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Introduction 1 Notes Introduction 1. Ann Reilly Dowd, “The Great Pretender,” Columbia Journalism Review 37 (July/August 1998): 14–15. 2. “Times Reporter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception,” New York Times, May 11, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/ national/11PAPE.html; Ivor Shapiro, “Why They Lie: Probing the Explanations for Journalistic Cheating,” Canadian Journal of Com- munication 31 (2006): 261–66; Ron F. Smith, Groping for Ethics in Journalism (Ames: Iowa State Press, 2003), 135; Benjamin Hill and Alan Schwarz, “Errors Cast Doubt on a Baseball Memoir,” New York Times, March 2, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/ sports/baseball/03book.html; Motoko Rich, “Pondering Good Faith in Publishing,” New York Times, March 8, 2010, http://www. nytimes.com/2010/03/09/books/09publishers.html?emc=eta1; Cynthia Miller, “Introduction: At Play in the Fields of the Truth,” Post Script 28 (Summer 2009): 3–8. 3. Ronald Zboray provides an extensive discussion of these and other factors in A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). I explore developments such as these in greater depth in chapters 1 and 2. 4. Edwin Emery and Michael Emery, The Press and America: An Inter- pretive History of the Mass Media (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984), 135, 140–46; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History: 1690–1960 (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 304. See also Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of a Social Instrument (New York: Macmillan, 1947), 63–64. 5. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Ralph Waldo Emerson (Boston: Houghton, Miffl in, 1885), 115. 6. In Narrating the News: New Journalism and Literary Genre in Late Nineteenth-Century American Newspapers and Fiction Karen Roggen- kamp has argued that journalism and literature “grew increasingly divergent in the early twentieth century” (119). As I will show, an earlier divergence occurred in the antebellum era. 7. Throughout the book, I use the term “author” for a writer known pri- marily for poetry, fi ction, and other forms of literature and “journalist” 154 Notes for someone writing for a newspaper or magazine. As I discuss in Chapter 2, a number of American authors also worked as journalists at one time or another; however, as their critiques of journalism show, these writers primarily identifi ed themselves with literature. 8. Doug Underwood, Journalism and the Novel: Truth and Fiction, 1700–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 3–14; Shelley Fisher Fishkin, From Fact to Fiction: Journalism & Imagina- tive Writing in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 55; Edgar M. Branch, introduction to Early Tales & Sketches (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 26; David S. Reynolds, Beneath the American Renaissance (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Michael Robertson, Stephen Crane, Journalism, and the Making of Modern American Literature (New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1997); Fred Fedler, Media Hoaxes (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1989); Roggenkamp, Narrating the News. 9. Jerome McGann, “Rethinking the Center, Remapping the Culture: Poe and the American Renaissance” (panel discussion at the Edgar A. Poe Bicentennial Symposium, Charlottesville, VA, April 3–4, 2009). 10. Philip Bennett, interview with Frank Stasio, The State of Things, North Carolina Public Radio, 12 October 2009, http://wunc.org/ tsot/archive/search_media?review_state=published&start.query: record:list:date=2009-10-12%2023%3A59%3A59&start.range: record=max&end.query:record:list:date=2009-10-12%2000% 3A00%3A00&end.range:record=min&path=/websites/wuncplone_ webslingerz_com/tsot/archive&month:int=10&year:int=2009. Bennett was responding to Stasio, who, alluding to the failure of investi- gative journalism to resonate with audiences, asked, “Do we have to fi nd a different way to tell stories, or do we give up?” After answering in the affi rmative, Bennett added, “I don’t know what that way is. I think we need to feel our way towards it. I think we’re sort of stuck in a rhythm that was established a generation ago with New Journalism and devices that were used for long-form narrative writing that have scarcely received an update, even though the world of communications and technology has changed so dramatically.” Chapter 1 1. David Folkenfl ik, “‘The Wire’ to Focus on Baltimore Newspaper,” National Public Radio, December 28, 2007, www.npr.org/templates/ story/story.php?storyId=17668964&sc=emaf. 2. A few modern critics have commented on this rivalry. Robert Scholnick has noted that editors Horace Greeley and Charles Gordon Greene “understood that the competition for readers and for political and cultural infl uence would be played out in the arts and features sec- tions of the papers as well as in the editorial and news columns” (165). In a study of the relationship between journalism and literature in the Notes 155 postbellum era, David Kramer argues that a comparison of works