Coniesta ignefusalis:

a Handbook of Information

Information Bulletin no. 46

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Abstract

Citation: Youm, 0., Harris, K.M., and Nwan'ze,K.F. 1996. Coniesta ignefusalis (Hom. pson), the millet stem borer: a handbook of information. (In En. Summaries in En, Fr, Es.) Information Bulletin no. 46. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: Interna­ tional Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics. 60 pp. [Part1: Review pp. 1­ 18; Part·2: Annotated bibliography pp. 19-52] ISBN 92-9066-253-0. Order code: IBE 046. A comprehensive review of the biology and management of Coniesta ignefusalis (Ham­ pson), the millet stem borer, is presented in this· two-part bulletin. The information is categorized under pest status and crop loss assessment, taxonomic descriptions, pest biology and ecology. Pest manage!!lent practices including cultural, plant resistance, biological, legislative, chemical, and integrated methods are discussed. Part 2 contains an annotated bibliography ofnearly 150 references published between 1950 and1994.

Resume

Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson), Ie foreur du mil:un manuel d'informations. La recherche sur la biologie de Coniesta ignefusalis, Ie foreur du mil, ainsi que sur les methodes de lutte contre l'insecte sont passees en revue dans cette publication adeux parties. L'infor­ mation est regroupee sous diversesrubriques: importance du ravageur et estimation de la perte des cultures, descriptions taxonomiques, biologie et ecologie de l'insecte. La gammes des methodes de lutte culturale, biologique, legislative, chimique et integrees ainsi· que la resistance des pIantes y est egalement exposee. La deuxieme partie du document comprend une bibliographie annotee de pres de 150 references publiees entre 1950 et 1994.

Resumen

Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson), el barrenador del mijo: manual de informacion. Esta publicaci6n dividida en dos partes presenta un estudio global de la biologia y lucha contra Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson), el barrenador del mijo. La informaci6n esta orga­ nizada bajo differentes aspectos: estatus del insecto y estimaci6n de la perdidas en los cultivos, descripci6n taxonomica, biologia y ecologia del insecto. Las practicas de manejo contra la plaga, incluyen una amplia gama de optiones--culturales, resistancia de las plantas, metodos biologicos, qufmicos, legislativos asf como el manejo integrado. La segunda parte del documento contiene una bibliografiadetallada de mas de 150 referen­ cias publicadas entre 1950 y 1994.

Cover: Coniesta ignefusalis, full-grown larva and frass in tunneled pearl millet stem; inset, adult female. Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson) the Millet Stem Borer a Handbook of Information

o Youm, KM Harris, and KF Nwanze

I, Information Bulletin no. 46

·1

tIIi ICRISAT.• International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-A~t<;l Irgpics Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India'

1996

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BEST AVAl!.../1DLE COpy The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICRISAT concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product by the Institute.

Copyright© 1996 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).

All rights reserved. Except for quotations of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission from ICRISAT. The Institute does not require payment for the noncom­ mercial use of its published works, and hopes that this Copyright declaration will not diminish the bona fide use of its research findings in agricultural research and development. Contents

Preface v Acknowledgments v

Part 1. Review ofBioecology and Management Introduction 3 Pest Status and Crop Loss Assessment 3 Descriptions 3 Adults 3 Eggs 4 Larvae 5 Pupae 5 Biology and Ecology 6 Life Cycle 6 Host Plants 7 Geographical Distribution 7 Larval Development and Behavior 7 Larval Diapause 8 Carry-over Populations 8 Adult Emergence, Mating, and Dispersal 8 Oviposition 9 Parasitoids, Predators, and Pathogens 9 Population Dynamics 9 Pest Management 11 Cultural Control 11 Crop residues and tillage 11 Crop rotation 11 Sowing dates 11 Removal ofdeadhearts and volunteer crop plants 11 Fertilizer management 11 not imply Intercropping 12 Host Plant Resistance 12 1status of Biological Control 12 non of its Chemical Control 13 nent of or Regulatory and Legislative Control 13 Other Control Methods 13 Light trapping 13. d Tropics Pheromone trapping 13 Monitoring 13 Mating disruption and mass trapping 14 .cism and Integrated Pest Management 14 :tnsmitted .therwise, ,noncom- Ii.., diminish Conclusions and Recommendations 14 Pest Status and Crop Loss Assessment 14 Pref Biology and Ecology 15 Pest Management . 15 At the I References 15 India ir physioll Part 2. AnnotatedBibliography, 1950-1994 for furt: the bio] Introduction 21 bibliogr Main Entries At tl General 22 1990, aJ .Descriptions (Taxonomy) 24 at ISC : Biology, Ecology, Pest Status, region ( and Crop Loss Assessment 24 on Coni Pest Management (General) 36 decisiOI Cultural Control 37 r1..'~ent Plant Resistance 41 ecology, Biological Control and Natural Enemies 43 preparE Chemical Control 45 Progral Other Control Methods 46 . Integrated Pest Management 48 Author.Index 51 Directory ofInstitutions and Researchers 53

I

.If,h·c,·,fhN\·pIQ''Wi''':'''.liiih .•~ ~jJb.aa. Preface I At the International Workshop on Sorghum Stem Borers, held at the ICRISAT Asia Center, Patancheru, I India in Nov 1987, it was agreed that published and unpublished information on the biology, ecology, physiology, and behavior ofthe main stem borer species should be critically reviewed to provide a basis for further work. The first ofthese handbooks (Harris and Nwanze 1992) is a comprehensive review of the biology and management of the African maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), based on a bibliography ofnearly 400 references published between 1900 and 1990. At the Regional PearlMillet Workshop, held at ICRISAT Sahelian Center USC), Sadore, Niger, in 1990, and also at a meeting ofthe West and Central African Millet Research Network (WCAMRN), held at ISC in 1991, it was recommended that support to National Agricultural Research Services in the region could be provided by compiling information handbooks on key pearl millet pests. This handbook on Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson), which is a major pest in Africa, has therefore been prepared to help decision-making in an integrated pest management approach (IPM) and to provide a reference source for current and future research on the pest. Part I is a review of information available on the biology, ecology, and management of C. ignefusalis and Part II is a comprehensive annotated bibliography, prepared by ICRISAT's Library and Documentation Services, Information Exchange and Management Program. This is followed by a directory ofscientists and institutions that are studying this pest.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the literature search made by several institutes: Departement de formation en protection de vegetaux (DFPV), Centre regional de formation et d'application en agrometeorologie et hydrologie operationnelle (AGRHYMET), an institute of the Comire permanent inter-Etats de lutte contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel (CILSS), and Institut senegalais de recherches agricoles (ISRA). We also thank the authors of current and past publications who have provided reprints. Our colleagues in ICRISAT (Asia and Sahelian Centers) and CAB International actively contributed to the preparation of the handbook. We are especially grateful to S Prasannalakshmi, ICRISAT Library and Documentation Services, for finalizing Part 2, the annotated bibliography that was compiled with initial support from S Dutta and the Alliance francaise ofHyderabad. Descriptive drawings of Coniesta ignefusalis stages (Fig. 1) are from Harris (1962) (copyright, CAB International). Photographs of Coniesta ignefusalis egg masses (Fig. 3), larva (Fig. 4), and pupa (Fig. 6) (copyright, M Mathews). Photograph of a diapausing larva of Coniesta ignefusalis in stem (Fig. 5) (copyright, KM Harris). Additional illustrations (Figs. 2, 8, 9, lOa, lOb, 10c, and 11) were provided by 0 Youm.

v Partt

Review ofBioecology and Management

o Youm, KM Harris, and KF Nwanze levels of enhanced infestation on six millet culti­ Introduction vars under experimental conditions reduced yield The millet stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (Ham­ by 0.5-45% (Lukefahr 1988). Nwanze (1989) re­ pson), was first named and described by Hampson ported thatlow levels ofborer attack resulted in a (1919) in the genus Diatraea. Since then, although slight increase in yield of the unprotected treat­ its· status as a good species has never been in ments over the control. This was attributed to doubt, its correct generic placing has still not tillering response to low borer infestation. Later been determined. Taxonomists have assigned it to studies by Lukefahr (1989b) with varying levels of such different genera as Haimbachia, Eoreuma, carbofuran revealed that grain yield increased and Donacoscaptes. It was most recently assigned with decreasing larval populations. However,he to Acigona, but as the genus is now known to be a thought the increase in yield could have been due noctuid and not a pyralid, it has been recom­ to growth stimulation induced by increased car­ mended that the species should remain in. Con­ bofuran applications. iesta until a thorough taxonomic revision can be Attempts to determine.measurement parame­ undertaken'(Agnew 1987). ters which relate stein damage to loss· in grain Coniesta ignefusalis is well known as a persi­ yield have produced variable results. Harris stent and often damaging pest of pearl millet, (1962) obtained conflicting results while compar­ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown, especially in the ing yield capacities of individual bored and un­ Sahelian and subSahelian zones ofWest Mrica; It bored millet stems. Bored stems yielded less than is not known to be important on other cereals. unbored stems in three cases and more in two. Tl!e latter was attributed to i.he association of borer attack with better growing plants. Ajayi Pest Status and Crop Loss and Labe (1990) found good correlations between the number of borer holes, percentage of inter­ Assessment nodes with borer holes, and total tunnel length. During feeding and development, C. ignefusalis Lukefahr (1990) converted the number of exit larvae cause two types of damage. Early-sown holes into larval populations and reported that it millet is attacked by.first-generation larvae required more than 10 larvae per stem before any which damage young plants and cause dead­ realistic reductions in grain· weight occurred. hearts. Seedlings of late-sown millet are exposed Densities of17-24 larvae per stem reduced grain to higher populations of second or third-genera­ yield by 14%. tion larvae which produce extensive tunnels in the stems that may kill the plant. On older plants, stem tunneling may cause lodging and panicle chaffiness due to disruption. of the plant Descriptions vascular system which prevents grain formation Hampson (1919) published a briefformal descrip­ (Harris 1962; NDoye 1979; Nwanze 1989; Ajayi tion of the· female moths. Illustrated descriptions and Labe 1990). of all stages (Fig. I), based on specimens collected Very few rigorous crop loss assessments are in northern Nigeria were published by· Harris avaHable from studies in farmers' fields. Far:n {1962). Betbeder-Matibet (1987) produced a data surveys usually reveal infestation levels, but in­ sheet with color photographs of all stages and of formation on actual crop losses are derived from bored stems. research station experiments. Surveys in Nigeria, Niger, and Burkina Faso recorded borer infesta­ Adults tion in all farmers' fields sampled; stem damage ranged from 56-100% in Nigeria, 24-76% in Adults are nocturnal; during the day, they remain Niger, and 23-89% in· Burkina·Faso (Nwanze well camouflaged on leaves, stems, and trash, of­ 1989). The highest damage was recorded in the ten resting head downward on the· plant. They wetter Sudanian zones ofBurkina Faso. are typical pyralid moths with golden-brown fore­ Harris (1962) projected a 15% loss in·Kano, wings and silky-white hind wings and at rest, the Nigeria, where infestation was high, otherwise forewings are held over the hind wings and abdo­ losses were usually about 5%. In Niger, moderate men in a tent-like position (Fig. 2). Wing length

3 Figure 1. Coniesta ignefusalis: a) female; b) male; c) female at rest,; d) female genitalia, lateral view; e) male genitalia, ventral view; f) tegumen, lateral view; g) eggs; h) non diapausing larva; i) diapausing larva; j) pupa; k) pupal cremaster, ventral view. ranges from 8 to 15 mm and females are generally which is superficially similar to C. ignefusalis. larger than males. They have a blade-like chi­ Specimens should be referred to a specialist if tinized ovipositor which is extended from the tip there is any doubt about their identity. of the abdomen during oviposition. Adult moths reared from pearl millet and Eggs matching this description are most likely to be C. ignefusalis, especially inWest Mrica. In southern Eggs are about I-mm long and are laid in batches • and· eastern Mrica, however, pearl millet plants of 20-25 between leafsheaths and stems (Fig. 3). are also attacked by Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), They are yellowish-white and elliptical and are

4 Figure 4.. Coniesta ignefusalis full-grown. larva and {rass in tunneled pearl millet stem.

Figure 2. Adult Coniesta ignefusalis {emale on pearl millet leat:

partially flattened by the pressure of growing '\ stems against the leaf sheaths.

Larvae Larvae grow to a length ofabout 20 mm and have Figure 5. Coniesta ignefusalis diapausing larva in tun­ a prominent, reddish-brown head. During the neled stem. growing season, the white body ofactive larvae is conspicuously marked with black spots (Fig. 4). Pupae During the dry season, they enter into diapause Pupae are up to 15 mm long, yellowish to reddish and lose these black markings (Fig. 5). The brown and with thorn-like spikes on the abdomi­ pyralid larvae are easily distinguished from those nal segments (Fig. 6). ofthe noctuid stem borer by the circular series of crotchets on the ventral abdominal prolegs (Fig. lh).

