6 Sex Pheromon Trap Catches of the Stem borer, ignefusalis Hampson (: Pyralidae), in Relation to Weather Factors in Borno State

GWADI K. W. Lake Chad Research Institute, P.M.B. 1293, Maiduguri, Borno State.

Niger. J. Entomo!. 23: 6 - 12 (2006) ABSTRACT. Seasonal population patterns and the relationship between trap catches of the pearl millet stem borer, (Hampson), and weather factors were investigated at three locations in Borno State in 1995 and 1996. activity peaked thrice in 1995 and twice in 1996 at Maiduguri; twice in both years at Baga and once only in 1996 at Mallam-Fatori. Pheromone trap catches were significantly correlated with morning maximum air temperature at Baga in 1995; relative humidity and maximum air temperature at Maiduguri in 1995; maximum and minimum temperatures at Baga in 1996; and relative humidity and minimum air temperature at Mallam-Fatori in 1996. Thus morning relative humidity, maximum and minimum air temperatures appeared to be the key weather factors affecting flight activity of C. ignefusalis in the study area.

INTRODUCTION The pearl millet stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis been recommended for use in monitoring millet Hampson (Lepidoptra: Pyralidae), is the most stem borer adult population by farmers and also widespread and most damaging pest of pearl by national and international organizations in millet, Pennisetuni glaucum (L) R. Brown, in West West Africa (Nwanze, 1997: YOUI11and Beevor, Africa (Ajayi and Prabhakar, 1998; Ajayi et of. 2002; 1995; Youm et aI, 1997; 1998). Dike et al., 1999; Gwadi, 2001; Gwadi et al., 2003; Seasonal incidence of both larval and adult Gwadi et al., 2004a, 2004b; YOUln et al., 1996, C. ignefusalis depend on several factors such as 1998). In , the insect is considered as one of development stage of the crop and climatic the major factors limiting millet production causing conditions (Ndoye and Gahukar, 1987). yield losses ranging from 15 to 100% (Elerno and However, information on the relationship Ajayi, 1989; Harris, 1989). between seasonal incidence of C igncfusalis and Various methods have been suggested for weather factors is scarce. Nwanze (1989) controlling the insect. These include early sowing, suggested that onset of rains and total rainfall crop residue managcment, manipulation of rate and appear to affect the population development of time of fertilizer application, mixed cropping, field C. ignefusalis sanitation, host plant resistance, and appl ication of Field studies by Ajayi and Prabhakar (1998) insecticide (Ajayi, 1990; Ajayi et al.. 2002; Lukefhar, showed a positive relationship between solar 1988; Nwanze, 1985; Nwanze and Muller, 1989; radiation, rainfall and pheromone trap catches at Uvah and Ajayi, 1989; Youm, 1990 et al., 1997). Bagauda, Kano State. Probably the use of these control strategies is A regional monitoring system for the male hampered by limited information on the dynamic C. igneiusalis under the auspices of the interactions of the insect with biotic and abiotic International Crops Research Institute for the factors in the mi Ilet agro-ecosystem (Ycurn et al., Semi-Arid Tropics (lCRISAT) began in 1993 .n 1993b ). 25 research stations/sites across eight countries For several reasons, C. ignefusalis is a good in West Africa (Dakuo et al., 1997, Yourn et aI., candidate for demonstrating a control strategy which 1996, 1997). In Nigeria, monitoring was emphasizes on an effective monitoring system. conducted at Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna State, Infestation levels of the insect in farmers' fields Bagauda in Kano State, and at Baga, Maiduguri depend largely on the num ber of adult and Mallam-Fatori in Borno State. The emerging from diapausing larvae within old millet objectives of the study were to monitor seasonal stalks and stubbles (Yourn et al., 1997) and from wild population pattern of the C ignefusalis moth hosts (Yourn and Gilstrap, 1993). Ajayi (1990) using sex pheromone trap and to determine the suggested possibilities for an integrated management relationship between pheromone trap catches of the millet stem borer through monitoring using and weather factors with an ultimate aim of suitable methods such as sex pheromone-baited traps. developing decision making tools for pest The use of pheromone traps in population monitoring management. and forecasting of lepidopterous pests is an important MATERIALS AND METHODS component in integrated pest