................................................................ 21 Working visa data ........................................................................................................................................ 23 TRANSIENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 POPULATION TRANSIENCE CONTINUUM ..................................................................................................................... 27 POPULATION DATA ........................................................................................................................................ 31 STUDY REGION ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 About the data ............................................................................................................................................. 32 STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND DATA .............................................................................................................................. 32 ELECTORAL ROLL DATA ........................................................................................................................................... 37 SCHOOL ROLL DATA ............................................................................................................................................... 37 TOURIST (VISITOR) DATA ......................................................................................................................................... 38 EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE AND REBUILD POPULATION ..................................................................................................... 41 DATA OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................... 42 CASE STUDY LOCATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 44 PRELIMINARY FIELDWORK ....................................................................................................................................... 44 KAIKOURA DISTRICT ............................................................................................................................................... 46 HURUNUI DISTRICT ................................................................................................................................................ 47 Cheviot ......................................................................................................................................................... 48 Hanmer Springs ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Waiau ........................................................................................................................................................... 51 Rotherham ................................................................................................................................................... 53 1 MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT ....................................................................................................................................... 55 Blenheim ...................................................................................................................................................... 56 Seddon ......................................................................................................................................................... 57 Ward ............................................................................................................................................................ 59 TASMAN DISTRICT ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Murchison .................................................................................................................................................... 62 St Arnaud ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 RURAL COMMUNITIES ............................................................................................................................................ 67 SELECTION OF CASE STUDY LOCATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 68 Settlement type ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Earthquake impact ....................................................................................................................................... 68 Community characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 71 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • A Geospatial Assessment of Critical Infrastructure Impacts and Adaptations in Small Rural Towns Following the 14 November 2016 (Kaikōura) Earthquake, New Zealand
    Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication GIS and Geoinformation Zoning for Disaster Mitigation (GIZ2018) A geospatial assessment of critical infrastructure impacts and adaptations in small rural towns following the 14 November 2016 (Kaikōura) earthquake, New Zealand D. J. McKibbin i), D. M. Blake ii), T. M. Wilson iii), L. Wotherspoon iv), and M. W. Hughes v) i) MSc Student, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand. ii) Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand. iii) Assoc. Professor, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand. iv) Senior Lecturer, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. v) Lecturer, Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand ABSTRACT Geographically remote, small rural towns typically rely on multiple critical infrastructure networks with limited redundancies to support key services. Additionally, facilities that people take for granted in larger population centres, such as supermarkets and schools, are more widely distributed in low population density regions. We adopt the 14 November 2016 (Kaikōura) earthquake in New Zealand as a case study to explore critical infrastructure challenges and impacts, service disruptions, and community adaptations in four small North Canterbury and Marlborough towns – Waiau, Culverden, Seddon and Ward. However, behavioural, infrastructure and legislative adaptations can be inherent or quick to evolve in small towns with frequent service disruptions. Despite these factors, small towns are often underrepresented in impact assessments and appear to have been a low priority for investigation in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Getting There the Hurunui River the Waiau River