.... -.-~-,-~-,-~::.;,.---.;:.":..::.:-., .... -

Figure 3. Coniesta ignefusalis egg mass under a leaf Figure 6. Coniesta ignefusalis pupa in larval tunnel in sheath. pearl millet stem.

5 from light traps or by rearing adults from field­ Biology and Ecology collected eggs, larvae, and pupae showed signifi­ Life Cycle cantly more females than males (Harris 1962). In Niger,a sex ratio of 1:1 was reported based on a The life history of the millet stem borer was de­ sample of 1087 pupae, suggesting that the ratio scribed by Harris (1962) (Fig. 1a-j) and by Bako imbalance from light trap catches could be due to (1977). Adults are active mostly during scoto­ differential responses of males and females to phase, but remain on the ·lower leaf surface or light (ICRISAT 1988). Mating in the laboratory . along stems, with head turned towards the occurslate during the night ofadult emergence or ground during the day. In Nigeria, the·sex ratio early the following fight. Oviposition begins the

Figure 7. Distribution ofConiesta ignefusalis in Africa.

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first night after mating and peaks on the third night after emergence. It can continue through the sixth night after mating. In the field, adult females place their eggs in batches, averaging 20 to 50 eggs between the leaf sheath and the stem (Harris 1962), or on lower leaf blades (Gahukar 1984a. b). Youm (1990) and Youm and Gilstrap (1994) reported that C. ignefusalis oviposition is mostly associated with leafsheath and rarely oc­ curs on leaves. Each female may layover 200 eggs in total. Newly deposited eggs are creamy white to yellow, turning dark after 8 to 11 days, and hatch 24 h after darkening. 1\vo or three gen­ erations occur during each millet-growing season.

Host Plants The main host plant is pearl millet; however, sor­ ghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] may also be attacked, especially when it is intercropped with millet. Maize rZea mays L.] and sugarcane [Sac­ charum officinarum L.] have been recorded as host plants. Some grasses, especially Pennisetum purpureum Schumach, Panicum maximum Jacquin and Andropogon gayanus Kunth have also been re­ corded as hosts. Youm (1990) reported 14a differ­ ent host plants, including some nongraminaceous plants that harbor diapausing larvae during the onset of dry season in Niger. It is possible that other undescribed species of Con­ Figure 8. Deadheart caused by Coniesta ignefusalis lar­ iesta occur on grasses that are not closely related vae on pearl millet. to pearl millet and the host range ofC. ignefusalis will only be clearly defined when adequate tax­ onomic studies can be commissioned. and eventually enter the stalk. During feeding and development, the stem borer causes different Geographical Distribution types of damage depending on the stage of millet growth and the generation of infesting larvae. Coniesta ignefusalis is restricted to mainland M­ First-generation larvae cause· deadhearts and· a rica, south of the Sahara and has been most fre­ consequent loss of crop stand (Fig. 8). Second­ quently recorded in West Mrica (Senegal, Mali, generation larvae cause lodging, disrupt the '.i· Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Benin, Burkina Faso, plant vascular system (Fig. 4), and prevent or if Chad, Mauritania, Ghana, Niger, and Nigeria). It limit grain formation (Fig. 9). Larvae can migrate has also been recorded in Sudan, Ethiopia, and between plants, moving a maximum of 1.2 m in Angola (Fig. 7) and is probably more widely dis­ the insectary and1.8 m in the field (Harris 1962). tributed in tropical Mrica than published records Larval survival during the growing season is high indicate. In Nigeria, it occurs at altitudes up to probably because larvae enter leaf sheaths or about 1000 m. stems within 24 h after hatching. During the wet season, larvae complete development in approx­ Larval Development and Behavior imately 30 to 40 days (mean 34 days). There are usually six, but sometimes seven instars.. Male Hatched larvae remain clustered for approx­ pupae develop in 7-12 days (9.3 average), and imately 24 h, then tunnel into the leaf sheaths female 7-13 days (9.7 average). Pupation

7 Figure 9. If.Aiging ofwindprone stems due to damage by Coniesta ignefusalis. occurs in the larval tunnel and adults emerge 7­ 13 days after pupation.

Larval Diapause In the last generation, larvae cease feeding dur­ ing the dry season, line their tunnels with silk, and lose all integumental pigment. They become pale yellow to creamy white (Fig. 5) and enter into facultative diapause; the nondiapausing lar­ vae continue to retain their black spots. Diapause usually continues for 6-7 months, but may con­ tinue up to more than a year (Harris 1962). Field observations also show that C. igne­ fusalis pupation occurs when both optimum pho­ toperiod and contact moisture are reached (ICRISAT 1988). C'oniesta ignefusalis also under­ goes a state described as "aseasonal quiescence" which is a state ofarrested development linked to adverse environmental conditions (ICRISAT 1988). Figure .10. Source ofinitial stem borer infestation ofmil­ let seedlings: (a) crop residue and pearl millet stems con­ taining diapausing Coniesta ignefusalis larvae used for Carry-over Populations fencing; (b) roofing; and (c) traditional granaries. Postharvest crop residues are considered to be the main source ofdiapausing larvae (Fig. 10). In Nigeria, Harris (1962) reported that· early stern Adult Emergence, Mating, and borer attack is noticeably more severe on crops Dispersal grown in or near villages than those far from vil­ lages. It is generally impractical to destroy crop During the dry season, larvae remain in diapause residue as many farmers use stalks for roofing, until the onset of the next season rains and then fencing, traditional granaries (Fig. 10), shop pupate. Emerging adults infest the new millet kiosks, and animal bedding (Harris 1962). plants. Nothing is known about adult movements

8

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and migratory habits. However, like most pyra­ sitoids did not adequately control C. ignefusalis. lids, the millet stem borer is unlikely to be a He reported that Orius sp and an ant species migratory pest. Mating is mediated by the female Monomorium sp attacked C. ignefusalis and that , sex pheromone which attracts males. Coniesta predators are probably largely responsible for ignefusalis sex pheromone consists of a three­ killing the first instars. A Dutch-funded interna­ component blend: (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol, (Z)-5-decen­ tional collaborative project (DGIS) on parasitoids 1-01, and (Z)-7-dodecen-l-al (Youm et al. 1993a). ofstem borers ofcereal crops in: western and east­ Youm et al. (1993b) reported that female attrac­ ern Mrica is currently undertaking taxonomic re­ tiveness was affected by age: males were more search aimed at validating all records. attracted to I-day old females than 4-day old ones The only published record of a pathogen from probably because older females produce less phe­ C. ignefusalis is of Metarhizium anisopliae Sorokin romone. However, this needs to be further from a larva in Nigeria (Harris 1962). Published investigated. records of predators include two sphecid wasps, Dasyproctus westermanni Dahl. and D. immitis Oviposition Saussure, also in Nigeria (Ajayi 1990), but it is probable that these species were simply using , Caging several substrates with the millet stem stem borer tunnels as nesting sites. borer in laboratory choice tests, Youm (1990) reported that oviposition mostly occurrecron leaf ,sheaths of green millet stems. Oviposition rarely occurred on dry or green leaves or on dry stems Population Dynamics (Youm and Gilstrap 1994). Infestations by C. ignefusalis can occur through­ Parasitoids, Predators, and out the year if suitable crops or alternative host plants are available in the field. However, at most Pathogens locations, two to three generations are produced. Various insect parasitoids of C. ignefusalis have Three distinct generations develop during the been recorded, mainly by Risbec (1950, 1960), , crop season in the wetter Sudanian zone at Sa­ Harris (1962), Bako (1977),NDoye(1980), maru, Nigeria (Harris 1962), while two genera­ Gahukar (981), NDoye et al. (1984), Ajayi (1985), tions have been recorded in the drier Sahelian Markham (1985), NDoye and Gahukar (1987), zones of Niger and Burkina Faso(Nwanze 1989). Youm (1990), Youm and Gilstrap (1993a, b) (Table Gahukar (1984b, 1990a) reported the occurrence 1). Their relative importance in' reducing of two to three generations in Senegal. C. ignefusalis populations has not been exten­ In Niger, the first-generation moths emerge sively assessed. Mohyuddin and Greathead from diapausing larvae after the onset of rains (1970) published an annotated review ofthe para­ whose timing is often variable. A peak in moth sitoids and predators of the main stem borers of population of the first generation occurs in July graminaceous crops in eastern Mrica. In a survey and, of the second generation in September in Niger and Burkina Faso, Markham (1985) (Nwanze 1989). In the more southerly Sudanian reported that Syzeuctus sp was the main larval zone of Nigeria, where the rains are earlier and parasite ofC. ignefusalis and was by far the most longer, the first generation appears in Marchi abundant, occurring in 17 out of 32 sites. Other April. Thwards the end of the rains, larvae enter species, E. rufa and G. procerae (Risbec) were into diapause and survive in dry stems and stub­ occasionally present. Pupal parasitism was much bles until the following growing season. lower. Youm and Gilstrap (1993a, b) assessed The population of diapausing larvae in stems parasitism of C. ignefusalis in millet monocrop­ declines during the dry season from November to ping and concluded that parasitoids were not May and is drastically reduced between'March effective against the millet stem borer except for and May when temperatures exceed 40°C. The an egg parasite Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hy­ size of the' carry-over diapausing larval popula­ menoptera: Scelionidae) which has a parasitism of tion at the end ofthe dry season, the time'ofonset 15.2%. Using exclusion techniques, Youm (1990) of rains, and the total amount of rainfall largely assessed the effectiveness of natural enemies of determine the number ofgenerations and popula­ the millet stem 'borer and concluded that para- tion size (Nwanze 1989).

9 Table 1. Insect parasitoids ofConiesta igne{u8alis in Mrica1• Species Remarks HYMENOPI'ERA Ichneumonidae Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich Western, eastern, and southern Africa, mainly from pyralidstem borers (Mohyuddin and Greathead 1970) Syzeuctus senegalensis Benoit Niger (Youm 1990; Youm and Gilstrap 1993a, b), from larvae Braconidae Glyptapanteles africanus (Cameron) Mali (Walker 1994) Euvipio unifasciatus (Brulle) Nigeria (Harris 1962; Ajayi 1985; Youm and Gils­ trap 1993a, b) Rhaconotus sp Niger (Youm 1990; Youm and Gilstrap 1993a,b) from larvae Tropobrocon antennatus (Granger) Western, eastern, and central Africa (Polaszek, un­ published) Chalcididae Pilochalcis soudanensis (Steffan) Western and easternAfrica on various stem borers, [= Hyperchalcidia soudanensis (Steffan)] especially pyralids (Mohyuddin and Greathead [= Invreia soudanensis (Steffan)] 1970) Eulophidae Pediobius furuus (Gahan) Eastern and western Africa, widespread on various pyralid and noctuid stem borers but more abun­ dant in drier areas (Mohyuddin and Greathead I 1970) Tetrastichus atriclavus Waterston Eastern and western Africa, from various stem borers (Mohyuddin and Greathead 1970) Scelionidae Telenomus busseolae Gahan Widely distributed in Africa, Asia and southern [= Platytelenomus hylas Nixon] Europe, mainly parasitizing eggs of noctuid stem borers (Polaszek and Kimani 1990) Betbylidae SubSaharan Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, Goniozus indicus Ashmead Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan (Polaszek, un­ [= Goniozus natalensis Gordh] published) [= Goniozus procerae Risbec] [Note: Aphanogmus fijiensis Ferriere, Exoristobia dipteroe (Risbec),· and E. braconidis Ferriere are hyper­ parasites, not primary parasitoids (Polaszek and Lasalle, personal communication)]

DIPI'ERA Tachinidae Descampsina sesamiae Mesnil Nigeria (Ajayi 1990) Sturmiopsis parasitica (Curran) Western and eastern Africa on pyralid and noctuid stem borers (Mohyuddin and Greathead 1970) [Note: Records of the chloropid genera Epimadiza and Polyodaspis and of the phorid genus Megaselia as parasitoids ofConiesta are not accepted since species in those genera are most unlikely to be parasitoids] Acarina Pyemotes ventricosus (Newport) Nigeria (Harris 1962), ectoparasite on diapause larvae

