Utmost HappinessUtmost The acalamada su de despuñes años 20 Publicada Resumen India lonial Palabras clave minorías. las de perspectiva la desde nacional el relato explicar entraña que dificultad la mostrar autora para la de estética apuesta una como polifónica narrativa técnica la estudia artículo Este Nacional. Emergencia de período al posteriores años los en centra novela se la Delhi, de musulmana población la en consecuencias ysus Partición la con comienza Anjum de historia la Aunque fracasado. proyecto un como indio laico estado el muestra que polifónica, narración esta en destacan Tilottama joven yla disidente Hussain, Saddam hijra La marginales. personajes de punto vista de el desde poscolonial India de historia la articular persigue Happiness of Roy,Utmost Ministry The Arundhati de Keywords perspectives. of multiple minoritarian perspective the from narrative anational of telling challenges the with the author’s engagement reflects which choice aesthetic adeliberate is form sprawling the novel’s that proposes essay post-Emergency. novel is of the This focus historical prime the Delhi, in Muslims on the impact its and Partition the with begins history jum’s family An Although state. nation democratic secular of the failure the to capture intertwine tales whose narrative sprawling this in characters main the among are woman young a maverick Tilottama, and aDalit, Hussain, Saddam ahijra, Anjum, marginalized. of the perspective Happiness of Utmost Ministry debut novel, God of Small Things winning award- the after years 20 nearly Published Abstract MINISTRY OF UTMOST HAPPINESS UTMOST OF ROY’S MINISTRY ARUNDHATI Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses Estudios de Canaria Revista Ministry of Utmost Happiness of Utmost Ministry Roy, Kashmir, Hijra, Dalit, : Arundhati NARRATING A FRAGMENTED NATION: AFRAGMENTED NARRATING : Arundhati Roy, Cachemira, Dalit, India postcolonial, postcolonial, India Dalit, Roy, Cachemira, : Arundhati . DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2018.76.12 DOI: seeks to articulate a postcolonial nation’s history from the nation’sthe from a postcolonial history to articulate seeks Seattle University, USA Seattle Nalini Iyer , 76; April 2018, pp. 163-173;, 76; April e-2530-8335 ISSN:

God of Small Things Anjum, el intocable intocable el Anjum, , la segunda novela segunda , la Hijra

, Ministry of Ministry , Postco , Roy’s - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 163 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 164 “sham and fakery” (27). Nimmo continues, fakery” and “sham of, all is to apart be wants Anjum that hijra the home, that Khwabgah the him of she old city tells Delhi, walled the hijra, in another Nimmo Gorakhpuri, meets (17). people of hatred” died a million and Aftab) (born Anjum When Pakistan and India open border on “God’s new burst the between as, Partition carotid describes Anjum’s novel the history, in when tracing Roy Early post-Emergency family India. and postcolonial in precarity and vulnerability, identities belonging, of citizenship, monolithic derived Hindu-Muslim-Sikh ity, Partition with region intersect and (5). vein, Roy’s gender, how vectors of asimilar the In caste, novel sexual traces Asia” South postcolonial in belonging and of citizenship gendered ethnicization condition for the the of possibility became that adiscourse and of transformation a fieldconstitutes “The Partition on writes subcontinent. the belonging and Daiya of citizenship discourses created of also violence upheaval Partition the and that have others noted among Pandey, Gyan Daiya Kavita Butalia, “Sikhs.” Urvashi and of “Hindus,” into them people monolithic consolidated and narratives “Muslims,” of of events the 1947 identities experiences lived that and ethnic diverse transformed some (2). interminable” in lives, became, recognize identities that scholars Partition nationalizing and boundaries political violenceinclude bureaucratic of the drawing of ‘Partition violence’ to we “stretch must understanding our notes that Zamindar of beyond events to 1947. the understood be needs Partition that recognizes and (1). nor end” “the Partition” Long neither beginning this terms Vazira Zamindar momentis that a“defining noted marks Partition has Ayesha Jalal As nations. new of subcontinent the 1947 in subsequent the (and and formation of later two three) of decolonization the impact continuing