by Henry James and Charles A. Dana “reveals a rivalry for similar terrain, a competition for audience, for readers” (140). Michael Robertson has noted the hostility of both James and William Dean Howells toward journalism. No scholar, however, has fully explored the basis and the consequences of this rivalry as it emerged in antebellum America. As I will show in other chapters of this book, America’s authors issued a detailed, often caustic critique of their journalistic counterparts, criticizing both their transgressions and their very conventions, and often responded to the phenomenon of journalism with what I call “news of their own.” See Robert Scholnick, “‘The Ultraism of the Day’: Greene’s Boston Post, Hawthorne, Fuller, Melville, Stowe, and Literary Journalism in Antebellum America,” American Periodicals 18 (2008): 163–91; David Kramer, “Masculine Rivalry in The Bos- tonians: Henry James and the Rhetoric of ‘Newspaper Making’,” The Henry James Review 19 (1998): 139–47; Michael Robertson, Stephen Crane, Journalism, and the Making of Modern American Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 11–54. 3. Edwin Emery and Michael Emery, The Press and America: An Inter- pretive History of the Mass Media (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984), 3, 12, 24, 85n; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History: 1960–1960 (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 11–12; Elizabeth Christine Cook, Literary Infl uences in Colonial Newspapers (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1966); Lennard Davis, Factual Fic- tions: The Origins of the English Novel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Doug Underwood, Journalism and the Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 34. Underwood explains, “In looking back to the eighteenth century as the birthplace of both the modern novel and modern journalism, one has to imagine a time when the line between the real and the imagined was very much blurred and when notions of ‘objectivity’ and ‘factuality’ were in a fl uid and largely undefi ned state. The explosive growth of periodicals in the early eighteenth century that contained news, essays, criticism, political commentary, gossip, polemics, humor, satire, burlesque, parody, poetry, invented and imagined tales—often appearing in mixed and varied formats—was the ‘primordial soup’ from which today’s fi ction and literary journalism emerged, as Jenny Uglow has put it.” 4. Edward J. Epstein, “The American Press: Some Truth About Truths,” in Ethics and the Press, ed. John C. Merrill and Ralph D. Barney (New York: Hastings House, 1975), 60; Society of Professional Journalists, “SPJ Code of Ethics,” http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp; Fred Brown, “Asking right questions a key to minimizing harm,” “Reading Room,” Society of Professional Journalists, http://www.spj.org/rrr. asp?ref=3&t=ethics. A note accompanying SPJ’s Code of Ethics explains, “The SPJ Code of Ethics is voluntarily embraced by thou- sands of journalists, regardless of place or platform, and is widely used 156 Notes in newsrooms and classrooms as a guide for ethical behavior. The code is intended not as a set of ‘rules’ but as a resource for ethical decision- making. It is not—nor can it be under the First Amendment—legally enforceable.” 5. Bennett is quoted in William E. Huntzicker, The Popular Press, 1833–1865 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 30–31; Samuel Bowles, article in February 3, 1855, issue of Springfi eld Republican, reprinted in Interpretations of Journalism: A Book of Readings, ed. Frank Luther Mott and Ralph D. Casey (New York: F. S. Crofts, 1937), 116; “The Newspaper and Periodical Press,” Southern Quarterly Review 1 (January 1842): 21. 6. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Poet,” in The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Vol. III, ed. Alfred R. Ferguson and Jean Ferguson Carr (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983), 4; Emerson, “Goethe, or the Writer,” in Collected Works, Vol. IV, 162; Herman Melville, Pierre (New York: Russell & Russell, 1963), 90; Davis is quoted in Sharon Harris, Rebecca Harding Davis and American Real- ism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 125. 7. “Truth,” in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1989. A related sense of the fi rst defi nition provided here is “agreement with the thing represented, in art or literature; accuracy of delineation or represen- tation; the quality of being ‘true to life.’” 8. Plato, Republic, in The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 747–50; Aristotle, Poetics, in Criticism: The Major Texts, ed. Walter Jackson Bate (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952), 25. 9. David Paul Nord, Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 98; Andie Tucher, Froth and Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America’s First Mass Medium (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 62–75; Bennett is quoted in Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books, 1978), 54.
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