1. Only the most important and reliably identified species are listed.

10 Pest Management Crop rotation Crop rotation as a means of reducing stem borer Cultural Control incidence and damage has not·been reported in the literature. Such.an approach seems to be Crop·residues and tillage more appropriate for soilborne pests such as The importance of crop residues in carrying over white grubs and is unlikely to be an effective con­ diapausing larval populations from one growing trolmethod for C. ignefusalis, as it would require season to the next has already been noted. Crop extensive cultivation of a legume (groundnut, for residues are generally not destroyed because example). But, this would be difficult to imple­ many farmers use millet stems for fencing and ment for two major reasons: 1) millet is grown ina building (Harris 1962), and to reduce wind ero­ very harsh environment; and 2) the area under sion in dry and sandy areas (Ajayi 1990)~ Thus, millet cannot be reduced as it is used as a staple approaches in cultural control of C. ignefusalis food crop. which are compatible with farmers' practices and adapted to Sahelian conditions should be encour­ Sowing dates aged. In addition, these methods should be com­ patible with soil conservation and erosion control Using different sowing dates to control the stem schemes in the Sahelian region. borer has been evaluated (Vercambre 1978; A review offield sanitation as a means for con­ Guevremont 1980; Ajayi 1985, 1990; Ajayi and trolling stem borers is provided by Nwanze and Labe 1990; Youm 1990; Youm and Gilstrap 1993a, Mueller (1989) and practices such as burning of b). However, results vary according to season, 10- stems were reported by Maiga (1984) and Guevre­ . cation, and climatic conditions. Sowing dates are mont (1983). Lukefahr et al. (1988) reported that not usually. uniform and are linked to rainfall crop residue management was a promising cul­ variability and farmers' practices. Althoughlate­ tural control tactic. Different combinations of sown millet is usually more attacked (Harris crop residue management have been evaluated to 1962), it is difficult for farmers to use uniform find out the most effective and compatible tech­ sowing dates. nique for an integrated approach to control the millet stem borer in the Sahelian conditions Removal ofdeadhearts and volunteer crop (Mamalo 1990). Cutting stems and laying them plants on the soil surface soon after harvest or incor­ porating stems 5 em below the soil surface pro­ Harris (1962) and Nwanze and Mueller (1989) vides over 90% control of carry-over populations have suggested the removal of deadhearts to re­ (Lukefahr et al. 1988). Similar findings have been duce borer infestation levels. Further evaluation reported by Youm et al. (1993) who stressed the of the technique and rate of adoption by farmers possibility for implementing crop residues man­ should result in large-scale recommendation to agement to control. the millet stem borer at the farmers. Socioeconomic studies on manual labor farmers' level. Bouchard et al. (1993), working at needed for removing deadhearts and volunteer Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, studied the effect crops and its cost to farmers should be cond\J~t~d of time ofharvest of st€:illS on the carry-over pop­ to measure the advantages and limitations ofthe ulation of diapausing larvae. Results in 1988-89 technique. show that harvesting the stems between 11-22 Nov reduced the carry-over population of dia­ Fertilizer management pausing larvae by 78-92% and in 1989-1990, harvesting stems between 3-27 Nov reduced the Gahukar (1992) suggested that the effect offertil­ population by 76-88%. Harvesting by mid­ izer application on insect abundance and plant November prevents many ofthe third-generation damage should be taken into account in pest larvae from completing their development and management strategies.A complete fertilizer dos­ entering into diapa';1se.. age at 50-300 kg per hectare or urea at 50-200 kg per hectare applied to plots sown with two certain millet varieties is a tolerance mechanism pearl millet cultivars (Souna and lEV 800) re­ for minimizing losses caused by stem borer. Ajayi sulted in a significant increase in C. ignefusalis (1985) suggested that hairiness of the leaves and infestation and larval "abundance.. However, 50­ leaf sheaths could explain differences in the 200 kg ha-1 of super phosphate reduced C..ig­ levels of stem borer infestation ofthe three millet nefusalis infestation. Lukefahr (1989b) reported types (gero, dauro, maiwa) in Nigeria. Resistant an increase in C. ignefusalis larval numbers as millet varieties are not available. However, artifi­ the level of nitrogen fertilizer application in­ cial infestation techniques using infested millet creased. The larval population increased by stems have been used by Lukefahr (1989a). The 34.2% when the rate of nitrogen application in­ technique was improved at the ICRISAT Sahelian creased from 45 kg ha-1 (standard rate) to 90 kg Center (ICRISAT Sahelian Center 1991). Lukefahr ha-1. He noticed that phosphorus had a greater (1989a) has used stem borer exit holes as a mea­ impact than nitrogen in increasing larval popula­ surable and repeatable techclque for screening tion on millet and concluded that fertilizers pearl millet varieties. The technique consists of should be carefully applied so ao not to increase placing vertically bundles of infested stems at insect populations. Elemo and Ajayi (1989) re­ regularintervals in plots sown with test varieties ported that millet and sorghum grain yield, as to evaluate resistance to millet stem borer. Pre­ well as stem borer infestation in an intercrop, liminary studies have also shown that plants were not significantly influenced by the rate and with trichomes received fewer eggs than tri­ time of nitrogen application. However, they re­ chomeless plants (ICRISAT Sahelian Center ported that in one ofthe study years, severe stem 1994). Oviposition nonpreference, and leafsheath borer infestation and damage resulted in total morphology and attachments should be consid­ crop failure. In Nigeria, Ajayi (1990) applied 0­ ered in studies to identify resistance. 150 kg N ha-1 as compound and calcium ammo­ nium nitrate fertilizer and found that stem borer Biological Control damage on sole crop dauro millet (transplanted) increased with the rate ofnitrogen applied. Biological control ofC. ignefusalis by importing of natural enemies has not been attempted. As stem Intercropping borers are chronic and serious pests in tropical graminaceous crops (Jepson 1954), and as yields Elemo and Ajayi (1989) reported that sole millet are usually inadequate to justify the use ofinsec­ significantly outyielded millet intercropped with ticides (Swaine 1957), biological control by preda­ sorghum, although neither the rate nor the time tors and parasites and in combination with other of nitrogen application affected millet grain yield pest management tactics seems promising to con­ ( and parameters ofstem borer dan.age in the mix­ trol the millet stem borer. Classical biological con­ ) ture. Their findings were similar to those ofAde­ trol by introduction and establishment of siyun (1983) where no clear difference was parasitoids ofother pyralids (Chilo, Diatraea etc.) observed in the level of infestation by C. ig­ from other parts of the world may offer some op­ nefusalis between sole and mixed crop millet. portunities but may prove difficult in the harsh" However, the effect of intercropping millet with climates where pearl millet is cultivated. Man­ noncereal, and therefore nonhost crops on stem agement of indigenous natural enemies by con­ borer damage to millet needs to be investigated servation and possibly through augmentations (Ajayi 1990). may also have some potential. Parasitism has Host-Plant Resistance been reported to be· low and occurs late in the millet-growing season (Harris 1962; NDoye 1977, Millet resistance to C. ignefusalis has been stud­ 1980; Nwanze 1985; Guevremont 1983). ied in Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and other coun­ Except for studies reported by Youm (1990), tries in the Sahelian region. The millet variety information on the impact of natural enemies in "Zongo" reportedly produces a sticky secretion in controlling the millet stem borer in West Mrica is stem galleries oflarvae, and thus offers some re­ sparse (Markham 1985). Youm (1990) reported sistance by aOntibiosis (NDoye 1977). Nwanze low parasitism of C. ignefusalis larvae· on millet (1985) reported that increased rates oftillering in and that natural enemies were not effective in

12 controlling the borer. He also suggested that rarely justified. The information on the geo­ parasite ineffectiveness was. possibly due in part graphic range of the pest should be useful in de­ to such biological attributes as poor searching ca­ fining regulations for confining it to current pacity and long generation time. The short rainy­ areas. season cropping systems probably did not allow parasites enough time to build up and keep the borer in check. Habitat management should be Other Control Methods explored as a means of maintaining and improv­ ing survival of natural enemies in the Light trapping agroecosystem. As a final step, more effective Adult population monitoring has generally been short-generation stem borer parasites from other. based on light· traps (Harris 1962; Bako 1977; parts of the world could be introduced. Parasites Lukefahr 1989b; Gahukar 1990). However, the should be collected from stem borers related to C. use of light traps for population· monitoring and ignefusalis which attack graminaceous crops and management of the millet stem borer is often dif­ other grasses. Research on the search for and ficult, outside research stations, especially in re­ management of effective natural enemies of C. mote rural areas. The development of a ignefusalis should be encouraged. pheromone trapping system may solve this prob­ lem and can be an important tool in IPM. Chemical Control Pheromone trapping Dimethoate (Maiga and Issa 1988) and Furadan® (Maiga and Issa 1988; Ajayi 1990; Uvah~:ld Ajayi Monitoring.· Female pheromone activity was 1989) were reported to be effective against millet reported in Niger by Bako (1977) and ICRISAT stem borer; however, their use by small farm­ Sahelian Center (1993). Aspects of C. ignefusalis holders is limited because of their costs (Maiga biology involving female pheromone based on age and Issa 1988). Coniesta ignefusalis behavior re­ and trap height have been studied at the ICRISAT stricts opportunities for successful chemical con­ Sahelian Center (Youm et a1. 1993a). The poten,; trol because larvae hatch under the protection of tial for using pheromones to control C.ignefusalis the leaf sheaths and enter the plant stems soon has also been reported in Niger by Youm et a1. after hatching. Insecticides are also rarely justi­ (1993a). A water-based pheromone trap made fied in subsistence agriculture with low economic from local material was shown to be an efficient returns which are characteristic of millet produc­ monitoring tool (Youm and Beevor 1995) (Fig. 11). tion in the Sahel. The cost of insecticides, phy­ totoxicity, lack of trained applicators, poor to nonexistent extension services for pesticide infor­ mation, insecticide residues in harvested grains, and the nonavailability of application equipment are serious limitations to insecticide use in sub­ sistence farming (Ndoye et al. 1984; Gahukar 1984b; Nwanze 1985). Chemical control of stem borers is hampered by the fact that the typical. stem borer life cycle allows a limited time for con­ tact of borers with insecticides (Ingram 1983). Limitations to insecticide use in subsistence farming systems in West Mrica have been dis­ cussed by Youm et al. (1990).

Regulatory and Legislative Control There are no quarantine regulations to control Figure 11. Water-based pheromone trap for mon­ the millet stem borer. The use of. quarantine itoring adult male populations of Coniesta ig­ against a widespread indigenous pest species is nefusalis (Youm and Beevor 1995).

13 Mating disruption and mass trapping. Mat­ nents for a sustainable IPM program. Natural en­ ing disruption to control the millet stem borer emies did not offer much potential but could be was tested in farmers' fields near Sadore in Niger encouraged by crop management practices. (ICRISAT Sahelian Center 1994). Following the Plant breeding for resistance and tolerance re­ identification and production of C. ignefusalis fe­ quires a long-term approach and is a vital compo­ male sex, pheromone and the development of an nent in sustainable IPM. Gahukar (1989), in his efficient pheromone trap (Fig. 11), there seems to review on the management of insect pests of mil­ be potential for using mass trapping to control let, concluded that a combination ofcultural prac­ the millet stem borer. Mating disruption experi­ tices and resistant cultivars would prove effective ments conducted in farmers' fields showed more and that the exchange of genetic material and male catches in control plots than in pheromone­ research information would contribute to an in­ treated plots (ICRISAT Sahelian Center 1994). terdisciplinary approach to pest management in However, mass trapping is less commonly used millet. than mating disruption because it requires more resources in certain cases depending on the mo­ CCI~~lusions bility of target insects and relative cost of traps and and' pheromone. For C. ignefusalis, there is good Recommendations potential for control through mating disruption During the past 75 years, studies have been con­ and mass trapping as moths do not seem to ducted on C. ignefusalis in subSaharan Africa miand mass trapping as moths do not seem to and resulted in much published and unpublished miinexpensive. information. Substantial progress has been achieved since the first studies by Harris (1962). Integrated Pest Management This handbook provides the first detailed com­ The combined effects of control methods have not pilation ofinformation related to research on this been tested under particular farming ecosystems tropical 'stem borer species. Research on phe­ where C. ignefusalis is economically important romones for monitoring and control of C. ig­ However, the use of pheromones for stem borer nefusalis is one of the latest and most promising monitoring and mating disruption has been aspects of current studies. But, one major short­ tested in farmers' fields and proves to be very fall is the research on taxonomy ofthe millet stem promising~ A review by Nwanze and Mueller borer; the genus Coniesta needs to be properly (1989) on management options for stem borer con­ placed. As the species reaches damaging popula­ trol stated that control options, whether alone or tion levels in most of its current geographic in combination with others, lacked incentives for range, careful planning and coordination of re­ farmer adoption mainly because they were im­ search involving the national agricultural re­ practical and do not take sufficient account of search systems (NARS), internatiollC4~ agri­ farmers' needs and resources. This view is less cultural research centers (IARC), and develop­ valid for C. ignefusalis where there is the poten­ ment agencies is necessary. tial for mating disruption as an effective control Our detailed recommendations are summa­ option. rized below. Nwanze (1985) examined the constraints on successful implementation of IPM strategies Pest Status and Crop Loss against the millet head miner, Heliocheilus albi­ Assessment punctella and the stem borer C. ignefusalis. Ajayi (1990) also assessed the possibilities for inte­ Crop losses due to C. ignefusalis may average 15% grated control of C. ignefusalis in Nigeria, and but may sometimes result in total' crop' failure, concluded that chemical control was unlikely to thus making this species a key pest of pearl mil­ be appropriate in the context of an overall IPM let. However, rigorous methods in crop loss as­ strategy in ,the endemic regions. However, good sessment are very few, especially relating to farm hygiene, including management ofcrop resi­ relationship between stem borer densities or dues to limit carry-over of diapause larvae from damage and yield losses in farmers' fields. This one season tothe next, and early sowing with first has often resulted in variable figures in yield loss assured rains, were identified as 'major compo- estimates across years and locations. Therefore,