the as recognize scholars Partition many decades. four last the in particularly regime this about questions India’s of plight within minorities the and raises democracy government. the The novel, thus, movements against of resistance growth the and movements jihadi on and occupation Kashmir, of army the impact Gujarat, the in riots communal the and 1984, in of Hindu fundamentalism rise Sikhs the against of novel the pogrom post-Emergency. the is focus lynchings, of Roy Dalit writes prime historical the Delhi, in on its Muslims impact and Partition the with begins Anjum’s history Although nation democratic state. family of secular the failure the to capture intertwine tales their and narrative sprawling this in characters main the are woman amaverick young Tilottama, and a Dalit, Hussain, Saddam hijra, and a Anjum, nation’s of marginalized. postcolonial the perspective from the history MUOH Rahel, and Estha of twins, story of age coming the through pain and on tragedy afamily’s by focusing India aglobalizing in politics andgender critiqued caste had novel anticipated novel.which first the Unlike of Small Things Hindu-Muslim riots, Indo-Pak war-- Indo-Pak riots, Hindu-Muslim cheatings, wives’ beatings, husbands’ children’s... school-admissions, Price-rise, about? unhappy people get No one’s things...normal the here... happy are what novel explores what Partition, this the in Anjum’s history locating In family debut novel, God winning The award- the after years 20 nearly Published , Roy’s The

Ministry of Happiness Utmost amuch- been (MUOH)Ministry has outside things settle down eventually. But for eventually. down settle things , seeks to articulate a to articulate , seeks - writers have grappled with this question. Rajeswari Sunder Rajan writes: writes: Sunder Rajan question. Rajeswari this have grappledwriters with andM.G. Rushdie Thiong’o wa Ngugi and postcolonial Achebe Vassanji, Salman to From dictators. into Chinua postcolonial turned who quickly nationalists colonial of people the anti- by the betrayal the and ofdeliver on promises democracy the nation to state thepostcolonial of thefailure with grapples fiction of postcolonial nation? Much afragmenting how one does narrate writing-- tion for postcolonial novel to up live to its predecessor’s of form. terms promise in of the disappointment about for failure some the to alingering reviewers be seems for to account its sprawl. There trying commitment while political and its ethical the novel for admiring 2017). between (Kahir struggle of selfies” age reviewers Thus in “an thewriters and novel significant its makes which differences across empathise novel the to for its ability praises He ultimately style. itsover narrative in showing it does telling the it forgives for thus all and stand apolitical novelthe for taking celebrates Khair perspectives. opposed political have radically writers the although way V.S.Naipaul’s novel same the in it apolitical is because novels are style rative South Asian writer and critic Tabish Khair, guardedly praises MUOH praises critic Tabish writer and guardedly Asian South Khair, 2017). Hindu novel the The in down, badly, (Kakutani middle” the Reviewing in “bogs of novel she the argues which structure the laments of anation.’” Kakutani public turmoil unfeasible, insane, ridiculous, driving, violent,on ‘vast, the circling, private the than of and sympathy, ...heartfelt on personal the but focused it less is “moments novel new The New the in has writes York that Times Kakutani Michiko by its politics. some critique challenged form, its are sprawling others While acters. wordwoven play, commentary, plot, char brilliant acerbic political the tragic and its tightly with Things God Small of to The similar something to haveseem expected public the in sphere. discourses political permeate that patriot/jihadi of Hindu/Muslim, narratives mainstream complicating as gender, sexuality and Partition, MOUH Long to the tied directly be can question Anjum’s Kashmir the Gujarat and riots the Whereas in experience Pak. of Hindu- Muslim/Indo- binary beyond Partition the India in idea of minoritization the points, Roy expands focal her a hijra narrative and as man, a woman, Kashmiri Christian to include gendered the aMalayalee body.Sikh man, aDalit choosing In I suggest that the novel in its sprawling form takes on an important ques important on an novel form takes the its sprawling