    Introduction The Hurunui and Waiau Rivers offer a more relaxed fishing experience than the bigger braided rivers further south. They are home to North Canterbury’s best populations of brown trout in addition to seasonal populations of sea run salmon. The Hurunui and Waiau Rivers flow through hills for most of their length and are Canterbury’s most scenic braided rivers. In places, the presence of hills on the riverbanks make access challenging but anglers who put in the effort should be well rewarded. Getting There The Waiau River The Hurunui and Waiau Rivers lie around 90 and 130 kilometres north clears after a fresh. The section of river on either side of the State The Waiau River runs through a series of gorges from the Alps to the of Christchurch City respectively. The lower reaches are accessed from Highway 7 (Balmoral) Bridge is the easiest to access. Mid January until sea. Access can be difficult in places but is more than made up for by roads leading off State Highway 1. Both rivers benefit from a number mid March is the best time to fish for salmon in the Hurunui River. the stunning scenery on offer. The Waiau Mouth is a popular spot for of bridges which are the principle access points for anglers wishing to salmon fishing but can only be accessed by launching a jet boat at fish the middle reaches. In the upper reaches of the Hurunui, access is Populations of brown trout can be found anywhere from the mouth up Spotswood and boating downstream for ten minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission from the Canterbury District Health Board on The
    CDHB Consultation Submission to Hurunui draft Local Alcohol Policy 2013 Submission from Canterbury District Health Board (Community and Public Health (CPH) Division on behalf of the whole of Canterbury DHB) And incorporating the submission from the Medical Officer of Health for Canterbury, Dr. Alistair Humphrey July 2013 Hurunui District Council’s draft Local Alcohol Policy 2013 1 CDHB Consultation Submission to Hurunui draft Local Alcohol Policy 2013 SUBMISSION DETAILS This document covers the Canterbury District Health Board’s (CDHB) written submission on Hurunui’s District Council’s (HDC) draft Local Alcohol Policy and it is the combination of multiple inputs from across the service including the Medical Officer of Health for Canterbury, Dr. Alistair Humphrey. The CDHB as a whole represents over 8300 employees across a diverse range of services. Every division of the CDHB is affected by alcohol misuse and alcohol-related harm. The CDHB response is based on extensive evidence for alcohol-related harm. It is important that evidence-based submissions are given a higher weighting than those based on opinion or hearsay in the final formulation of the Local Alcohol Policy. There are important evidence based issues, clinical issues and public health issues which need to be articulated by the CDHB and therefore requests two slots at the hearings . Name: Alistair Humphrey Organisation Name: Canterbury District Health Board Organisation Role: Medical Officer of Health for Canterbury Contact Address: Community & Public Health, PO Box 1475, Christchurch Postcode: 8140 Note: Please contact Stuart Dodd for correspondence (same physical address) as followss ee over for full contact details Phone Number (day): 03 379 6852 (day/evening): 027 65 66 554* preferred number Email: [email protected]* preferred email continued over….
    [Show full text]
  • Transpressional Rupture Cascade of the 2016 Mw 7.8
    PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth RESEARCH ARTICLE Transpressional Rupture Cascade of the 2016 Mw 10.1002/2017JB015168 7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand Key Points: Wenbin Xu1 , Guangcai Feng2, Lingsen Meng3 , Ailin Zhang3, Jean Paul Ampuero4 , • Complex coseismic ground 5 6 deformation can be explained by slip Roland Bürgmann , and Lihua Fang on six crustal fault segments 1 2 • Rupture process across multiple faults Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, School of 3 likely resulted from a triggering Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China, Department of Earth Planetary and Space cascade between crustal faults Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 4Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, • Rupture speed was overall slow, but Pasadena, CA, USA, 5Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 6Institute of locally faster along individual fault segments Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China Supporting Information: Abstract Large earthquakes often do not occur on a simple planar fault but involve rupture of multiple • Supporting Information S1 • Data Set S1 geometrically complex faults. The 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand, involved the rupture of • Data Set S2 at least 21 faults, propagating from southwest to northeast for about 180 km. Here we combine space • Data Set S3 geodesy and seismology techniques to study subsurface fault geometry, slip distribution, and the kinematics of the rupture. Our finite-fault slip model indicates that the fault motion changes from predominantly Correspondence to: W. Xu, G. Feng, and L. Meng, right-lateral slip near the epicenter to transpressional slip in the northeast with a maximum coseismic surface [email protected]; displacement of about 10 m near the intersection between the Kekerengu and Papatea faults.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurunui District Farm Case Studies Following the November 2016 M7.8 Hurunui-Kaikōura Earthquake
    Analysing Cascading Hazard Impacts and Recovery at Farm Level: Hurunui District Farm Case Studies following the November 2016 M7.8 Hurunui-Kaikōura Earthquake A thesis Submitted in partrial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Geology at the University of Canterbury By Jess McHale University of Canterbury 2018 Dry land, sudden shock Cascading earth, water, stock New course, same old farm ii Abstract Farming and urban regions are impacted by earthquake disasters in different ways, and feature a range of often different recovery requirements. In New Zealand, and elsewhere, most earthquake impact and recovery research is urban focused. This creates a research deficit that can lead to the application of well-researched urban recovery strategies in rural areas to suboptimal effect. To begin to reduce this deficit, in-depth case studies of the earthquake impacts and recovery of three New Zealand farms severely impacted by the 14th November 2016, M7.8 Hurunui-Kaikōura earthquake were conducted. The initial earthquake, its aftershocks and coseismic hazards (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, surface rupture) affected much of North Canterbury, Marlborough and the Wellington area. The three case study farms were chosen to broadly represent the main types of farming and topography in the Hurunui District in North Canterbury. The farms were directly and indirectly impacted by earthquakes and related hazards. On-farm infrastructure (e.g., woolsheds, homesteads) and essential services (e.g., water, power), frequently sourced from distributed networks, were severely impacted. The earthquake occurred after two years of regional drought had already stressed farm systems and farmers to restructuring or breaking point.