14 l­ standardized methods for assessing crop losses • Locally-made diet for mass producing C. ig­ Ie should be developed. Methods to determine nefusalis should be improved. quickly the relationship between borer density and yield loss in farmers' fields should also be Current trends and findings in C. ignefusalis )­ produced. Such rapid and reliable methods would research are very encouraging and a concerted .s be useful in surveys covering large areas in sub­ effort of NARS, IARC, nongovernmental organiza­ l- Saharan Africa especially in the· Sahelian and tions (NGO), and regional institutions, involving =- Sudano-Sahelian zones. farmers, should be given a high priority. e d Biology and Ecology L­ References n Much work has been done on the bioecology of C. ignefusalis.However, many basic and strategic Adesiyun, A.A. 1983. Some effects of intercrop­ aspects ofthe research need to be addressed: ping of sorghum, millet and maize on infestation • Adult behavior and movements need to be by lepidopterous stalk borers, particularly Buss~ I studied further to find out if there are migra­ eola fusca. Insect Science and its Application tory patterns. 4:387-391. • How far can moths fly? Do infesting popula­ L­ tions emerge locally or are they a·result of Agnew, C.W. 1987. Status of Acigona HObner I a moths migrating from· remote infested areas? (sensu Bleszynski) (Lepidoptera: PYfalidae: Cram­ d • Do adult females mate once or many times? binae) with changes in nomenclature. Proceed­ r1 • Are there mating deterrents? ings of the Entomological Socie.ty of Washington I ~ . • How does the dry season population carry-over 89(1):100-102. relate to rainy-season population incidence? s Can this be accurately predicted in a struc­ Ajayi, O. 1985. The effects of planting date and tured sampling and modelling? varieties on stem borer infestation and damage of • What is the role of alternate host-plants and pearl millet. Nigerian Journal of Entomology how do borer populations on these affect those 6(1-2):71-77. on millet? Ajayi, 0.1990. Possibilities for integrated control Pest Management ofthe millet stem borer, Acigona ignefusalis Ham­ pson (Lepidoptera: PYfalidae) in Nigeria. Insect Research on C. ignefusalis management received Science and its Application 11(2):109-117. much attention in the 1980s. However, aspects of l research on pheromones as a method of control Ajayi, 0., and Labe, D.A. 1990. The effects of i) have been carried out only in the early 1990s. sowing date and planting method on stem borer i More reliable screening techniques for host-plant damage in dauro millet. Annals of Applied Biol­ resistance need to be developed. ogy ill(3):487-494. • Further research is needed on factors linked to oviposition nonpreference, such as length and Bako, O. 1977. Etude biologique de Haimbachia densities of trichomes. ignefu,salis (Hamps.) (Lepidoptera: PJralidae, • No information is available on economic dam­ Crambinae) en vue d'une lutte biologique. MSc age thresholds levels (ETLs) for C. ignefusalis. Thesis, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada. • What is the role of the two "inhibitory" compo­ nents identified in C. ignefusalis pheromone? Benoit, P.L.G., 1959. Hymenoptera: Ich­ • What are the possibilities of survival and es­ neumonidae. Banchinae, Bassinae, Pimplinae et tablishment of exotic parasites of C. Tryphoninae. Pages 441-482 in South African a~ ignefusalis? imallife: results of the Lund University expedi­ • What are farmers' perceptions of the economic tion in 1950-51 (Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P., and importance of C. ignefusalis and how does this Rudebeck, G., eds.). Vol. 6. compare or relate to scientists' perceptions? • There is a need to train farmers onbasic insect Betbeder-Matibet, M. 1987. Acigona ignefusalis bioecology. (Hampson), PYfalidae, foreur du mil et du sorgho.

15 Page(s) ? in Insectes nuisibles aux cultures Guevremont, H.1980. Etudes sur les insectes du vivrieres d'Mrique, de Madagascar et des MUti mil. Rapport annuel de recherches pour l'arince careignes. Montpellier, France: Institut de· re­ 1979. Maradi, Niger:. Laboratoire d'entomologie, cherches agronomiques tropicales et descultures Centre national de recherches agronomiques de vivrieres. Tarna. L Bouchard, D., Ouedraogo, A, and Boivin, G. Guevremont, H. 1983. Recherches sur l'entomo­ II 1993. Impact de la coupe des tiges sur les larves faune du mil. Rapport annuel de recherches pour I\ diapausantes de Coniesta (= Acigona) ignefusalis l'annee 1982. Maradi, Niger: Laboratoire d'ento­ tJ (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insect Science and its mologie, Centre national de recherches agronomi­ 1 Application 14:31-37. ques de Tarna. 69 pp. Elemo, K.A., and Ajayi, O. 1989. Effects ofnitro­ Hampson, G.F. 1919. Descriptions of new Pyra­ I gen on stem borer damage in sorghum/millet lidae of the subfamilies Crambinae and Siginae. 1 mixture. Insect Science and its Applir.:!tion Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3:533­ (. 10(5):601-605 547. S 11 Gahukar, R.T. 1982. Biological control of insect Harris, K.M. 1962. Lepidopterous stem borers of ] pests ofsorghum and pearl millet in West Mrica. cereals in Nigeria. Bulletin of Entomological Re­ ( Pages 69-91 in Biological control of pests, its po­ search 53(1):139-171. 1 tential in West Mrica: proceedings ofan Interna­ tional Conference, 9-13 Feb 1981, Dakar, Harris, K. M., and Nwanze, K.F. 1992. Busseola J Senegal. USA: USAID Regional Food Crop Protec­ fusca (Fuller), the Mrican maize stalk borer: a tion Project. handbook of information. Information Bulletin no. 33. Patancheru, AP. 502 324, India: Interna­ Gahukar, R.T. 1984a. Rapport d'activite de l'an­ tional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid nee 1983. Programme d'entomologie. Projet Tropics, and Wallingford, UK: CAB InternationaL CILSS de lutte integree. Nioro du Rip, Senegal: 92pp. Comite permanent inter-Etats de lutte contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel. . ICRISAT (International Crops Research In­ stitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1988. ICRI­ Gahukar, R.T.1984b. Insect pests ofpearl millet SAT Annual report 1987. Patancheru, A.P. 502 in West Mrica: a review. Tropical Pest Manage­ 324, India: ICRISAT. ment 30:142-147. ICRISAT (International Crops Research In­ Gahukar, R.T., Guevremont, H., Bhatnagar, stitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian V.S.,. Doumbia, Y.O., NDoye, M., and Pierrard, Center. 1991.· West AfriCail Progl'ams Annual re­ G. 1986. A review of the pest status ofthe millet port 1990. Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT Sahelian spike worm Raghuva albipunctella (De Joannis) Center. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) and its management in the Sahel. Insect Science and its Application ICRISAT (International Crops Research In­ 7:457-463. stitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 1993. West Mrican Programs Annual re­ Gahukar, R.T. 1989. Insect pests of millet and port 1992. Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT Saheliari their management: a review. Tropical Pest Man­ Center. agement 35:382-391. ICRISAT (International Crops Research In­ Gahukar, R.T. 1990. Population ecology of Ac­ stitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian igona ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Center. 1994. West Mrican Programs Annual Senegal. Environmental Entomology 19:558-564. Report 1993. Njamey, Niger: ICRISAT Sahelian Center. Gahukar, R.T. 1992. Effect of various fertilizers and rates on insect pest/pearl millet relation­ Ingram, W.R. 1983. Biological control of gram­ ship in Senegal. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) inaceous stem borers and legume pod borers. In­ 69(2):149-152. sect Science and its Application 4(1-2):205-209.

16 .Jepson, W.F. 1954. A critical review of the world Niger: Institut national de recherches agronomi­ literature on the lepidopterous stalk borers of ques du Niger. tropical graminaceous crops. London, UK: Com­ monwealth Institute ofEntomology. 127 pp. Mamalo, A K. 1990. Perspectives pour une ap­ proche integree de lutte contre Coniesta (= Ac­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1988. Summary of 1987 pearl igona) ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: millet entomology research activities. Niamey, Pyralidae, Crambinae) borer de tige du mil en Niger: International Crops Research Institute for zone sahelienne. Thesis, University of Ouagadou­ the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Sahelian Center. gou, Burkina Faso. 116 pp. 17 pp. (Semiformal publication.) Markham, R.B. 1985. Natural enemies of Ac­ Lukefahr, M.J., Mamalo,AK., and Klaij, M.C. igona ignefusalis and Raghuva albipunctella in 1988. Survival of the millet stem borer, Coniesta Niger and Burkina Faso, and possibilities for de­ (Acigona) ignefusalis during the non growing sea~ velopment of a biological control strategy. Report son. Pages 31-34 in Proceedings of Regional Mil­ of a consultancy for ICRISAT Sahelian Center, let Workshop IAR-ABU/ICRISAT, Zaria, Nigeria, Niger. Niamey, Niger: International Crops Re­ 15-19 Aug 1988. Niamey, Niger: International search Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRI· Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid SAT) Sahelian Center. 31 pp. (Semiformal Tropics (ICRISAT) Sahelian Center. publication.).

Lukefahr, M.J. 1989a. Considerations in the de­ Mohyuddin, AL., and Greathead, D.J. 1970. velopment of a host-plant resistance· program An annotated list of the parasites of gram­ against the pearl millet stem borer. Pages 145­ inaceous stem borers in East Mrica, with a dis­ 149 in International Workshop on Sorghum Stem cussion of their potential in biological control. Borers, 17-20 Nov 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. Entomophaga 15(1):241-274. Patancheru, India: International Crops Research NDoye, M.1977. Syntheses de quelques resultats Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. sur les insectes foreurs des mils et sorgho au Senegal. Bambey, Senegal: Centre national de re­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1989b. Summary of 1988 pearl cherches agronomiques. 15 pp. millet entomology research activities. Niamey, Niger: InternationalCrops Research Institute for NDoye, M. 1979. Un facteur important limitant the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Sahelian Center. la productivite des cereales de cultures exondees 30 pp. (Semiformal publication.) dans Ie Sahel Mricain: Ie probleme des depreda­ teurs. Pages 491-499 in Compte rendu des tra­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1990. Summary of .1989 pearl vaux, Congres sur la lutte contre les insectes en millet entomology research activities. Niamey, milieu tropical, 13-16 Mar 1979, Marseilles, Niger: International Crops Research Institute for France. Part 1. Marseilles, France: Chambre de the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Sahelian Center. commerce et d'industrie. 31 pp. (Semiformal publication.) NDoye, M. 1980. Goniozus procerae Risbec (Hy­ Maiga, S. D. 1984. Premierseminaire regional de menoptera, Bethylidae), ectoparasite larvaire formation. Projet amelioration des mil, sorgho, d'Acigona ignefusalis (Hamp.) (Lep. Pyralidae). niebe et malS (18 Avril-2 Mai). Maradi,· Niger: Bulletin de l'IFAN T. 42, Ser. A, 2:394-400. Laboratoire d'entomologie, Centre national de re­ cherches agronomiques de Tarna. 45 pp. NDoye, M., Gahukar, R.T., Carson, AG., Se­ lvaraj, C., M'baye, D.F., and Diallo, S. 1984. Maiga, S.D., and Issa, H. 1988. Les principaux Situation of plant. protection problems of millet insectes nuisibles aux cultures pluviales (mil, crop in the Sahel. Presented at the International niebe, sorgho et arachide). Pages 41-62 in Man­ Seminar ofCILSS Pest Management Project, 6-13 uel de l'experimentation en plein champ, a l'im­ Dec, Niamey. Nioro du Rip, Senegal: Comite per­ age des cadres du developpement agricole (Reddy, manent inter-Etats de lutte contre la secheresse K.C., A. Berrada, and A. Bonkoula, ed.). Niamey, dans Ie Sahel. 18 pp.