in that I suggest inside all are cheating-wives and beating-husbands and school-admissions and price-rise the us superpower is a very different entity. It is now a big as well as bad nation. nation. (205)bad as entity. as well different is now a It big avery is superpower economic and into amilitary transforming as itself to perceive begun has that nation But the commitment. patriotic high-minded forth call legitimately it could nations, of Third of the Worldcommunity standing good in amember veloping,» «de still and decolonized newly was nation the When of nationhood. habits bad theinto settled nation postcolonial the and subsided freedom of exaltation first the as expected to be case any in was sentiments nationalist with exhaustion An of whom many her confounded reviewers, Roy’s has narrative sprawling beyond Hindu-Muslim-of Partition discourse the expands Roy deftly Thus, (27). Itdown. can’t. inside is inside war The us. us. Indo-Pak is inside is Indo-Pak us. also insists on recognizing caste, caste, on recognizing insists also us. It will never settle settle never It will us. for its nar - - - - ,

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 165 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 166 the marginalized without appropriating or romanticizing their experiences? without their appropriating or romanticizing marginalized the writer represent ofpolitics caste/class representation--how upper influential, an does the of aware also is prose.Roy andpolemical fiction between boundaries the dles MOUH and Things God Small of The post Roy’sto mind writings political viewpoint bring political adefinite voice with anarrative characters, myriad lines, narrative Its many patchwork by together afoundling. ofloosely tied perspectives, a representation of how storytelling progressively produces subaltern bodies. subaltern produces progressively of how storytelling a representation but as body male eroticized an of Velutha of Roy’s not as depiction importance the about argument in for Form.” Longing National “The chapter the (1989), Brennan Timothy particularly of narrating the nation in its nation fragments. in the of narrating problem the form of novel the the how and Roy addresses therefore, examine will, essay people. This other marginalized and hijras her to about write Dalits, allows that and by justice impelled is her narrative that her was and response minorities, about how positionasked she for relation holds accountable to in her herself social WA, June Seattle, in in 2017, abook tour At talk readerly expectations. and Roy was into is critique precisely pieces” theits togenre apart fly of it threatens that forces centripetal in its flaw, as that is it sees lacking “so Kakutani Michiko stories —what these manage and to contain formtion of novel the by the critiquing its ability and project its own of with representa of engages Itpolitics Partition. simultaneously beyond the discussion the reframes of and of populations minoritization process the The novelexplores perspectives. of nation from multiple the a story minoritarian of telling the author’s thechallenges reflects choice with which engagement aesthetic but adeliberate novel’s the of craft proposes that not form is essay sprawling failure that “‘When people say this business of ‘she’s business people say this “‘When that voice the of voiceless’, the it makes it involves.” notes that interview, Roy also dance same the that In world, all with of the of sense ateller stories. For Iam me, make that’sam. only way Ican the who I fundamentally is fiction. It Nothing. “To than higher nothing me is there its subsequent crumbling, subsequent its nation and of apostcolonial birth the to narrate midnight’sof many the children— multiple ablechannel to voices family,magically and Muslim Kashmiri affluent an by raised parents, boy born of Hindu working-class at birth switched —the Sinai Saleem and realism magical used had and dilemma narrative confronted asimilar Children Midnight’s in Rushdie Salman stories above While others. their and some people emphasize necessarily plot will lines secondary and primary tagonists, an and protagonists novel, the using agenre, in in which India of contemporary stories many the of telling challenge Roy, the minorities, ized faces anovelist, as of multiply perspective from the marginal nightmare about postcolonial ing the of nation. writ In ideals high-minded with disillusionment toward shift this mark The God of Small Things Small of God The The Guardian of The Aitkenhead Decca with interview an In 2 1 often Pakistan and of India bloody the works, birth literary Asian South In