management (Nwanze, The pheromone trap designed by Youm et 1997). An effective low-cost pheromone trap with a al, (1993a) and further improved by Youm and long lasting polyethylene pheromone dispenser has Beevor (1995) was used. The synthetic GWADI: SEX PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES OF THE PEARL MILLET STEM BORER 7 pheromone used was a blend of (Z)-7- dodecenal-ol (SOO~lg). (Z)-5-decen-I-01 (2Spg). (Z)-7-dodecenal RESULT AND DISCUSSION (16.5 ug) and an equivalent amount of butylated Seasonal Population Pattern of C. hydroxyl toluene (BHT) (5.42pg) antioxidant load in ignefusalis polyethylene (PV) vial dispensers 32 x IS x 2mm The seasonal population patterns of C thick (Youm et st.. 1993a; ICRISA T, 1989). ignefusalis monitored at Maiduguri, 8aga and The study was carried out at the research farms Mallm-Fatori from 1995 to 1996 are shown in of the Lake Chad Research Institute at Maiduguri Figs. I, 2 and 3 At Maiduguri, moths were first (11° SIN, 13° OYE) and Mallam-Fatori (130 37N. sighted on Jul. 5, 1995 and Jul. 13, 1996. Three 13° 19'E) in the sudano-Sahelian ecological zone. peak populations of the insect were observed in Maiduguri is 180km from Baga and 300km from 1995 but in 1996 there were only two (Fig. 1). Mallam-Fatori. The latter two are 120km apart. In 1995 and 1996, two pheromone traps were used at Maiduguri but at Baga and Mallam-Fatori one ~--.- 5500 I ---fr-1995 , trap was used. At all locations the traps were located 5000 ~ -B--~~ J Sm outside millet experimental fields on bare ground 1 4500 initially but later surrounded by grasses and shrubs. 4000 The two traps at Maiduguri were installed at a :c ..!~:: 3500 distance of 100m from each other. This arrangement C>- ~ 3000 was chosen to reduce the possibility of inter-trap ~ 1 interference (Srivastava and Srivastava, 1989; s-0: 2500 j Srivastava et aI., 1992). Each trap was filled with E 2000 0 o 1500 water to a depth of 2cm and 10-20ml of engine oil z (SAE 40) was added to the water as a surfactant. The 1000 trapping medium (water + oil) was replaced one to 500 three times depending on the rate at which it became 26 5 15 25 4 14 24 3 13 23 3 13 23 1 dirty. Trap positions at each location were maintained Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov in the two years for reliability of results. For high Standard days attractivity to male moths, the pheromone dispensers Fig.1. Catches of C .ignefusalis male moths in were replaced with new ones after every 14days. a pheromone baited water-oil trap at Traps were put in place in each year and location Maiduguri, 1995 and 1996. on the first day of plating millet and after the first big rain of the season (15mm). At Maiduguri the trap was run from Jul. 3-Nov. 1, 1995 and from Jun. 26-Nov. The first peak in 1995 was smaller and 10, 1996. At Baga trapping was from Jul. 28-Nov. 10, earlier than the one in 1996. Similarly, the 1996. At 8aga trapping was from Aug. 24-Nov.12 second peak in 1995 was smaller and earlier than 1996 whilst at Mallam-Fatori it was from Aug. 12- the second one in 1996. the third peak in 1995 Nov. 10 1996 only. occurred on Oct. 3. The patterns at Baga (Fig. 2)

Data Collection The traps were checked and moths caught were I ---fr-1995l counted at 0800 hr daily. For each season, the first i -B-1996 ; date of sighting moths in the traps was considered as 2000 - day one. The number of moths found in the trap each s: 1650- day was recorded against the date of the previous .~ t: , night (Youm et aI, 1998). Weather data (morning and a. 1300 ., E ! evening relative humidity, minimum and maximum ~ ~ 950 air temperature, solar radiation and rainfall) for the (5 period of trapping were obtained at 0900 and 1600 hr ~ 600 o daily from meteorological units of Lake Chad z 250 Research Institute (LCRI) at Maiduguri, Baga and -100 ~ Mallam-Fatori Research Station. 28 7 17 27 6 16 26 6 16 26 5 11 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Standard days Data Analysis The means of l O-day interval pheromone trap Fig. 2. Catches of C. ignefusalis male moths in a catches were calculated and used to plot graphs. The oheromone baited water-oil trao at Baaa. relationship between daily pheromone trap catches, transformed to log (x + 1), and daily weather data followed those of Maiduguri in that the two was determined in each year using regression peaks for 1995 were earlier and smaller than analysis. those 1996. However, the peaks tended to occur -