17 NDoye, M., and Gahukar. R.T. 1987. Insect Vereambre, B. 1978.. Raghuva spp. et Masalia pests of pearl millet in West Africa and their con­ sp., chenilles des chandelles du mil en zone trol. Pages 195-205 in Proceedings ofthe Inter­ sahelienne. Agronomie Tropicale 33:62-79. national Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986. ICRISAT Center, India.Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, Walker, A.K. 1994. Species of microgastrinae India:.lnternational Crops Research Institute for «Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing lep­ the Semi-Arid Tropics. idopterous cereal stem borers in Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84:421-434. Nwanze, K.F. 1985. Some aspects of pest man­ ag~ment and host plant resistance in pearl millet Yown, O. 1990. Evaluation of natural enemies in the Sahel. Insect Science and its Application associated with the millet stem borer, Baim­ 6:461-465. bachia ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Pyra­ lidae) .in Niger. PhD thesis, Texas A&M Nwanze, K.F.1989. Insect pests ofpearl millet.in University, College Station, Texas, USA. 145 pp. Sahelian West Africa. I. Acigona ignefusalis (Pyr­ alidae, Lepidoptera): distribution, population dy­ Yown, 0., and Beevor, P.S. 1995. Field evalua­ namics and assessment of crop damage. Tropical tion of pheromone-baited traps for Coniesta ig­ Pest Management 35:137-142. nefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Niger. Journal of Economic Entomology 88(1):65-69. Nwanze, K.F., and Mueller, R.A.E. 1989. Man­ agement options for sorghum stem borers for Yown, 0., and Gilstrap, F.E. 1993a. Population farmers in the semi-arid tropics. Pages 105-113 dynamics and parasitism of Coniesta (= Haim­ in International Workshop on Sorghum Stem bachia) ignefusalis, Sesamia calamistis, and He­ Borers, 17-20 Nov 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. liocheilus albipuncteUa in millet monoculture. Patancheru, AP 502 324, India: International Insect Science and its Application. 14:419-426. Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Yown, 0., and Gilstrap, F.E. 1993b. A note on the bioecology of the millet stem borer, Coniesta Polaszek, A., and Kimani, S. 1990. Telenomus (= Haimbachia)igne{usalis (Lepidoptera: Pyra­ species (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) attacking lidae) in Niger. Samaru Journal of Agricultural eggs of pyralid pests (Lepidoptera) in Africa: a Research 10:97-104. review and guide to identification. Bulletin ofEn­ tomological Research 80:57-71. Yown, 0., Mamalo A.K., and Nwanze., K.F. 1993a. Bioecology and integrated management of Risbee, J.1950. La faune entomologique des cul­ the millet stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): A tures au Senegal et au Soudan fran~ais. Dakar, review and highlights of current research at the Senegal: Gouvernement general de l'Afrique occi­ ICRISAT Sahelian Center. Pages: 55-63 in Pro­ dentale fran~aise. 498 pp. ceedings of the Regional. Pearl Millet Workshop, Risbee, J. 1960. Les parasites des insectes d'im­ 19-21 Sep 1990, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niger portance economique. Agronomie Tropicale 15: (Youm, 0., and Anand kumar, K., eds.). Niamey, 624-656. Niger: ICRISAT Sahelian Center. Swaine, G. 1957. The maize and sorghum stalk Youm, 0., Beevor, P. S., and Hall, n.R. 1993b. borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) in peasant agricul­ Trap design studies with the pheromone of Con­ ture in Tanganyika Territory. Bulletin of Ento­ iesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Pyra­ mological Research 48:711-722. lidae) in sub-saharan Africa. IOBC WPRS Bulletin 16 (10)58-63. Uvah, 1.1., and Ajayi, O. 1989. Chemicals for con­ trol ofstem borers of pearl millet. Pages 16-22 in Yown, 0., and Gilstrap,.F.E. 1994. Habitat site Proceedings ofthe Regional Pearl Millet 1mprove­ selection, crop damage and oviposition preference ment Workshop, 4-7 Sep 1989. ICRISAT Sahelian by Coniesta (= Haimbachia) ignefusalis (Lepidop­ Center, Niger (Fussell, L.K., and Werder, J., ed.). tera: Pyralidae). International Journal of Pest Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT Sahelian Center. Management 40(3):231-236.

18 rasalia 1 zone

ltrinae g lep­ Part 2 ulletin

aemies Hairn­ Annotated Bibliography : Pyra- A&M :5pp. 1950-1994

~valua­ ~sta ig­ Niger. -69. Compiled by

ulation S Prasannalakshmi Hairn­ mdHe­ :ulture. -426.

note on ~oniesta .: Pyra­ mltural

e., K.F. mentof idae): A lat the in Pro­ lrkshop, r, Niger Niamey,

.• 1993b. ofCon­ a: Pyra­ Bulletin

,itat site eference ~pidop- of Pest Contents

Introduction 21 Main Entries G~&~ ~ Descriptions (Taxonomy) 24 Biology, Ecology, Pest Status, and Crop Loss Assessment 24 Pest Management (Genera.l) . 36 Cultural Control 37 Plant Resistance 41 Biological Control and Natural Enemies 43 Chemical Control ·15 Other Control Methods 46 Integrated Pest Management 48 Author Index 51

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I " i

20 Introduction though the number of unique references is 148. This is also reflected in the author index. Two or This bibliography is issued as Part 2 of'Coniesta more postings against an author does not neces­ igne{usalis (Hampson), the millet stem borer: a sarily mean as many unique references under handbook of information'. It contains 148 refer­ that author in the bibliography. ences and includes both conventional and non­ The bibliography contains references to litera­ conventional literature collected from publ­ ture dealing specifically·with C. igne{usalis. As a ished primary and secondary sources, computer­ result, some ofthe references listed in Part 1 may readable databases, and reference lists in papers. not find a place in the bibliography. References in the bibliography are arranged About 75% ofthe documents listed in the bibli­ under broad subject headings, and alphabetically ography are held by the ICRISAT Library. The bib­ by authors under each heading. Annotations are liography is also available as an application prepared for entries wherever the original docu­ under the Micro database management software ments were available. In some cases secondary for microcomputers developed and distributed by, source annotations or abstracts were edited for and available free ofcharge to nonprofit organiza­ the bibliography. A few entries do not have anno­ tions. Interested organizations must apply to the tations as original documents were not accessible. ICRISAT Library to get the C. ignefusalis Annotations have been slanted to cover aspects database. relevant to C.. ignefusalis. References are cited in The ICRISAT Library will keep this bibliogra­ ICRISAT style. phy updated. However, updates will only be pro­ References are repeated under more than one vided on demand, either as hardcopy or on subject heading as appropriate. As a result, the diskettes. Any additions to this bibliography are number of entries in the bibliography is 203, al.., welcome.

21 G~neral . pearl millet pests including Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is reviewed. 001 Ah.m8dou, N. 1986. [Annual report, Entomology 006 (millet, cowpea, groundnut).]. Rapport annuel, CILSS (Comite permanent inter-Etats de lutte . Entomologie (mil, niebe, arachide). (In Fr.). Kollo, contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel). 1989. [Stem Niger: INRAN (Institut national de recherches borers.]. Les foreurs des tiges. (In Fr.). Bulletin agronomiques du Niger). 20 pp. Thematique no. 2. Ouagadogou, Burkina Faso: Studies on insect pests of millet including Baim­ CILSS. 14 pp. bachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefu,salisl in· Niger This bibliography on cereal stem borers includes are· reported. Differences in varietal response to Coniesta ignefusalis. borer infestation are shown. 002 007 Ajayi, O. 1980. Insect pestJ u; millet in Nigeria. Gahukar, R.T. 1984. Insect pests of pearl millet Samaru Miscellaneous Paper no. 97. Samaru, in West Africa: a review. Tropical Pest Manage­ Zaria, Nigeria: Institute for Agricultural Re­ ment 30(2): 142-147. 22 ref. search. 9 pp. Literature on the biology, distribution, hosts, nat­ Literature on insect pests of millet in Nigeria in­ ural enemies, and control measures of insect cluding Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] pests ofpearl millet includingAcigona ignefusalis is reviewed. [Coniesta ignefusalis] is reviewed.

003 008 Ajayi, 0., and Uvah, 1.1. 1989.. Review of re- Gahukar,R.T. 1989. Insect pests of millets and . search on millet entomology in Nigeria: 1977­ their management: a review. (Summary(s) in Fr.). 1987. Page(s) 21-30 in Proceedings of the Re­ Tropical Pest Management 35(4): 382-391. 181 gional Pearl Millet Improvement Workshop, 15­ ref. 19 Aug 1988, Samaru, Nigeria (Fussel, L.K and Werder,J., eds.).Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (Inter­ Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is one of national Crops Research Institute for the Semi­ the pests ofpearl millet reviewed. Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 16 ref. Coniesta ignefusalis is one of the pests reviewed. 009 Gahukar, R.T.,Bhatnagar, V.S., Bos, W.S., 004 and Ndoye, M. 1987. Pearl millet entomology re­ Bague, M. 1987. [Stem borer of millet, Acigona search in Senegal. Page(s) 295 in Proceedings of ignefusalis.]. Le borer de tiges du mil, Acigona the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 ignefusalis. (In Fr.). Niamey, Niger: Departement Apr 1986, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, de formation en protection des vegetaux. A.P. 502324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 005 Bal, AB. 1992. [Major insect pests of millet in Insect pests of pearl millet including Acigona ig­ Senegal: infestation and control methods.]. Les nefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] and their natural principaux insectes du mil au Senegal: impor­ enemies were surveyed and their importance un­ tance du parasitisme et methodes de lutte. (In der subsistance farming conditions was eval­ Fr.). Page(s) 13-23 in La lutte integree contreles uated. ennemis des cultures vivrieres dans Ie Sahel: Deuxieme Seminaire surla lutte integree contre 010 les ennemis des cultures vivrieres dans Ie Sahel, Harris, K.M. 1962. Lepidopterous stem borers of 4-9 Jan 1990, Bamako, Mali. Montrouge, France: cereals in Nigeria. Bulletin of Entomological Re­ John Libbey Eurotext. [Also issued as Sahel PV search 53: 139-171. 19 ref. Info 41:2-10.]. Distribution, life cycle, severity of damage, as­ The literature on biology, economic importance, sessment of yield losses and control measures of varietal resistance, and control methods of major Coniesta ignefusalis are discussed.