This question has also prevailed in the discussion surrounding the depiction of depiction the Velutha surrounding discussion the in prevailed also has question This see Children, Midnight’s in nation the narrates of how Rushdie discussion For a deeper . Maryam Mirza (2016) offers an excellent review of these debates and an and debates these of review excellent an (2016) offers Mirza . Maryam 1 Roy chooses a sprawling, multi-focal narrative that is is that narrative multi-focal asprawling, Roy chooses , Roy remarks that that , Roy remarks 2 strad This This had had - - - - - Muslims, hijras, the poor, and Maoists are all linked to how the nation is imagined to how imagined nation is the linked all poor, the hijras, are Maoists Muslims, and Dalits, but of aplot intended Kashmiris, it fates clearly the to is show device that the reader’s thesense credibility,of challenges plots connectionbetween loose That foundling. the Second, Jabeen the Miss of in whom invested are all graveyard at the of characters the assemblage the stories is three these links What well. as community Anjum’s and her, House graveyard Guest to Tilo into raise Jannat desire the brings Tilo’sand baby. the Tilo kidnaps interest Tilo’s and baby’s the to ensure desire safety object the Anjum of becomes both abandoned baby rally, girl an this At injustices. for various redress to protest seek have gathered corruption and victims tragedy gas and Bhopal to fighters Maoist mothers of disappeared the groups from Kashmiri where numerous Mantar at Jantar protest rally at amassive Saddam and Anjum of keeper Musa’s the becomes and from Naga Tilo’s of secrets. that crosses path separates government to avoid but forces Naga Indian eventually the Tilo marries Naga. and by Dasgupta when she rescued is Singh notoriousby the Amrik torturer interrogated being is and army Indian occupying by the detained Tilo is martyrs. of Kashmiri parade afuneral watching while army Indian by the killed Jabeen, are daughter,and Miss wife his after fighter become a freedom has Musa jihadis. them independence labels and seeking Kashmiris tortures army where Indian the Kashmir respectively. her draws Tilo’sto with nationalist Musa love affair aKashmiri and are a journalist andMusa, two men, Naga other the and Kashmir in officer gence intelli an is college, in Hobart Garson Her nicknamed Biplap friend, Dasgupta of love in her. whom been with had men all three with friendship adeep had had Roystudent, college who,as a herself, Arundhati representation of afictional Kerala, from architect Christian (Tilo), on Tillotama S. aMalayalee focuses storyline third of Anjum’s part becomes horse and The his tribe. with moves into graveyard the he Anjum, father’s befriended to avenge his who Having wants death. Dayachand inspires stance IraqiSaddam’s The final defiance. end with his faced man the which of Iraqi dictator’s video the he execution in aviral saw because Hussein Saddam name violence, it. he by Traumatized that adopts the killed of having accused was and cow a dead transporting he was because police and Hindus father’s byhis caste lynching witnessed who had man, aDalit born Hussein, Dayachand, of Saddam story the is line Thesecondnarrative include people form animals. that and networks kinship alternate and commune dead the and living the House graveyard, at Guest nat the Anjum’s In dominate. torture and violence, rape, patriarchy, pogroms, Jan caste from “Duniya,” world where the heteronormativity, outsiderefugees graveyard the all who are of bunch people animals and tag arag assembles and over graves the lodgings builds gradually and moves abandoned graveyard into Anjum an Zainab, for her adopted to unable care daughter, and a hijra. experience by Traumatized the she a hijra is people and consider because it inauspicious to kill survives Anjum and riots Godhra 2002 the up in caught are Imam, companion, an herand traveling to Gujarat, Anjum On apilgrimage of where accepted. hijras identity is her female but joins acommunity family by her birth male raised who was child, intersexed an Aftab, Anjum, of born the story is first The major storylines. three loosely links 2017).know, unheard.’” (Aitkenhead