    [Show full text]
  • Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand
    This is a repository copy of Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128042/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Massey, C, Petley, D.N., Townsend, D. et al. (25 more authors) (2018) Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 108 (3B). ISSN 0037-1106 https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170305 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript BSSA_Kaikoura_Landslides_revised_FINAL.docx 1 Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake, New 2 Zealand 3 C. Massey1; D. Townsend1; E. Rathje2; K.E. Allstadt3; B. Lukovic1; Y. Kaneko1; B. Bradley4; J. 4 Wartman5; R.W. Jibson3; D.N. Petley6; N. Horspool1; I. Hamling1; J. Carey1; S.
    [Show full text]
  • Plunket Annual Report 2016/17
    ANNUAL REPORT The2017 Royal New Zealand Plunket Society Inc. a Our vision 3 From our New Zealand President 4 From our Chief Executive 6 Plunket by the numbers 8 Our heart 12 Our people 16 Our approach 18 Our insights 20 Our funding 22 Plunket Board and Leadership 26 Financials 28 Funding Partners 34 Principal Partner 36 ISSN 0112-7004 (Print) ISSN 2537-7671 (Online) 1 OUR VISION OUR GOALS OUR MĀORI PRINCIPLES Our vision, Healthy tamariki – We make sure every Mana Atua – Mana Atua is the most Whānau tamariki/child has the opportunity to be important foundation pillar, enabling āwhina as healthy and well as they can be. Māori to reconnect to the source of Confident whānau – We build the creation, based on their realities as goals, In the first 1000 confidence and knowledge of whānau/ tangata whenua. The disconnection families across New Zealand. of tangata whenua from their Mana days we make Atua (resulting in a state of Wairua Connected communities – We make Matangaro) is a source of ‘haumate’ the difference sure no whānau/family is left isolated, strategic (unwellness). disconnected or unable to cope. of a lifetime Mana Tūpuna – Acknowledging OUR STRATEGIC THEMES the ancestral dimension, a person’s Tamariki, their whānau/family and connection to their ancestry through themes whakapapa (genealogy). communities are at the heart of everything we do. Mana Whenua – Mana Whenua High performing Plunket people. recognises the physical, spiritual and emotional connection to the land. This & Māori Integrated, collaborative and includes forests, swamps, pa sites, connected approach. rivers and other geographical entities, Plunket is a learning organisation elements each in their own right able to principles fuelled by knowledge, data and define a person’s tūrangawaewae (place insights.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission on Hurunui District Council Draft Long Term Plan 2018-2028
    Submission on Hurunui District Council Draft Long Term Plan 2018-2028 To: Hurunui District Council Submitter: Community & Public Health A division of the Canterbury District Health Board Attn: Kirsty Peel Community and Public Health C/- Canterbury District Health Board PO Box 1475 Christchurch 8140 Proposal: Hurunui District Council is consulting on their long-term plan to ascertain views on how best to manage infrastructure and services in the district over the next 10 years. Page 1 of 7 Template File Pathway: Y:\CFS\CPHGroups\RMC\HDC\LTP\2018\HurunuiLTPSubmissionFINAL180503.docx SUBMISSION ON HURUNUI DISTRICT COUNCIL DRAFT LONG TERM PLAN Details of submitter 1. Canterbury District Health Board (CDHB) 2. The CDHB is responsible for promoting the reduction of adverse environmental effects on the health of people and communities and to improve, promote and protect their health pursuant to the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 and the Health Act 1956. 3. These statutory obligations are the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and, in the Canterbury District, are carried out under contract by Community and Public Health under Crown funding agreements on behalf of the Canterbury District Health Board. General comments 4. Health and wellbeing (overall quality of life) is influenced by a wide range of factors beyond the health sector. These influences can be described as the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and are impacted by environmental, social and behavioural factors. They are often referred to as the ‘social determinants of health1. Barton and Grant’s Health Map2 shows how various influences on health are complex and interlinked.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquefaction Hazard in the Hurunui District
    LIQUEFACTION HAZARD IN HURUNUI DISTRICT Report for Environment Canterbury & Hurunui District Council Report prepared by GEOTECH CONSULTING LTD Contributors: Ian McCahon - Geotech Consulting Ltd Prepared for: Environment Canterbury report number R11/61 ISBN: 978-1-927146-31-6 Liquefaction Hazard in Hurunui District Page 2 of 19 The information collected and presented in this report and accompanying documents by the Consultant and supplied to Environment Canterbury is accurate to the best of the knowledge and belief of the Consultant acting on behalf of Environment Canterbury. While the Consultant has exercised all reasonable skill and care in the preparation of information in this report, neither the Consultant nor Environment Canterbury accept any liability in contract, tort or otherwise for any loss, damage, injury or expense, whether direct, indirect or consequential, arising out of the provision of information in this report. The liquefaction potential maps contained in this report are regional in scope and detail, and should not be considered as a substitute for site-specific investigations and/or geotechnical engineering assessments for any project. Qualified and experienced practitioners should assess the site-specific hazard potential, including the potential for damage, at a more detailed scale. Geotech Consulting Ltd 4154 September 2011 Liquefaction Hazard in Hurunui District Page 3 of 19 LIQUEFACTION HAZARD IN HURUNUI DISTRICT Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Instrumented Buildings Under the 2016 Kaikoura¯ Earthquake