22 011 des cereales (sorgho, mil, mals): fluctuations Harris, K.M. 1989. Recent advances in sorghum saisonnieres, importance economique .et possi­ and pearl millet stem borer research. (Sum­ bilite de lutte. (In Fr.). Thesis, Universite de Oua­ mary(s) in Fr.). Page(s) 9-16 in International gadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 61 pp. Workshop on Sorghum Stem Borers, 17-20 Nov Literature on four cereal stem borers including 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is re­ 502 324, India: International Crops Research In­ viewed. Population dynamics of the borers were stitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 46 ref. compared in sorghum, millet, and maize in Sene­ Literature published since 1980 on biology, ecol­ gal. Yield loss and varietal response for borer ogy and control ofstem borers including Coniesta damage in sorghum and maize were evaluated. ignefusalis is reviewed. 016 012 Maiga, S., and Issa, H. 1988. [Principal insect INRAN Onstitut national de recherches pests of rainfed crops (millet, cowpea, sorghum agronomiques du Niger). 1982. [Stem borer, a se­ and groundnut).]. Les principaux insectes nuis­ rious pest ofmillet.]. Un serieux ennemi du mil, Ie ibles aux cultures pluviales (mil, niebe, sorgho et borer des tiges. (In Fr.). Entomologie Fiche no. 9. arachide). (In Fr.). Page(s) 41-62 in Manuel de Niamey, Niger: INRAN. 3 pp. l'experimentation en plein champ, a l'usage des Description, biology, and control strategies of cadres de developpement agricole (Reddy, K.C., Haimbachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] are Berrada, A., and Bonkoula, A., eds.). Niame~ given. Egg, larval and pupal parasites, and fun­ Niger: INRAN (Institut national de recherches gal pathogens of the pest are described. agronomiques du Niger). The description, biology, nature of damage and 013 control measures of major pests including Haim­ lRAT On~titut de recherches agronomiques trop­ bachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] onrain~ icales et des cultures vivrieres). 1987. [Acigona fed crops ofNiger are given.. ignefusalis (Hampson).. Pyralidae. Millet and sor­ ghum stem borer.]. Acigona ignefusalis. (Ham­ 017 pson).Pyralidae. Foreur du mil et du sorgho. (In Mbaye, D.F.1992. [Pests ofmillet in Sahel.]. Les Fr.). Montpellier, France: lRAT. 2 pp. ennemis du mil au Sahel. (In Fr.). Page(s) 1-12 in Notes on the recognition, host plants, biology, in­ La lutte integree contre les ennemis des .cultures juriousness and control of. Acigona ignefusalis vivrieres dans Ie Sahel: Deuxieme seminaire sur [Coniesta ignefusalis] in West Africa are provided. la lutte integree contre les ennemis des cultures Cultural control and use of early varieties are vivrieres dans Ie Sahel, 4-9 Jan 1990, Bamako, recommended. Mali. Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext. Literature on diseases and pests ofmillet includ­ 014 ing Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] in Jepson, W.F. 1954. A critical review of the world Sahel is reviewed. literature on the lepidopterous stalk borers of tropical graminaceous crops. London, UK: Com­ 018 monwealth Institute ofEntomology. 127 pp. NDoye, M., and Gahukar, R.T. 1989. [Insect Identification, host plants, bionomics, population pests of pearl millet in S8.hel.]. Les inseetes rav­ estimation and damage assessment, natural ene­ ageurs du mil achandelles dans Ie Sahel. (In Fr.). mies, and control ofstem borers including Chilo African Journal ofPlant Protection 4(2): 44 pp. ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] are reviewed~ The· most damaging insect pests of pearl millet, . Recommentations for future research on stem including Coniesta ignefusalis, are described with borers are outlined. particular reference to their identification, biol­ ogy, damage, and control techniques. 015 Lankoande, A. 1989. [Lepodopterous stem 019 borers of cereals (sorghum, millet, maize): seaso­ Nwanze, K.F. 1985. Pearl millet entomology at nal variation, economic importance and possible ISC. Page(s) 33-46 in Record of the Regional control methods.]. Les lt~pidopteres foreurs de tige Workshop on Pearl Millet Improvement, 31Aug - 4 Sep 1984, Niamey, Niger. NiameY,Niger: JCRI­ Host plants, distribution; biology, types of dam­ SAT (International Crops· Research Institute for age, and resulting symptoms, and control the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. methods are described for Coniesta ignefusalis in the Sahel. Research techniques and results obtained from work conducted in Niger and Burkina Faso on Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] and Descriptions (Taxonomy) Raghuva albipunctella are presented. 024 020 Agnew, C.W. 1987. Status of Acigona Hubner Nwanze, K.F., and Harris, K.M. 1992. Insect (sensu BleszynskD (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: pests of pearl millet in West Mrica. Review of Crambinae) with changes in nomenclature. Pro­ Agricultural Entomology 80(2): 1133-1155. 97 ceedings ofthe Entomological Society ofWashing­ ref. ton 89(l): 100-102. 14 ref. Literature on biology, economic importance and The genus Acigona was proposed by Hubner control of insect pests including Coniesta ig­ (1826) for two species without a type species being nefusalis is reviewed with· recommendations on designated. Acigona is composed of genus level future research. taxa which should not be considered congeneric. Some contributions towards nomenclature stabil­ 021 ity are offered. Nwasike, C., Baker, E.F.I., and Egharevba, P.N. 1982. The potential for improving millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.), Stapf and Hubb) Biology, ecology, pest J It in farming systems of the semi-arid areas of -, Nigeria. Agriculture and Environment 7: 15-21. status, and crop loss 17 ref. assessment Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisJ is one of 025 it. J the three major.insect pests of millet in Nigeria. Adesiyun, A.A. 1993. Seasonal abundance and An alternative approach to improving millet by life history of the millet stem borer, Coniesta ig­ breeding for pest and disease resistance, reduced nefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in plant bulk, and improved grain protein quality, is Samaru, Nigeria. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Insect Sci­ proposed. ence and its Application 14(5-6): 589-593. 022 Populations of Coniesta ignefusalis were mon­ Projet Nigero-Canadien de protection des itored in Nigeria between 1973 and 1980 using a vegetaux Phase IV. 1988. lMajor pests of millet light trap..Two generations of the insectJyear in Niger and theircontrol.J. Principaux ennemis .were represented by two adult peaks in July and du mil au Niger et leur contr6le. (In Fr.) ED: 2nd September. In 1974, an early peak in May re­ edn. Niamey, Niger: Cooperation Nigero-Cana­ sulted in three generations. In cages in the field, dienne. 28 pp. eggs were laid between the leaf sheath and the stem in batches of 20 to 70 with a mean of 47.5 Twenty economically important insect species, in­ eggs/batch. Laboratory studies conducted at 25­ cluding Coniesta ignefusalis, reported to attack 28 deg C and 75-85 per cent r.h. showed an aver­ millet in Niger are described with particular ref­ age developmental period of 35.5 days. The aver­ erence to their damage, identification, biology, age duration of the egg, larval and pupal stages and control methods. were 4.5, 21.9, and 9.2 days, respectively. Unfed adults lived for 5.3 days. 023 UCTRlPV (Unite de coordination technique re­ 026 gionale en protection des vegetaux). (No date.). Ajayi, O. 1985. The effects of planting date and [Pests of food crops in Sahel.]. Les ennemis des varieties on stem borerinfestation and damage of cultures vivrieres dans Ie Sahel. (In Fr.). Bamako, pearl millet. Nigerian Journal of Entomology 6: Mali: Institut du Sahel. 127 pp. 71-77.2 ref.

24 ~ - Early planting resulted in least infestation and gal: CNRA (Centre national de recherches II 1 damage by Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ agronomiques). 1 nefusalis] in three consecutive years at Samaru, Population dynamics and control methods ofAc­ ! Nigeria. Ofthree millet types_dauro was the most igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] and Rag­ ¥ heavily infested, followed by gero. The least infes­ huva albipunctella were studied at Senegal. tation and damage occurred in maiwa. 031 027 BaI, A.B. 1989. [Analytical report of research ac­ I Ajayi, 0.1987. The status ofmillet entomology in tivities - 1988.]. Rapport analytique des activites I Nigeria. Page(s) 295-296 in Proceedings of the de recherches - 1988. (In Fr.). Bambey, Senegal: I International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr CNRA (Centre national de recherches , 1986, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. egronomiques). 502 324, India: International Crops Research In­ I Population of Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ stitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. • 1 nefusalis] was insignificant at Bambey, Senegal. tl About. 161 insect species are associated. with the Stem borer attack was very low on farmers' fields millet crop in Nigeria. Acigona ignefusalis [Con­ during the vegetative stages of crop growth of iesta ignefusalis1is listed as one of the major pest pearl millet but increased during crop maturity. species. 032 1 I 028 BaI, A.B. 1989. [Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalis ~ Ajayi, O. 1989. Stem borers of sorghum in West Hmps. and Heliocheilus (Raghuva) albipunctella ,I Mrica with emphasis on Nigeria. Page(s) 27-31in Joanis, pests of millet in Senegal: population dy­ International Workshop on Sorghum Stem namics and infestations in the field.]. Coniesta Borers, 17-20 Nov 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. (Acigona) ignefusalis Hmps. et Heliocheilus (Rag­ Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International huva) albipunctella de Joanis, ravageurs du mil Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid au Senegal: dynamique des populations imag­ Tropics. 16 ref. inales.et infestations au champ. (Summary(s) in Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is a En,). Page(s) 11-20 in Proceedings ofthe Regional minor pest of sorghum in a sorghum/millet Pearl Millet Improvement Workshop, 15-19 Aug intercrop. 1988, Samaru, Nigeria (Fussell, L.K., and Werder, J., eds.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (Inter­ 029 national Crops Research Institute for the Semi­ Bako, O. 1977. [Biological and ecological stuqy of Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. Haimbachia ignefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidop~era: The results of monitoring adult population levels Pyralidae, Crambinae) for biological controL]. of Coniesta ignefusalis in 1985-87 using a Robin­ Etude biologique et ecologique de Haimbachia ig­ son electric light trap are reported. The number nefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Cram­ of insects was not affected by the amount of pre­ binae) en vue d'une lutte biologique.On Fr.). cipitation, the average daily. temperature or the Thesis, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. 61 pp. relative humidity. Two generations of the insects Host plant-insect pest-'parasitoid interactions of were caught in 1985 and 1987 and one in 1986, pearl millet and Haimbachia ignefusalis [Con­ between 12 and 51 days after the first rains. iesta ignefusalis] were studied in Niger. Seven 033 Hymenoptera parasites, three Diptera parasites, BaI, A.B. 1990. [Report of activities -1989: De­ and one fungus are listed. The potential of con­ partment of Millet/Cowpea Entomology.]. Rap­ trolling this borer through crop residue destruc­ port d'activite - 1989: du Service d'entomologie tion, use of sex pheromones, and natural enemies mil/niebe. (In Fr.). Bambey, Senegal: CNRA (Cen­ is discussed. tre national de recherches agronomiques).

j( 030 Population dynamics ofinsect pests including Ac­ I I BaI, A.B. 1988. [Summary report of the research igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] was stud­ ! activities - 1987.]. Rapport de synthese desactiv­ ied on pearl millet at Senegal. Two distinct ites de recherches -1987. (In Fr,). Bambey, Sene- population peaks were observed. Infestation ofA.

25 -- - -=

ignefusalis was low compared to other insect (In Fr.). Nioro-du-Rip, Senegal: CILSS (Comite pests. permanent inter-Etats de lutte contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel). 60 pp. 034 Bal, A.B 1993. [Major insect pests offood crops in Adult population dynamics of some biocontrol Sahel.]. Principaux insectes ravageursdes cul­ agents and pests of various crops in Senegal were tures vivrieres au Sahel. (In Fr.). Sahel PV Info studied using light and yellow traps. Coniesta in­ 52: 2-10. festation was lowest on sorghum monocrop, mod­ erate on sorghum/millet intercrop, and highest on A list of economically important pests and aspects millet monocrop. Infestation was generally ofthe bioecology of some of them are given. Con­ higher in millet grown close to trees. iesta ignefusalis is reported as a major stem borer ofmillet in Sahel. 038 Bosque-Perez, N.A, and Mareck, J.H. 1990. 035 Distribution and species composition of lepidop­ Belko, H. 1989. [Effects ofnitrogen on population terous maizeborers in southern Nigeria. Bulletin dynamics of millet stem borer: Coniesta (Acigona) , of Entomological Research 80: 363-368. 22 ref. ignefusalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Cram­ binae).].Effets de l'azote sur la dynamique de Contesta ignefusalis was found on maize in all population du borer de tige de mil: Coniesta (Ac­ four locations in Nigeria in 1985 trials. It con­ igona) 'ignefusalis (Lepidoptere Pyralidae, Cram­ situtes a relatively minor proportion of the borer binae). (In 'Fr.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT population.

26 The major. stem borers of cereals are presented. 045 Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is pre­ Dakouo, D., and Lankoande, A. 1992. [Lep­ dominant on pearl millet in West Africa, partic­ idopterous stem borers on sorghum:· seasonal ularly in eastern Senegal and northern Nigeria. variation, economic importance and prospect for Various control methods are discussed in the light integrated pest management.]. Les Iepidopteres ofresource-poor farmers. foreurs de tige du sorgho: fluctuations saison­ nieres, importance economique et perspectives de 042 lutte integree. (In Fr.). Page(s) 102-109 in La lu­ Breniere, J., and Coutin, R. 1969. [Observa­ tte integree contre les ennemis des cultures tions on millet insect pests in eastern Senegal.]. vivrieres dans Ie Sahel: Deuxieme seminaire sur Observations entomologiques sur les insectes du la lutte inregree contre les ennemis des cultures mil au Senegal oriental. (In Fr.). Paris, France: vivrieres dans Ie Sahel, 4-9 Jan 1990, Bamako, IRAT (lnstitut de recherches agronomiques tropi­ Mali. Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext. cales et des cultures vivrieres). 28 pp. Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis]· was Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] was the predominant on sorghum in Burkina Faso in wet most abundant of all the millet stem borers in region (700-1400 m). Seasonal variation, eco­ Senegal. Souna millet suffered more borer dam­ nomic importance and prospects for integrated age when sown in mid-July than in the last week management ofborers are discussed. ofJune or in the beginning ofAugust. 046 043 Den Boer, L. 1987. [Applied entomology.]. Ento­ mologie appliquee. (In Fr.). Niamey, Niger: De­ Chid, S.R. 1993. [Constraints of pearl millet in partement de formation en protection des Mauritania.]. Contraintes dupetit mil en vegetaux. Mauritanie. (In Fr.). Page(s) 115-121 in Proceed­ ings ofthe Regional Pearl MilletWorkshop, 19-21 Coniesta ignefusalis is included asone of the lep­ Sep 1990, Niamey, Niger (Youm, 0., and Kumar, idopterous pests ofmaize in Sahel. K.A., eds.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (Interna­ tional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid 047 Tropics) Sahelian Center. Doumbia, Y.O., and Bonzi, S.M. 1989. [Inven­ tory and distribution of millet and sorghum in­ Millet production constraints, including Coniesta sects in MalL]. Inventaireet distribution des ignefusalis, are presented in relation to ecological insectes du mil et du sorgho au Mali. (In Fr.). zones in Mauritania. . AgronomieTropicale 44(3): 185~195. Information obtained from research station and 044 farmers' fields on insect pests of pearl millet and CILSS (Comite permanent inter-Etats de lutte sorghum in Mali showed that Coniesta ig­ contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel). 1987. [Mil­ nefusalis, among others, is considered the most let.]. Mil. (In Fr.). Page(s) 17-29 in Recherche et severe on pearl millet. In some areas, severe at­ developpement de la lutte integree contre les tacks resulted in a shift from the cultivation of principaux ennemis des cultures dans Ie Sahel: souna millet to sorghum. compte rendu de la Reunion technique annuelle des groupes de travail, 2-7 Feb 1987, Banjul, 048 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou, Elemo, K.A., and Ajayi, O. 1989. Effects of ni­ Burkina Faso: CILSS. trogen on stem borer damage in sorghUm/millet The occurrence of Acigona .ignefusalis [Coniesta mixture. Insect Science and its Application 10(5): ignefusalis] in Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and the 601-605. 10 ref. Gambia, level ofinfestation in Senegal and types Pearl millet and sorghum grain yield and·stem of crop damage to pearl millet are given. Varietal borer infestation were not significantly influ­ differences are· highlighted. The recommenda­ enced by rate and time of nitrogen application. tions of a working group include studies on yield Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] infesta­ losses, residue destruction, and varietal tion was very severe on pearl millet during the resistance. wet seasons of1984 and 1985, at Samaru, Nigeria