or purposely the of ateller Roy stories, As me crazy,’ ... ‘I say, ‘There’sthere’s no voiceless, theyou deliberately silenced, only - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 167 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 168 many complex and often contradictory views promulgated about Kashmir, and and promulgated about Kashmir, views contradictory complex often many and the unpacks Roy Tilo torturer. Through of chief the victim being simultaneously while narrative Kashmir the rewriting in agent her both position active as marks process Her put role asylum at risk. the herthat in life Kashmir situation in cal from the were politi that fears her officer asylum the domestic violence, convinces of avictim who was Singh’s wife, Amrik Muslims. Kashmiri particularly others, violence on perpetrating army of Indian agent 1984 the in to an be as also and cleansing ethnic to vulnerable not identitiestern are fixed. both is be to be To Sikh subal United that the in underscores States asylum to achieve Kashmir in torture of of 1984 knowledge experience intimate own of his Sikh the with manipulation Singh’s on terror. war Amrik American bolstered by is the occupation Indian the one no but is longer issue where aglobal asubcontinental struggle Kashmiri the US. to the travel his facilitate that identity cards and passports many his with have aviolent end brought perhaps family about his by Musa and Singh Eventually caused. he had that of innocent the out deaths to him many avenge the seek Musa freedomfightersled by Kashmiri driver. The atruck as works Singh where Amrik California in lives family the and his buys officer story into asylum The aSikh. as violence of ethnic and of torture to avictim be claiming asylum seeks US and the way to his chamber, finds torture turned theater cinema her his in humiliating and Tilo’s Musa, pursuing chief in lover, torturer the who was Singh Singh. of Amrik story the of through dimensions jihad global the recognizes mir’s she also politics, of 1990s Additionally,Roy the writes beyond Kash as people in and of Kashmir. the with army and state of Indian relationship the the but relations also Pakistan not India- just continues to structure that decolonization and from Partition issue unresolved the is Kashmir state. of Indian the one failures as of many the framed is fighter. afreedom question and However, army,Kashmir the journalist, Indian the —the story Kashmir theinvolved shaping in parties different the who symbolize lovers her unconventionaland three of woman an a romantic narrative emerge as novel, of it sole this the would been focus narrative Kashmir the erhood. Had moth and notions of marriage, relationships, not does mainstream embrace and anon-conformist Tilo is stories of marginalized. the telling intellectual upper class upper-caste, position an her as social Roy recognizes a school for girls— established who of afeminist daughter the and Delhi, in living Christian aSyrian architect, experiences. these of documenting act an then, is The novel, witness. novel the to which bears those are Nimmo Gorakhpuri Bhartiya, Azaad Kak, Gul such appearances who put cameo in other characters myriad the that of andpeople these Anjum— Thestories of each of Hussein, —Tilo,Saddam dead. the and living the between religion,no no single no violence, boundaries and people, identity no categories, rigid and between blood and ties no birth hierarchies, no welcome, are are there all which in space national alternative an is graveyard the House in Guest Jannat to silenced. be refusal acollective is Mantar protest at Jantar the and unheard are are not they silenced but just marginalized The marginalized. the repressing through itself sustains narrative national dominant howand that Roy ties the US war on terror to the politics of Kashmir emphasizing that that emphasizing on terror of US politics Kashmir war the to the Roy ties of her biography own time broad —one brushstrokes Tilo with drawing In - - - - the moment when the show focused on the zenana and amidst the tinkle of anklets of anklets tinkle the amidst and momentthe on zenana the show when the focused Emperor orders music for Bi to unperturbed waited play the on. Kulsoom Ustad 1739. year the and approach Delhi Shah of Nadir show, the In armies invading the and Rangeela’s rule Shah on Mohammad brief episode the focused interested in was Kulsoom