8 at the same time in both years. Moths were first Though two to three generations of C caught in the traps at Mallarn Fatori in Aug. 13, 1996 igne{lIsalis a year with peaks in Jul. and Sep. are (Fig. 3), the number caught increased to a peak of common at Samaru (Adesiyun, 1993; Gwadi, 911 moths on Sep. 21, J 996 and decl ined to zero on 200 I)., in 1999 only one generation was Nov. 10. observed (Gwadi, 2001). In this study, only one peak of the insect was observed at Mallam-

10001 Fatori in 1996 (Fig. 3). Possibly the weather 900 ~ conditions (Table 1) in this location were not 1:' 800 J favourable enough for the insect as was found at 0> ~ 700 Sarnaru in 1999. l" 600 It is apparent that at Baga flight activity of ~ J;;; 500 a the insect had started before monitoring began E 400 (Fig. 2). The delay in monitoring was due to lack '0 300 of electricity at Baga for storing the pheromone zo 200 i dispensers to prevent the pheromone from 100 ~ escaping, thus necessitating transportation of 0 pheromone dispensers from Maiduguri after 12 22 1 11 21 11 21 31 10 Aug Sep Oct Nav receiving information on the rainfall situation. Standard days Fig.3. Catches ofC. ignefusalis male moths in a Relationship between Pheromone Trap pheromone- baited water trap at Mallam-Fatori. Catches and Weather Factors 1996. Among the six weather factors regressed on More moths were caught in 1996 than in 1995 at pheromone trap catches in 1995, only morning Maiduguri and Baga suggesting more favourable relative humidity and minimum air temperature conditions for moth emergence in 1996. This could at Maiduguri and maximum air temperature at be because of the higher rai nfall in 1996 than in 1995 Baga showed significant relationships (Tables 2 at these locations (Table I) Adesiyun (1993) had and 3). Tn 1996, only minimum and maximum earlier suggested that the presence of an early peak of air temperatures at Baga (Table 3) and morning C ignefusalis at Samaru, Nigeria, was due to early relative humidity and minimum air temperature and higher rain (11.2mm) recorded in March of the at Mallarn-Fatori (Table 4) were significantly same year compared to 1.5mm in the other years. correlated with pheromone trap catches. Results Generally, the occurrence of one to three peaks of combined analysis of all weather factors in of the insect at the three locations (Figs 1 and 2) is in both years showed that no factor was significant agreement with previous reports that the number of at Maiduguri (Table 5). At Baga, however, generations of C. ignefusalis in anyone year depends morning relative humidity, rrumrnum and on weather factors such as rainfall, temperature, maximum air temperatures were significantly relative humidity, wind direction and movement related to trap catches (Table 6). which vary with seasons (Ndoye and Gahukar, 1987). According to Yourn et al. (1998), there are usually three generations of the pest in a year in the wetter areas and two, occasionally three, in the drier regions.

Table 1. Mean monthly rainfall, relative humidity and temperature for Maiduguri, Baga, and Mallarn-Fatori during the eeriod of traeeing. 1995 1996 Month Rainfall (mm)' Humidity (%) Rainfall (rnrnj' Humidity (%) MG BG MG BG MG BG MF MG BG MF June 7.00 4.60 37.6 31.6 11.30 9.20 4.50 39.7 32.1 27.0 July 15.50 6.20 50.7 46.4 19.10 12.72 5.63 45.53 50.7 45.5 August 26.97 20.65 64.2 57.3 20.62 18.50 17.96 60.3 56.7 50.7 Septem ber 16.86 7.40 63.2 46.8 16.61 5.20 5.40 77.9 43.6 42.0 October 6.73 0.00 40.2 36.8 6.20 3.40 0.00 35.4 32.5 27.0 November 0.00 0.00 33.9 25.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.0 2.90 21.9 Total Mean 11.33 9.56 48.6 40.7 14.77 9.80 8.37 55.9 40.8 35.7 MG = Maiduguri BG = Baga MF Mallam-Fatori GWADI: SEX PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES OF THE PEARL MILLET STEM BORER 9