    237 Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 50, No. 2, June 2017 RESPONSE OF INSTRUMENTED BUILDINGS UNDER THE 2016 KAIKOURA¯ EARTHQUAKE Reagan Chandramohan1, Quincy Ma2, Liam M. Wotherspoon3, Brendon A. Bradley4, Mostafa Nayyerloo5, S. R. Uma6 and Max T. Stephens7 (Submitted March 2017; Reviewed April 2017; Accepted May 2017) ABSTRACT Six buildings in the Wellington region and the upper South Island, instrumented as part of the GeoNet Building Instrumentation Programme, recorded strong motion data during the 2016 Kaikoura¯ earthquake. The response of two of these buildings: the Bank of New Zealand (BNZ) Harbour Quays, and Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) buildings, are examined in detail. Their acceleration and displacement response was reconstructed from the recorded data, and their vibrational characteristics were examined by computing their frequency response functions. The location of the BNZ building in the CentrePort region on the Wellington waterfront, which experienced significant ground motion amplification in the 1–2 s period range due to site effects, resulted in the imposition of especially large demands on the building. The computed response of the two buildings are compared to the intensity of ground motions they experienced and the structural and nonstructural damage they suffered, in an effort to motivate the use of structural response data in the validation of performance objectives of building codes, structural modelling techniques, and fragility functions. Finally, the nature of challenges typically encountered in the interpretation of structural response data are highlighted. INTRODUCTION [4–6], the 2013 Seddon earthquake [7–9], and the 2013 Lake Grassmere earthquake [8]. The 2016 Kaikoura¯ earthquake pro- Lessons learnt from historical earthquakes have played a vital duced intense ground motion in Wellington [10], with some role in the progressive improvement of our structural design stan- buildings experiencing ground motions of intensity correspond- dards.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Impact of Road Closures Caused by Natural Hazards - Case Study Kaikoura
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ROAD CLOSURES CAUSED BY NATURAL HAZARDS - CASE STUDY KAIKOURA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University By Joshua Clydesdale Lincoln University 2000 ii Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of M.Appl.~c. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ROAD CLOSURES CAUSED BY NATURAL HAZARDS - CASE STUDY KAIKOURA By Joshua Clydesdale The New Zealand road network is vital to the economic wellbeing of the nation. The road network is, however, vulnerable to closure from a host of natural hazards. Road closures caused by natural hazards adversely effect the movement of freight and people between nodes. Link security is of particular importance to communities separated from major urban centres, particularly when alternative road links (if any) condition costly deviations. This research inv~stigates the vulnerability of the road network in the Kaikoura District to closure from natural hazards and estimates the costs of road network disruption for road-users and non-users.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Acting Headmaster
    Issue 97, 2 December 2015 SPORTS From the Acting Click on the photo to read the full story then click the go back arrow in your Headmaster browser to return to In Black & White. The aftermath of the earthquake lingers, as we all know too well. With this in mind, I am informing the school community of two important repair projects for 2016. The first is the kitchen tower. This will take a year to complete and during that time, the kitchen facilities will be located at the 9/11 Gloucester Street site. Prepared food will be transported to the Dining Hall and three meals a day for boarders will be available as usual. The caterers will continue to meet our needs, albeit under more logistically challenging conditions. The other project involves the Assembly Hall, which will be out of commission for Term 1 only. We will work around this closure Be Inspired Year 7 and have as many outdoor assemblies as we can. Leadership Day We have had a flurry of highly successful school events in the lead-up to the College today hosted its inaugural Year 7 end of term. Bugsy was wonderful, as expected. The Year 10s then headed Leadership Day, with the theme Be Inspired. for camp, which was run very efficiently by a team of dedicated staff under More than 160 students from 16 primary the guidance of Stephen Horton. By all accounts, the tramping was quite schools attended... challenging and the boys and staff were suitably fatigued. During the week, Darrell Thatcher ran a leadership conference for Year 7 students at College.
    [Show full text]