rule. British preceding years hundred for two the land the ruled who had old government-approved an was on emperors focused this version history of Indian that us Fort. show The Red novel Light at the her and Sound tells to hijras the takes it to responsibly. others retelling honestly and it of recording responsibility the with comes then listener as witness of bearing act the and trauma relive the teller the makes stories necessarily to these of listening event.act forThe someone andtraumatic what a stories it ficult express means to upon to ponder role novel, of audience our called dif as are ofaudience then this moments to become person.” a“happier shameful and We, outedits traumatic the teller the because at other times of and audience the because sometimes retelling in changed intentionallyare stories that (39).highlights Roy episode, this Through for towels advertisement Colony on Defence Bombay the Dyeing an flyover”was There really she ran. “Anjum while piss did that including elements really of truth some the andFlyover over flyoverretained the lives story their ran hijras saveto driver. their The and hijras up the beat and hosts, the arrested arrived, police the when party gone had to awedding her people. and hijra Anjum colleagues nary ordi Youth his terrorized and Congress when Sanjayof Gandhi Emergency the in occurred had flyover1976 story the at height particular this that fact the story simpler, happier person”Anjum edited (38). outhad of that her The learns reader a Anjum to make began turn in her to daughter, please “the and rewriting herself” asimpler, to rewire happier for notes, “began life narrative towels. the Anjum, bath Anjum’s and Bombay Dyeing advertising on conversation alady abillboard with humor To nature’s point the of story, call. to answer the scatalogical Zainab, was and able not overbeing colonystop Defence to urinate the to flyoverand needing walking other and hijras with from a party of returning speaks Anjum child, the on To her life. her based daughter, young story abedtime Zainab, telling is Anjum explored. novel, Very the are in -telling early story and telling ofent truth methods beginnings, middles, and ends where all ends well and the world place. the and abetter is well ends where ends all and middles, beginnings, compulsion abandon stories the with to and tell reportage testimonio, realism, cal fable, incorporate must magi genre the that she suggests plot slick devices, through incongruities over smoothes anovel and stories in inconsistencies up that their tying groups. By not marginalized different amongst for need the solidarity articulates Tilo,Roy Through of pursuit justice. the in her life own risked has and Maoists— Dalits, freedomfighters, hijras, groups—Kashmiri of different the ally She an is ustaniji house,she becomes guest Jannat the identity. space, national alternative the In or gender religion, class, caste, of their people irrespective befriends and atrocities, about governmental newsletter publish his Bhartiya helps Azaad Kashmir, in sees for reader. she the what compass Tilo documents amoral as presents her character (teacher) who equips young people with skills to continue the struggle. (teacher) to continue struggle. the who people equips skills young with In a later episode, Kulsoom Bi, the Ustad of Anjum’s hijra gharana, regularly Bi, of Ustad regularly Anjum’s the alater Kulsoom episode, In hijra gharana, Roy’s narrative is also punctuated by self-conscious moments by self-conscious punctuated where differ Roy’s also is narrative - - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 169 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 170 and ideologies shift as well. as ideologies shift and show, over when Light governments time and Sound versions state change these to present the books only with its version produces As history of events. state the the her memoriesit own of trauma, tolerable the to manage and to listener ayoung nation’s tosubscribe the ideology. to her make edited who story had Anjum Unlike to produce who adults geared are systems educational because up history covering for system Roy critiques educational genre, the of textbook the satire the in and of Kashmir her story how the notebook. grappled with to Tilo had tell reviewing of time joins Tilo for reader the alength and story interrupt main the and pages comprehension.several run for reading The notebook