Table 2. Regression analysis of the effect of weather factors on sex pheromone trap catches of C ignefusalis at Maiduguri, Nigeria. 1995 1996 Variable Slope (b) SE (±) "t' Slope (b) SE (±) 't' Morning relative humidity (%) 0.86 OA8 2.13 -0.34 OA3 -0.78 Evening relative humidity (%) -0.08 OA9 -1.64 0.56 1.28 OA4 Minimum air temperature (0C) 6.94 2.85 -2.45 11.73 9.88 1.19 Maximum air temperature (0C) 0.23 1.65 0.14 6Al 8.04 0.80 Solar radiation (w/rn") -0.51 1.35 -0.39 -8.18 5.48 -1.49 Rainfall (mm) -0.15 0.66 -0.23 -2.98 2.12 -IAO R- = 0.10351, Intercept = 198.60193, ~= 0.0637, Intercept =218.7031, n =109 * = P<0.05, ** =P

Table 3. Regression analysis of the effect of weather factors on sex pheromone trap catches of C. ignefusalis at Baga, Nigeria. 1995 1996 Variable Slope (b) SE (±) "t' Slope (b) SE (±) "t' Morning relative humidity (%) 0.24 0.32 -0.77 -6.80 3.81 -1.78 Evening relative humidity (%) 0.91 OA8 1.89 -OA6 0.76 0.61 Minimum air temperature (OC) 5.21 3.00 -1.74 4 I A4 19.61 2.1 I Maximum air temperature (OC) 5.75 2.25 2.56 -35. I 0 17.78 -1.97 Solar radiation (w/rn") 0.10 0.12 -0.84 -6.21 3.59 -0 \. 73 Rainfall (mm) 0.02 OA5 -0.05 -3.57 2AO -IA9 R- = 0.1586, Intercept = 69.7 I 33, R- = 0.2 I 29, Intercept =670.9747, ** =P

Table 4. Regression analysis of the effect of weather factors on sex pheromone trap catches of C. ignefusalis at Mallam- Fatori 1996, Nigeria. Variable Slope (b) SE (±) 't' Morning relative hum idity (%) -2.44 1.21 2.03 Evening relative humidity (%) O.I 2 0.26 -0.47 Minimum air temperature (OC) 15.31 6.18 2A8 Maximum air temperature (OC) -8.51 5.50 -1.54 Solar radiation (w/rn") -0.89 1.17 -0.76 Rainfall (mm) -0.75 0.52 -1.44 IZ" = 0.1855, Intercept = 84.8984, * =P<0.05, ** =P

Table 5. Combined (1995 and 1996) regression analysis of the effect of weather factors on sex pheromone trap catches of C. ignefusalis at Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Variable Slope (b) SE (±) "t' Morning relative humidity (%) -0.05 0.30 -0.16 Evening relative humidity (%) 0.05 0.58 -0.09 Minimum air temperature (OC) 0.06 5.21 0.01 Maximum air temperature (OC) -2.66 3. I 9 -0.84 Solar radiation (w/m ') -4.80 2.78 -1.73 Rainfall (rnm) -2.13 1.17 -1.81

RC = 0.2557, Intercept = 2589918, n = 219

Table 6. Combined (1995 and 1996) regression analysis of the effect of weather factors on sex pheromone trap catches of C. ignefusalis at Baga 1996, Nigeria. Variable Slope (b) SE (±) "t' Morning relative humidity (%) -1.16 0.60 -1.93 Evening relative humidity (%) -0.33 0.50 -0.66 Minimum air temperature (OC) 9.19 4A3 2.07 Maximum air temperature caC) -9.29 2.78 3.34 Solar radiation (w/rn") 0.24 0.28 -0.86 Rainfall (mm) -1.14 0.80 -1.85 R- = 0.0910, Intercept = 2178302, * =P<0.05, *** =p

