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Bridging the Gap Project

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Bridging the Gap Project Camillo Boano is an architect graduated at Polytechnic of Turin Faculty of Architecture. He obtained a diploma on Technology for Development at Water Engineer Development Centre of Loughborough - UK. He is Member of RedR (Registered Engineer for Disaster Relief). He works for various NGOs and Agencies in South America, Central America, and Balkans, and as consultant/advisor for Networks and Universities. At the moment he is a PhD Candidate at Oxford Brookes University in the department of Urban Planning and he’s Research Coordinator for The Bridging the Gap Project. Axel Rottlaender studied political sciences at the University of Cologne and graduated with a thesis about the UNTAES-Mission in Croatia. Since 2001, he has been working for the Office of Arbeiter - Samariter - Bund for South-Eastern Europe (ASB SEE) in Croatia. He was respon- sible for different positions related to the PR-activities, beneficiary identification, reconstruction projects and project development. Alberto Sánchez-Bayo is degree in Economics, with specialization on regional and urban economy, at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Postgraduate in Territorial Planning by the Polytechnic of Valencia. In the middle of 80s, he works in Spanish Government - Technical Assistance Program in Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala and Uruguay). In the middle of 90’s, he returns to Spain working as development specialist within various NGOs. At the moment he is international adviser and socio-director of Co-Labora Consulting Estratégico S.L.L., a consultancy firm specialized on population movements, labour market and regional strategies. Francesca Viliani is an expert in International Cooperation. She obtained a Master in Humanitarian Affairs from the EU Universities Network NOHA. She has been working in the Balkan Region and Central America with several emergency and development projects. She developed a special attention to the social and health dimension of NGOs activities, includ- ing the policy dimension. At the moment she is the Development and Humanitarian Aid Officer of SOLIDAR. Bridging the Gap Involuntary population movement and reconstruction strategy Publication co-financed by CRIC, ASB, MPDL, and Camillo Boano the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Axel Rottlaender Alberto Sanchez-Bayo Francesca Viliani Published by CRIC, August 2003 Editor responsible: Nicola Gambi Research and writing: Boano Camillo Rottlaender Axel Sanchez-Bayo Alberto Viliani Francesca Designed and typeset by Cover design by Cover photo by Archive Bridging the Gap Photocopies of all parts of this publication may be made by providing that the source is acknowledge. More information on: www.btdproject.org [email protected] Project and Publication are part of the project “Bridging the Gap- Research Project on Involuntary Population Movement and Reconstruction Strategy” - ECHO/QGE/210/2002/01001, co- financed by European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), CRIC, ASB, MPDL, and supported by SOLIDAR. Table of contents Chapter 1: Origin of the study and introduction . .5 Origin of the study and aims . .6 Rationale and objectives . .6 Research method . .7 Structure of the booklet . .7 Introduction . .8 Chapter 2: Literature review . .10 Methodology introduction . .11 Humanitarian actions, conflicts and displacement . .11 Humanitarian system and the new security agenda . .12 Conflicts and displacement . .13 Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons . .14 Forced migrants: focus on the main concerns . .16 Interlinked basic aspects of migration discourse . .18 Legal aspects . .18 Economic aspects . .19 Cultural aspects. .20 Conditions and factors . .21 Refugee flows . .22 Direction of the flow . .23 Access to countries and status of refugees . .24 Refugees: costs or benefits for host countries? . .26 Refugee Settlement: spatial options . .28 Spatial options for refugees/forcibly displaced . .28 The conceptual understanding of refugee camps . .29 Durability and temporary status . .30 Displacements and returns: steps in the movement . .31 Repatriation and durable solutions . .32 The myth of return . .35 The decision to return home . .37 Home: a symbolic aspect of return . .37 Returning refugees . .41 Relief and development . .45 Current debate and perspective . .45 The link theory in the literature . .46 A critical analysis of the link debate . .50 Need for an adequate temporary base for link analysis . .51 Need for an appropriate common understanding . .52 Need for an appropriate developmental oriented approach . .53 Reconstruction and returns . .54 Reconstruction and rehabilitation: labels in the system . .54 Reconstruction: political and social . .56 Impoverishment risks and reconstruction model . .58 Bibliography . .61 Chapter 3: On field research . .85 1 Introduction . .86 Chapter 4: On field research – Balkans . .87 Acronyms . .88 Balkans: an introduction . .89 Concepts and Practice of return assistance in the post-Dayton . .89 Croatia . .91 Introduction . .91 Flows of Return: Towards integration? . .93 Reconstruction – more than shelter: towards sustainability . .94 Actors and their roles . .95 Bosnia and Herzegovina . .98 Introduction . .98 Displacement and return . .99 Return Flow: Towards Integration? . .99 Reconstruction more than shelter: towards sustainability? . .101 Actors and their roles . .103 Mixed strategies: Lessons learned and options for the future . .104 Kosovo . .105 Introduction . .105 The final status of Kosovo: a political gap . .106 Internally displaced and return process . .107 Displacements’ living conditions . .107 Flow of return: towards integration? . .108 The Osojane Valley: experimenting “enclavisation” . .112 Reconstruction, more than shelter: towards sustainability? . .113 Property rights . .115 Mixed strategies: lessons learned and options for the future . .116 Serbia . .117 Introduction . .117 Displacement and return . .118 Flow of return: towards integration? . .118 Reconstruction, more than shelter: towards sustainability? . .120 Mixed strategies: lessons learned and options for the future . .121 Actors and their roles . .121 Selected bibliography . .123 Chapter 5: On field research – Middle East . .131 Acronyms . .132 Introduction . .132 Right to return . .133 UNRWA: a symbolic aspect of refugee issue . .135 Refugee Camps: a layered society . .137 Lebanon . .141 Historical Background . .141 The Legal Status of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon . .142 Setting the stage: themes, definitions and actors . .143 Problems and challenges . .146 Experiences in a long lasting situation . .147 Jordan . .148 Historical background. .148 Setting the stage: themes, definitions and actors . .149 Temporary versus long term . ..
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