textbooks foundvignettes in those as such questions innocuous followed by are seemingly vignettes these kistan, of Line Control to the Pa from India crossing of cattle conundrum to the civilians From of of innocent oddities. violence, bloodshed, death and the vignettes various to Musa’s achildren’s her with notebook the textbook, contains Mimicking papers. back comes for Very Young Comprehension Children and of Grammar English Book (274) Digest One Reader’s of her The notebooks become titled dangerous. had that “archive ofdisaster” bled notkind recoveries, an of another from aflood, frombut “appeared to have no purpose.” they and (274). observations fragments, She assem of photographs, assortment story an collected she had her to Kashmir trips During occupation” (274). military stenographer aweird, part-time tobeen afull-time bodies. transgendered as but invaders also culture/marauding high of of patrons binary the represented are not point. through Muslims focal narrative but laughter astrong disembodied not Hijras are apassing, just margins. from the hegemony, tonovel history write acritique seeks of it Hindu fundamentalist also Not regime. this only is Hindutva by the embraced narrative historical dominant appropriations her but projectideological own opposition sets in of history to the of government show the Hindutva by the not Royrewriting demonstrate only does the In her one, existence. ashowrepresentation, such in to validate apassing even of elderly self how novel, example the an hijra in show an the seeks becomes Early to its foreign visitors. as well as tourists to its citizen nation presentsthe its history of how example show an Light is of and Sound government the and derived history of past.” astudy the it much (407). was as as tion of future focused the The tourist would arevela be history of Hindu up glory. always, story by the As would taken be time her hung Bi hopes had on. The Kulsoom remaining Ustad that giggle husky the longer only a little than lasted that cry war a bloodcurdling of and swords clash into sound of the the collapsed and of stripped be poetry, music architecture and would rule of Muslim “Soon subjected Fort centuries toand is revision Red at the into Modi) power, sweeps show (Narendra Light and Sound the Lalla” “Gujarat ka out of it (55). altogether” government end the of novel, At Hindutva the of the as absent away from from it, being written from a universe being was a chuckle, than amoment “Towas of triumph because more present be nothing history, in as even (55). eunuch” of acourt giggle Bi, For coquettish this Kulsoom rasping distinct, “suddenly, happy, soft, the audible, lady-sounds would amidst deep, clearly come the Through Tilo Roy explores alternative ways of writing history: “Tilo had had “Tilo history: writing alternativeways of exploresRoy Tilo Through - - - writes a poem she reads to Musa on his last visit to her at the Jannat guest house: guest visit to her Jannat at the last to on Musa his she apoem reads writes end the of novel, At incomplete the and for children. Tilo textbook into asatirical nor to rendering them Tilo’s and no purpose of of with information scraps gathering novel derived from Western forms and adapted and developed by Indian writers. writers. novel derived from developed Western by Indian and adapted and forms belonging. and of citizenship narratives own their craft generation of next never-ending who will the Udaya Jabeen represents story that me astory) of her (322), father rhyme on her that gravestone. engraved he had and “ demanded always Jabeen had Miss both. them killed bullet Musa’s her in Tilo after mother’s died who had daughter young when astray arms Second by Jabeen the Miss named She state. also is postcolonial fragmented and degenerating to the alternative intended of baby nascent is the the to asymbol be her by She baby, police. raped named Udaya or rape, “Dawn.” born of that Clearly, gang been whohad rights forland Her fighting aMaoist been mother had Bhartiya. Azaad for through them arrives aletter after about her history learn house denizens different plottogether. the lines Guest Jannat The brings that element narrative the in by ahijra to one be who wanted passionately raised (441). to amother, be want who by did awoman kidnapped and of activist, rape aMaoist Udaya Jabeen, born of gang Miss girl, the foundling who celebrated the and fell” heavens “to the who