10 NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY VOL. 23, 2006

The results of this study suggest that morning ranged from 18.5 - 20.5°e at Mallam-Fatori, relative humidity, maximum and rmrurnum The negative relationship between minimum air temperatures were the key weather factors that tern perature at Maiduguri in 1995 (Table 2) affected flight activity of the insect in these suggests that the flight activity of the insect at areas. The significant relationship between trap Maiduguri was negatively affected within this catches of C ignefusalis and weather factors temperature range. Similarly, the the positive one suggests that an increase or decrease in value of at Saga and Mallam-Fatori in 1996 (Tables 3 and any of the weather factors could affect the 4) favoured flight activity leading to increases in abundance of the insect either positively or trap catches. A possible explanation of this result negatively in the areas studied. is that Saga and Mallarn-Fatori lie within the There was an indication that for every 1% Sahel zone in the extreme north of the north- rise in relative humidity at Maiduguri in 1995, eastern part of Nigeria characterized by marginal there was an increase in trap catches of 0.9 rainfall (Table 1) and high air temperature. moths (Table 2). In contrast, a reduction in 1% Gwadi (200 I) had also reported significant and morning relative humidity at Mallam-Fatori in positive relationship between pheromone trap 1996 caused a decrease in trap catches of 2.4 catches and minimum air temperature at 50 days moths (Table 4). The results of combined prior to trap catches at Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna analysis indicate a reduction in trap catches of State. There is no documented information on 1.2 moths for every I% decrease in morning the minimum temperature required by the inset relative humidity at Saga (Table 6). The mean for flight activity to begin. There is need for such morning relative humidity was 48.6% at studies. Maiduguri and 40.7% at Mallarn-Fatori in 1995 There was also an indication of reduction in (Table I). pheromone trap catches by 5.7 and 35.1 moths in In 1996, the average relative humilities were 1995 and 1996 respectively, for every 1°c 55.6, 40.7 and 35.7% at Maiduguri, Saga and increase in maximum air temperature at Baga Mallam-Fatori, respectively (Table I ). The (Table 2). These reductions in trap catches were results suggest that as relative humidity further confirmed when a combined analysis of increased by 1% above 48.6 at Maiduguri (Table all the factors for 1995 and 1996 were carried out I), pheromone trap catches of the insect (Table 6). The result indicated reductions in trap increased by 0.9 moths (Table 2). A decrease in catches by 9.3 moths for every l°e increase in morning relative humidity below 35.7% at maximum air temperature. A similar reduction in Mallam-Fatori or below 40.8% at Saga (Tables 4 trap catches of 8.5 moths for every l°e rise in and 6) caused reductions in trap catches by 1.2 maximum air temperature was observed at moths. The reason for reductions in pheromone Mallam-Fatori (Table 4). The observed trap catches of the insect at Saga and Mallam- maximum air temperature at Saga ranged form Fatori could be due to the low rainfall and 29.5 to 40.0oe in 1995 and 27.0 to 39.0oe in consequently the low relative humidity 1996. It is believed such very high temperature characteristic of these areas (Table I). Studies on would not favour insect activity and thus would midge have also shown the significant consequently reduce trap catches. The results are effects of relative hum idity and temperature on in conformity with Teetes (1993) who reported

time of emergence, oviposition and population that time of III idge emergence and oviposition (Teetes, 1993; Vianna, 1985). was delayed by temperature. Lukefhar (1988) Table 2 shows that pheromone trap catches also showed that as temperature inside millet of C ignefusalis also decreased by 6.9 moths stalks increased, larval mortality of C with every loe reduction in minimum air ignefusalis increased dramatically. temperature at Maiduguri in 1996. However, at The influence of climatic variables on the Saga and Mallarn-Fatori in 1995 and 1996, an incidence of pests has long been recognized increase in l°e of minimum air temperature (Sivakurnar and Baidu-Forson, 1995). The few caused increase in trap catches by 4 1.4 and 15.3 previous reports in West Africa on the effect of moths, respectively (Tables 3 and 4). When a weather factors on the flight activity of C. combined analysis of all the factors for both ignefusalis point to rainfall as the key weather years was done, there was an indication of parameter influencing population dynamics of increase in trap catches by 9.2 moths with every millet insect pests (Ajayi and Prabhakar, 1998; loe increase in minimum air temperature at Gahukar, 1988; Nwanze, 1989). In the present Saga (Tabel 6). None of the factors at Maiduguri study, positive relationships were only found was significant (Table 5). Minimum temperature between morning relative humidity, minimum -