27 - --::'_---=-- .--- ~ -

in 1984 resulting in total crop failure. The posi­ Thesis, Institut pratique de developpement rural, tive association of nitrogen level and number of Kolo, Niger. 60 pp. borer holes per stem and the percentage of stem Larval diapause inAcigona [Coniesta ignefusalis] tunnelled implies that nitrogen may predispose was studied in the laboratory. Diapause termina­ pearl millet to damage by the stem borer. tion was associated with humidity and exposure 049 to light for 13 hours per day was optimum for pupation. Fofana, A, and Mbaye, D.F. 1993. [Millet pro­ duction in Senegal: research constraints and 053 prospects.]. Production du mil au Senegal: contra­ Guevremont, H~ 1980. [Study of millet insects: intes et perspectives de recherches. (In Fr.). annual report of research for the year 1979.]. Page(s) 134-141 in Proceedings of the Regional Etudes sur les insectes du mil: rapport annuel de Pearl Millet Workshop, 19-21 Sep 1990, Niamey, recherches pour l'annee 1979. (In Fr.). Maradi, Niger (Youm, 0., and Kumar, KA., eds.). Niamey, Niger: CNRA (Centre national. de recherches Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research agronomiques de Tarna), and INRAN (Institut Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian national de recherches agronomiques du Niger). Center. 54pp. Millet production constraints, including Coniesta A detailed inventory of millet pests including Ac­ ignefusalis, are presented in relation to ecological igona ignefusalis [Coniestaignefusalis] is pro­ zones in Senegal. vided. Pest. population levels and the extent of 050 damage caused are reported. Stem infestation ranged between 55 and 90 depending on variety Froelich, W., Buah, S.S.J., and Tanzubil, P.B and planting date. Based on entry/exit holes, 1993. A review of millet production and improve­ stem breakage and proportion of infested inter­ ment in Ghana. Page(s) 110-114 in Proceedings of . nodes, the variety 3/4 HK was less susceptible to the Regional Pearl Millet Workshop, 19-21 Sep infestation than CIVT and HKP. Susceptibility of 1990, Niamey, Niger (Youm, 0., and Kumar, K.A., CIVT and HKP decreased with a delay in sowing eds.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International date, while 3/4 HK showed no significant change. Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 054 Coniesta ignefusalis is identified as one ofthe ma­ Guevremont, H. 1981. [Research on insect pests jor pests of pearl millet in Ghana. of millet: annual research report for the year 1980. 2nd part.]. Recherches sur l'entomofaune 051 du mil: rapport annuel de recherches pour l'annee Gahukar, R.T. 1990. Population ecology of Ac­ 1980. Deuxieme partie. (In Fr.). Maradi, Niger: igona ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in CNRA (Centre national de recherches agronomi­ Senegal. Environmental Entomology 19(3): 558­ ques de Tarna), and INRAN (lnstitut nationalde 564.11 ref. recherches agronomiques du Niger). 35 pp. Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] pro­ Haimba'Chia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] ·is duced two or three generations in a crop season listed among 80 insect pests of pearl millet in with maximum activity in August-October. Verti~ Tarna, Niger. Stem infestation, internode dam­ cal distribution of borers in the pearl millet plant age, and frequency ofborer holes varied between was influenced by insect feeding site, plant 1979 and 1980 and was attributed to location of height, stalk thickness, internodes, and stalk con­ experimental plots. dition. Partial burning of infested green stalks was effective in controlling the pest. 055 Guevremont, H. 1982. [Study of the head miner 052 and other insect pests of millet: annual research Gaya, A 1987. [Study of some aspects of dia­ report for the year 1981.]. Etudes sur la mineuse pause in Raghuva and Acigona, pests of millet.]. de l'epi et autresinsectes du mil, rapport annuel Etude de certains aspects de la diapause chez de recherches pour l'annee 1981. (In Fr.). Maradi, Raghuva et Acigona, ennemis de mil. (lnFr.). Niger: CNRA (Centre national de recherches

28 agronomiques de Tarna), .and INRAN (lnstitut 059 national de recherches agronomiques du Niger). ICRlSAT (International Crops Research Insti­ 63 pp. tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1981. Progress in Coniesta ignefusalis is listed as one of the impor­ millet entomology. Page(s) 283-284 in Annual re­ tant insect pests ofpearl millet. Stem borer popu­ port 1979/80. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. lations were observed from July through October 1981 with generally low population densities and Work on millet entomology in Senegal and Upper damage. Volta [Burkina Faso] is reported. Acigona ig­ nefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] was found to be 056 damaging on pearl millet in research stationsln Guevremont, H. 1983. [Research on insect pests Senegal. Incidence was greater in the high rain­ of millet: annual research report for 1982.]. Re­ fall zone (900-1000 mm)·than in the drier cherches sur l'entomofaune du mil: rapport an­ Sahelian zone (about 300 mm)in Upper Volta. nuel de recherches pour 1982. (In Fr.). Maradi, Niger: CNRA (Centre national de recherches 060 agronomiques de Tarna), and INRAN (lnstitut ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ national de recherches agronomiques du Niger). tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1981. Progress in 76pp. sorghum entomology. Page(s) 271-273 in Annual Coniesta ignefusalis is listed among· 80 insect report 1979/80. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: pests of pearl millet in Tarna, and around Mar­ ICRISAT. adi,. Niger, in 1982. Adult population levels were Work on sorghum entomology in Senegal and Up­ lower than in 1980 and 1981. Three generations per Volta [Burkina Faso] is reported. Acigona ig- were recorded. Among four millet varieties .nefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] and Sesamia sp. tested, damage increased in P3Kolo with delay in were important onlocal and improved sorghums sowing date. in Senegal. Of three cultivars examined for borer incidence at harvest, MN-I056 was susceptible to 057 Acigona. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1979. Progress in· 061 sorghum entomology. Page(s) 255-256 in Annual ICRISAT (International· Crops Research Insti­ report 1977-1978. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, In­ tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1982. Sorghum dia: ICRISAT. and pearl millet entomology. Page(s) 320-321 in During rainy season of1977, none of the borers Annual report 1981. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, In­ including Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig· dia: ICRISAT. nefusalis] was reported on sorghum in Senegal. A. Work on sorghum and pearl millet entomology in ignefusalis was predominant in the south and Upper Volta [Burkina Faso], Niger and Nigeria Contarinia sorghicola in the center of the region. are covered. The distribution of the stem borers t were closely related to rainfall. In the drier re­ 4, 058 gions severity of attack was less. Damage by Ac­ ICRISAT (International Crops· Research Insti­ igona [Coniesta] infestation was less after a tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1980.· Progress in legume-cereal-Iegume rotation than in a contin­ sorghum entomology. Page(s) 263-264 in Annual uous cereal crop system. Planting date and crop report 1978-1979. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, In­ residue removal did not show any effect on borer i I/ ii dia: ICRISAT. infestation. r· Work at Senegal on sorghum entomology is re­ i- ported. Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] 062 l infestation on sorghum was highest (11per cent of ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ plants attacked) in Sefa. Acigona was more im­ tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1983. Sorghum portant in early sowings ofthe local cultivar Con­ and pearl millet entomology. Page(s) 363-372 in gossame. Acigona was· reared in·the laboratory Annual report 1982. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, I" using fresh sorghum material. India: ICRISAT.

29 Work on sorghum and pearl millet entomology at tember in Niger. Ofthe two primary parasites, Niger, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso are· reported. Euuipio rufa andSyzeuctus sp., Syzeuctus sp. was Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl was the more abundant. predorilinantborer of pearl millet in October and November in Kamboinse, Burkina Faso. In 067 Nigeria, Busseola fusca accounted for 90 per cent ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ of the borers on sorghum and remaining 10 per tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1988.· Pearl mil­ cent was made up by A. ignefusalis. The borer let.Stem borer [Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalisl. was predominant on the lat~plantedmillet. Page(s) 91-93 in Annual report 1987. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. 063 ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ Studies in Niger on the biology, larval survival tute for· the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1984. Pearl mil­ and time ofpupation, relationship between larval let. International .. cooperation. Insect pests. populations and exit holes, crop loss assessment, Page(s) 100-103 in Annual report 1983. Pa­ effect of carbofuran on borer populations and tancheru, A.P. 502324, India: ICRISAT. evaluation of source~ of resistance are summarized. Activities of the Entomology Program in Niger are reported. Acigona [Coniesta. ignefusalisl was 068 recorded in all millet-growing locations in Niger. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ The borer was most devastating under irrigated tute·for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1989. Pearl mil­ conditions in late May. let. Stem borer [Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalisl. 064 Page(s) 36-37 in Annual report 1988. Pa­ ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ tancheru, A.P. 502 324,'India: ICRISAT. tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1984. Pearl mil­ Sampling methods to estimate larval numbers, let. Stem borer (Acigona ignefusalis). Page(s) 109 augmentation of natural populations and behav­ in Annual report 1983. Patancheru, A.P. 50 324, ior pattemsofConiesta ignefusalis on pearl millet India: ICRISAT. were studied at Niger. Larval exit holes gave a Incidence and fluctuation of Acigonaignefusalis reliable estimate of larval populations. Uniform [Coniesta ignefusalisl on pearl millet were mon­ infestations were achieved by placing infested itored at Niger. Borer incidence and diapausing stems in test area and regulating the emergence larval populations were lower in 1984· than in pattern of adults. Active components of phe­ 1983. Higher levels ofborer damage were noticed romones determined and seven trap designs were on late-sown millet. evaluated. 065 069 ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ Ikwelle, M.C., Labe, il.A., and Nwasike, C.C. tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1985. Pearl mil­ 1993. Millet production in Nigeria: constraints let. Insect pests. Page(s) 98-99 in Annual report and prospects. Page(s) 122-126 in Proceedings of 1984. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. the Regional Pearl Millet Workshop, 19-21 Sep Populations of Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ 1990, Niamey, Niger (Youm, 0., and Kumar, K.A., nefusalisl, were monitored in Niger. There was a eds.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International declining. trend in the borer infestation during Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid 1983-85. Tropics) Sahelian Center. Coniesta ignefusalis·· is identified as one of the 066 three major pearl millet pests in Nigeria. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1987. Pearl mil­ 070 let. Insect pests. Page(s) 83-86 in Annual report INTSORMIL (International SorghumlMillet, 1986. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. Collaborative Research Support Program Thelevel ofstem borer, Acigona ignefusalis [Con­ (CRSP». 1988. Niger. Page(s) 255-262 in Annual iesta ignefusalisl, infestation at Niger in 1986 was report 1987. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: 81 larvae/100 stems at peak infestation in Sep- INTSORMIL.