back lay onbelong world save his beetle to the adung case in words where last and the of characters assortment loosely held by together an very Roy’s Muslim? to a novel is write is embody a transgender response woman that Christian a cisgendered Syrian Can story? his tell and become aDalit woman caste an upper- Can everything? and fromeveryone you? different Is it embodying vastly enter of aperson consciousness or the thing to imaginatively it Is ability the entail? becoming such does What everything. and everyone becomes only teller when the a“stenographer.” need that recovered be must and that told be Such stories can stories ofmany are anation. broken There and narrative fragmented the writing is Roy’s wholly be represented project by cannot Anjum’s approach to history In In another Mantar, becomes from Jantar Udaya Jabeen, foundling the Miss Roy’s novel. this encompasses poem brief She underlying of This premise shattered How , Roy radically questions the form questions of the the of HappinessUtmost The ,Ministry Roy radically everybody. story? tell to By slowly becoming everything (442) everything becoming slowly By No. slowly By a becoming Akh daleela wann” daleela Akh (Tell

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 171 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 172 and genre. and of herHappiness is Utmost explorationMinistry The justice of and of both justice, a relentless pursuit and compass a moral needs novel millennium of new the English expression.diverse a of voices offer place For that forms her,theIndian narrative need nations fragmenting her form that hybrid sprawling and through She signals Revised paper accepted for publication: 2 March 2018 2March publication: for accepted paper Revised Reviews sent to author: 30 November 2017 November 30 author: to sent Reviews Khair Kakutani Zamindar Mirza Jalal Roy Sunder Rajan Sunder Rushdie Happiness of Utmost Ministry The —— Daiya Brennan Aitkenhead Harper Collins, 1997. Collins, Harper Things. Small of God The , Arundhati. , , Kavita. Violent Belongings:Partition, Gender, and, Kavita. National Culture in Postcolonial India. , Tabish. “What Magic Reveals, What Magic Hides.” The Hindu Magic What Reveals, Magic , Tabish. “What The God of God Roy’s The Arundhati in Boundaries Class and Caste Across “Intimacy , Maryam. Ayesha. Ayesha. Knopf, 1980. Knopf, Children. Midnight’s , Salman. arundhati-roy-ministry-of-utmost-happiness.html?_r=1 India” cle18910916.ece - www.thehindu.com/books/arundhati-roy-the-ministry-of-ttmost-happiness-review/arti 2013. Press, University Princeton Columbia University Press, 2007. Press, University Columbia Small Things Yoda, 2008. Social Research Social English” eds., Routledge, 2016. 263-276. cessed December 1, 2017. December cessed may/27/arundhati-roy-fiction-takes-time-second-novel-ministry-utmost-happiness Novel.”Second TheGuardian Salman Rushdie and the Third World: Myths of the Nation the of Myths World: Third the and Rushdie , Timothy. Salman , Michiko. “Arundhati Roy’s Long-Awaited Novel is an Ambitious Look at Turmoil at in Look Ambitious an is Novel Roy’s Long-Awaited “Arundhati , Michiko. , Vazira and Fazila Yacoobali Fazila and , Vazira , Decca. “’Fiction Takes Its Time’: Arundhati Roy on Why it Took on Why Roy Write to Years 20 Her Time’: Its Takes Arundhati “’Fiction , Decca. The Pity of Partition: Manto’s Life, Times, and Work Across the India-Pakistan Divide India-Pakistan the Across and Work Manto’s Times, Life, Partition: of Pity The , Rajeswari. “After ‘Midnight’s Children’: Some Notes on the New Indian Novel in in Novel Indian New on the Notes Children’: Some ‘Midnight’s “After , Rajeswari. New York Times New .” .” Dalit Literatures in India. . Accessed December 2, 2017. 2, December . Accessed . June 5,. June 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/05/books/review- 78.1 2011): (Spring 203-230. REFERENCES . New York: 2017.. New Knopf, , May 27,, May 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/ . The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia South of Modern Making the and Partition Long The Joshil K. Abraham and Judith Misrahi-Barak Misrahi-Barak Judith and Abraham K. Joshil . Accessed December 1, 2017. December . Accessed . St. Martin’s Press, 1989. Press, Martin’s . St. . June 10,. June 2017. http:// New New . Ac - . .

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 163-173 173