Building resilience in transient rural communities – a post-earthquake regional study: Scoping report Jude Wilson David Simmons November 2017 RNC Report: RNC032:04.01 DISCLAIMER: While every effort has been made to ensure that the information herein is accurate, neither the authors nor Lincoln University accept any liability for error of fact or opinion which may be present, or for the consequences of any decision based on this information. Cover image sourced from New Zealand Transport Agency – Plan your Journey (https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/plan-your-journey/) Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 1 LIST OF BOXES ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 5 REPORT STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................................. 6 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................. 7 EARTHQUAKE IMPACTS AND EFFECTS ........................................................................................................................... 7 RURAL COMMUNITY RESILIENCE ................................................................................................................................. 9 Defining rural ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Rural change ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Community ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Resilience ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 POPULATION GROUPS ................................................................................................................................... 17 TRANSIENT VERSUS PERMANENT .............................................................................................................................. 17 MIGRANTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 WORKING VISAS .................................................................................................................................................... 19 Essential Skills Work Visas ........................................................................................................................... 19 South Island Contribution Work Visa ........................................................................................................... 19 Work to Residence Visas .............................................................................................................................. 19 Skilled Migrant Category.............................................................................................................................. 20 Recognised Seasonal Employers (RSE) Scheme ............................................................................................ 20 Working Holiday Schemes (WHS) ................................................................................................................ 21 Working visa data ........................................................................................................................................ 23 TRANSIENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 POPULATION TRANSIENCE CONTINUUM ..................................................................................................................... 27 POPULATION DATA ........................................................................................................................................ 31 STUDY REGION ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 About the data ............................................................................................................................................. 32 STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND DATA .............................................................................................................................. 32 ELECTORAL ROLL DATA ........................................................................................................................................... 37 SCHOOL ROLL DATA ............................................................................................................................................... 37 TOURIST (VISITOR) DATA ......................................................................................................................................... 38 EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE AND REBUILD POPULATION ..................................................................................................... 41 DATA OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................... 42 CASE STUDY LOCATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 44 PRELIMINARY FIELDWORK ....................................................................................................................................... 44 KAIKOURA DISTRICT ............................................................................................................................................... 46 HURUNUI DISTRICT ................................................................................................................................................ 47 Cheviot ......................................................................................................................................................... 48 Hanmer Springs ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Waiau ........................................................................................................................................................... 51 Rotherham ................................................................................................................................................... 53 1 MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT ....................................................................................................................................... 55 Blenheim ...................................................................................................................................................... 56 Seddon ......................................................................................................................................................... 57 Ward ............................................................................................................................................................ 59 TASMAN DISTRICT ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Murchison .................................................................................................................................................... 62 St Arnaud ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 RURAL COMMUNITIES ............................................................................................................................................ 67 SELECTION OF CASE STUDY LOCATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 68 Settlement type ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Earthquake impact ....................................................................................................................................... 68 Community characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 71 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................