GWADI: SEX PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES OF THE PEARL MILLET STEM BORER 11

and maximum temperature and pheromone trap millet stem borer, Coniesta varieties catches and not rainfall. In other studies, Ajayi ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera and Probhakar (1998) reported correlation Pyralidae) in Nigeria. Samaru Journal of between solar radiation, rainfall and pheromone Agricultural Research 18: 55-66. trap catches of C. ignefusalis male moths at Dakuo, D., YOUln, 0., Gwadi, K. W., Ajayi, 0., Bagauda, Kano. Wind speed and direction and Dike, M.C., Ohonenou A. and Tazubil, P. minimum and maximum air temperatures and 1997. Monitoring pearl millet stem borer relative humidity have also been reported as (Coniesta igenefilsalisJpopulation using weather factors that affected catches of male pheromone baited traps. Part 11: Results moths of C. ignefusalis in a pheromone trap from . . Ghana and (Gwadi, 2001). Nigria. Journal of Arid Agriculture 9: 1-8. The current study has demonstrated the Dike, M.C., Ajiboye,T.O. and Ajayi, O. 1999. efficiency of the sex pheromone - baited trap in Survey of millet stem borer. Coniesta monitoring adult moth population of C ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: ignefusalis even at very low densities. The study Pyralidae) and other on late maturing has also established that morning relative pearl millet in Nigeria. Journal of Arid humidity, minimum and maximum air Agriculture 9: 1-8. temperatures affected flight activrty, and Elerno, K.A. and Ajayi.O. 1989. Effects of consequently, seasonal abundance of the adult nitrogen on stem borer damage on sorghum insect in the study areas. The study has further millet mixture. Insect Science and Its shown that the weather factor that may affect the Application 10 (5): 601-605. flight activity of the insect depends on location Gahukar, R.T 1998. Problems and perspectives and the growing season. The information of pest management in the Sahel. A case obtained from this study could be used to study of pearl millet. Tropical Pest develop a monitoring system for C. ignefusalis Management 34: 35-38. and to warn millet growers of potentially Gwadi, K. W. 2001. Sex pheromones and favourable weather data for the insect's weather factors as means of predicting millet development. stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis Hampson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Lepidoptera: Pylidea) outbreaks in the The author thanks Dr. Ousmane Youm of Nigeria Savanna. Ph.D. dissertation, ICRSAT, , for providing the traps and Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 171 pp. pheromone dispensers used and Messrs. Simon Gwadi, K.W., Dike, M.C. and Amatobi, c.1. Mutah. Abdu Isa. Josiah Ozue and Hussaini 2004a. Infestation intensity levels of Mohammed, for their technical assistance in the field. lepidopterous stem borers in millet and their effects in millet cropping systems in the REFERENCES Nigeria Guinea Savanna. Journal of Arid Adesiyun, A.A. 1993. Seasonal abundance and Agriculturre 14 (in press). life history of the millet stem borer. Gwadi, K.W., Nkama, 1., Bibinu, A.T.S., Coniesta ignefusalis Hmp. (Lepidoptera; Iheanacho,A.C., Yakubu, Y., and Ndahi, W. Pyralidae)in Samaru, Nigeria. Insect Science B. 2003. Millet production trends. Pests, and its Appliacation. 14 (3/6): 589-593. diseases, economics and utilisation. Jourfnal Ajayi, O. 1990. Possiblities for integrated control of Arid Agriculture 13: 1-17. of millet stem borer. Acigona ignefusalis Harris, K.M. 1989. Recent advances in sorghum Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). and pearl millet stem borer research, pp. 9- Entomological Society of Niger ria 16. In Proceedings of International Occasional Publication 31: 145-152. Workshop on Sorghum Stem Borer at Ajayi. O. and Prabhakar, V. R. 1998. A ICRISAT Center, ICRISAT, Patancheru, preminary model for predicting incidence of A.P. India, pp. 9-16. millet stem borer. Coniesta ignefusalis ICRISAT 1989. Annual Report for 1988 of the Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). International Crops Research Institute for Entomologidal Society of Nigeria the Semi And Tropics, West African Occasional Publication 31: 145-152. Programs. ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Ajayi, 0., Dike, M.C. Onum, O. Birnin Kudu, Niamey, Niger. U. Gupta, S.C and Zarafi, A.B. 2002. Lukefhar, M.J. 1988. Summary of 19987 Pearl Evaluation of pearl millet for resistance to Millet Entomology Research Activities. -

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