30 ~- ....---_._---_- ~- __- ..,r.r_. 4 __ ",-;,-.. "_--;#"

Haimbaehia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is 075 briefly covered in the country report of Niger un­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1989. Summary of 1988 pearl der millet entomology. millet entomology research activities. Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research 071 Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Jago, N.D., Rowley, J.Q., and West,C. (No Center. 27 pp. (Limited distribution.). date.). Mali Millet Pest Control Project technical report 1985-87. Kent, UK: Overseas Develop­ Results of studies on Coniesta ignefusalis on the ment Natural Resources Institute. 66 pp. 14 ref. biology, cultural control, pheromone traps, and crop loss assessment are presented. Although Aeigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ nefusalis] is locally abundant in the project area, 076 it did not cause significant grain loss. Chemical Lukefahr, M.J. 1990. Summary of 1989 pearl control is not recommended as it is expensive. millet entomology research activities. Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research 072 Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Jallow, M.F.A. 1993. Pearl millet production and· Center. 23 pp. (Limited distribution.). research in the Gambia. Page(s) 107-109 in Pro­ Results of studies on screening methodology and ceedings of the Regional Pearl Millet Workshop, identification of resistance ofpearl millet to Con­ 1~21 Sep 1990, Niamey, Niger (Youm, 0., and iesta ignefusalis are presented. Information on Kumar, K.A., eds.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (In.:. the sex pheromone and and trap design, bioecol­ ternational Crops Research Institute for Semi­ ogy, and crop loss assessment is also included. Add Tropics) Sahelian Center. ( 077 I Coniesta ignefusalis was one of the major insect pests reducing yields of pearl millet in .the Lukefahr, M.J., Mamalo, A.K., and Nwanze, Gambia. KeF. 1989. A note on the occurrence ofa seasonal quiescence in the millet stem borer, Coniesta (Ae­ 073 igona) ignefusalis. (Summari(s) in Fr.). Page(s) Lankoande, A. 1~89. [Lepodopterous stem 35-37 in Proceedings ofthe Regional Pearl Millet borers of cereals (sorghum, millet, maize): seaso­ Improvement Workshop, 15-19 Aug 1988, Sa­ nalvariation, economic importance.and possible maru, Nigeria (Fussel, L.K., and Werder, J., eds.). control methods.]. Les Iepidopteres foreurs detige Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops I des cereales (sorgho, mil, mais): fluctuations Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) saisonnieres importance economique et· possi­ Sahelian Center. 2 ref. I bilites de lutte. (In Fr.). Thesis, Universite de ~ A seasonal quiescence (arrested development) Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 61 was evident during 1987 in the middle.of the pp. growing season when there was no sigIlificant I Literature on four cereal stem borers including rainfall for 36 days in Niger. ! Aeigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is re­ viewed. Population dynamics of the borers were 078 , compared in sorghum, millet, and maize in Sene­ Lukefahr, M.J., Mamalo, A.K., and Klaij, r gal. Yield loss and varietal response for borer M.C.1989. Survival ofmillet stem borer (Coniesta damage in sorghum and maize were evaluated. (Aeigona) ignefusalis) during the non-growing season. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Page(s) 31-34 in t 074 Proceedings ofthe Regional Pearl Millet Improve­ I Lukefahr, M.J. 1988. Summary of 1987 pearl ment Workshop, 15-19 Aug 1988, Samaru, millet entomology research activities. Niamey, Nigeria (Fussel, L.K, and Werder, J., eds.). Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops {' Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) l Center. 24 pp. (Limited distribution.). Sahelian Center. Results of studies on the biology of Coniesta ig­ During 1986-1987 and 1987-88 dry seasons in nefusalis and identification of resistance of pearl Niger, high temperature reduced larval popula­ millet and yield loss assessment are presented. tions of Coniesta ignefusalis. The survival of lar-

31 vaein standing stalks was greater than those on nage 1979. (In Fr.). Bambey, Senegal: CNRA the soil-surface or buried five em. (Centre national de recherches agrono111iques), and ISRA (Institut senegalais de recherches agri­ 079 coles). 22 pp. Maiga, S.D. 1984. [Insects of cereals.]. Insectes des cereales. (In Fr.). Page(s) 2-21 in Premier Results of experiments in 1979 on the population seminaire regional de formation, Projet ameliora­ dynamics, crop damage, and control methods of tion des mils, sorgho, niebe et mals: Entomologie, Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] and 18 Apr - 2 May 1984, Maradi and Tarna. Maradi, midge species of pearl millet in Sefa-Maniora Niger: INRAN (Institut national de recherches zone of Senegal are reported. Pearl millet was agronomiques du Niger). preferred to sorghum by the borer. Application of Furadan at 450· g a.i. ha-1 gave satisfactory The principal pests of millet, including Haim­ control. bachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusales] in the Sahel are covered. Their morphology, geographi­ 083 cal distribution, damage, and periods of activity NDoye, M. 1981. [Biology of Acigona ignefusalis are reported. Integrated pest management strp.,t­ Hmps; (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Crambinae) the egies are briefly discussed. stem borer of millet in SenegaL]. Contribution a 080 la connaissance de la biologie d'Acigona ig­ Maiga, S.D. 1987. [Integrated control project for nefusalis Hmps. (Lepidoptere, Pyralidae, Cram­ the pests of major food crops in Sahel. Annual binae) foreur de la tige de mil au Senegal. (In Fr.). report 1986, Millet Entomology.]. Projet de lutte Bambey, Senegal:. CNRA (Centre national de re­ integree contre les ennemis des principales cul­ cherches agronomiques), and ISRA

32 324, India: International Crops Research Insti­ Raghuva albipunctella is provided. Crop loss as­ tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 43 ref. sessment methods using incidence and damage Information on the ecology and control measures ratios are discussed. ofinsect pests includingAcigona ignefusalis [Con­ 089 iesta ignefusalis] is reviewed. NWaDze, K.F. 1988. Distribution ofseasonal inci­ 086 dence of some major insect pests of sorghum in Nwanze, K.F. (No date.). Stem-borers ofcereals Burkina Faso. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Insect Sci­ in Sahelian West Mrica: relative importance and ence and its Application 9(3): 313-321. 14 ref. control. Page(s) 115-123 in Biological control of Results of extensive pest surveys conducted on pests: its potential in West Mrica: proceedings of farmers' fields and pest population studies bet­ an International Conference, 9-13 Feb 1981, ween 1979 and 1981 are presented. Acigona ig­ Dakar, Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: US Agency for nefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] infested sorghum International Development Regional' Food Crop in the North but did not show any definite popula­ Protection Project. 14 ref. [Also issued in Fr.: tion pattern; The increase in Acigona infestion in Pages 108-115 in Lutte biologique contre les rav­ October and November corresponded with'high ageurs et ses possibilites en Mrique de l'Ouest: levels of Acigona in pearl millet during that compte rendu du Seminaire qui a eu lieu, 9-13 period. Fev 1981, Dakar, Senegal.]. 090 Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is the Nwanze, K.F.1989. Insect pests ofpearl millet in predominant bur~r Ga millet and is more widely Sahelian West Mrica. 1. Acigona ignefusalis (Pyr­ distributed in the Sahel than Busseola fusca.1t is alidae, Lepidoptera): distribution, population dy­ more prevalent in the North, than in the South on namics and assessment of crop damage. Tropical sorghum. Various cultural measures, use ofresis­ Pest Management 35(2): 137-142. 12 ref. tant varieties, and release'of biological control agents, are reviewed in the context of integrated Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is pest management. widely distributed in West' Mrica but its occur­ rence and severity of infestation varies between 087 locations and years. '!\vo generations of moth pop­ Nwanze, K.F. 1981. Aimual report 1980. Section ulation with peaks in July and September are F: Entomology. Ougadougou, Burkina Faso: ICRI­ reported. Diapausing larval population declined I SAT (International Crops Research Institute for during the dry season from November to May. the Semi-Arid Tropics) Upper Volta Cooperative , Crop infestation was associated by rainfall pat­ I Program. (Limited distribution.). I tern. Stem damage was low in early sown millet. Pest infestations in Upper Volta [Burkina Faso] The local cultivar was the least affected by the are more severe in the South where rainfall ex­ borer damage. ceeds 900 mm. Borer infestation of millet caused primarily by Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ 091 Pierrard, G., and Ba, D. 1986. [Use of I~\ nefusalis] is higher and more extensive, than in sorghum. Stp,m infestation and internode damage agrometeorology in controlling the insect pests of increase with a delay in planting. Intercroppine food crops in Sahel.]. Utilisation de with legume and phosphate fertilizer application l'agrometeorologie dans la lutte' contre les rav­ increased borer infestation. ageurs des pIantes vivrieres dans Ie Sahel. (In Fr.). Page(s) 71-80 in Comptes rendus du Collo­ 088 que sur l'agroclimatologie, 8-12 decembre 1986, Nwanze, K.F. 1988. Assessment of on-farm Bambey, Senegal. Bambey, Senegal: CIRAD (Cen;" losses in millets due to insect pests. (Summary(s) tre de cooperation internationale, en recherche in Fr.). Insect Science and its Application 9(6): agronomique pour Ie developpement), and IRAT 673-677. 15 ref. (lnstitut de recherches agronomiques tropicales Information from 'trials and surveys that have et des cultures vivrieres). been used in West Mrica to assess crop losses due An overview of Sahelian pests and, their control to Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] and methods is presented. An exhaustive

33 agrometeorological study to understand the mi­ curred from 12 Aug to 2 Sep and coincided with gratory patterns ofAcigona ignefu,salis [Coniesta panicle exsertion. ignefusalis] and to establish the relation between first generation population size and that of later 095 generations is suggested. Taneja, S.L., and Nwanze, K.F. 1989. Assess­ ment ofyield loss ofsorghum and pearl millet due 092 to stem borer damage. Page(s) 95-105 in Interna­ Sigisbert, D.Y., and Yehouenou, A. 1993. [Agri­ tional Workshop on Sorghum Stem Borers, 17-20 cultural research and extension inBenin.]. Struc­ Nov 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, ture de la recherche agronomiqueet relation avec A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research la vulgarisation au Benin.· (In Fr.). Page(s) 79-81 Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 6 ref. in Proceedings ofthe Regional Pearl Millet Work­ Tiller infestation by Coniesta ignefusalis and in­ shop, 19-21 Sep 1990, Niamey, Niger (Youm, 0., ternode damage were higher in the late-sown and Kumar, K.A., eds). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT crop ofpearl millet than in the early-sown crop in (International Crops Research Institute for. the Niger. Insecticide protection under low borer Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. damage resulted in a slight increase in grain Coniesta ignefusalis is listed among millet pro­ yield in the non-protected over the protected duction constraints in Benin. crop. 096 093 Teetes, G.L., and Gilstrap, F.E. (No date.). Soumana, I. 1976. [Radioactive marker for millet Niger research on head bugs of sorghum and borer in dry season.]. ·Le marquage radioactif de stem borers of millet. (Summary(s) in En, Fr.). chenilles de saison seche de la pyrale du mil. (In Page(s) 163-168 in Niger Sorghum and Millet Fr.). Page(s) 107-129 in Proces-verbal du Sympo­ Workshop, 13-17 Oct 1985, Niamey, Niger (Axtell, sium international sur les depredateurs au J.D., and Clark, J.W., eds.). West Lafayette, Indi­ champ de l'arachide et du mil, 21-23 Apr 1976, ana, USA: INTSORMIL (International Sorghum/ Kaolack, Senegal. Lagos, Nigeria: Conseil afri­ Millet, Collaborative Research Support Program cain de l'arachide. (CRSP». Experiments designed to monitor absorption pat­ Over 10 per cent ofmillet stalks were infested by terns of radioactive compounds by caterpillars of Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusals] and Ses­ Haimbachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis]· for amia spp. Of the eight biological control agents possible radioactive labelling are described. emerging from horers, Syzeuctus senegalensis was Among the four compounds tested, cobalt gave the most abundant parasite. the best results. 097 094 Teetes, G.L., and Gilstrap, F.E. 1988. Develop­ Soumana, I. 1976. [Use of light traps for mon­ ment and evaluation of systems for controlling itoring millet borers in Niamey and Dosso during insect pests of sorghum/millet by integration of 1974 rainy season.]. Piegeage lumineux de la pyr­ resistant varieties, cultural manipulation and bi­ ale du mil dans les departements de Niamey et de ological control. Page(s) 149-158 in Annual report Dosso pendant la saison pluvieuse de l'annee 1987. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: INTSORMIL {In­ 1974. (In Fr.). Page(s) 96-105 in Proces-verbal du ternational SorghumlMillet, Collaborative Re­ Symposium international sur les depredateurs au search Support Program (CRSP». champ de l'arachide et du mil, 21-23 Apr 1976, The methods and findings ofthe collaborative re­ Kaolack, Senegal. Lagos, Nigeria: ConseilMri­ search project oninsect pests ofsorghum and mil­ cain de l'Arachide. let in Niger are summarized. Population The population dynamics of Haimbachia ig· dynamics in millet monoculture, ecology and nefusalis [Coniestaignefusalis] was monitored, parasitism in alternate host plants and distribu­ using light traps, from July to September in the tion ofdamage and diapausing larvae in dry ma­ Niamey and Dosso provinces. Four peaks were ture millet plants are the topics investigated on recorded; the highest being the second which oc- Haimbachia [Coniesta ignefusalis].

34 .1- I ...

098 protection in Sahel: proceedings of the Annual Teetes, G~L., and Gilstrap, F.E. 1991. Develop­ Meeting 23-27 Mar 1992, Dakar, Senegal.]. Pro­ ment and evaluation of systems for controlling tection des vegetaux dans Ie Sahel: comptes insect pests of sorghum/millet by integration of rendus de la reunion annuelle, 23-27 mars 1992, resistant varieties, cultural manipulation and bi­ Dakar, Senegal. (In Fr.). Bamako, Mali: Institut ological control. Page(s) 125-130 in Annual report de Sahel. 86 pp. 1990. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: INTSORMIL (In­ Research by plant protection agencies and exten­ ternational Sorghum/Millet, Collaborative Re­ sion services in different Sahelian countries is re­ search Support Program (CRSP». ported. The incidence and levels of infestation of Dr. Youm's studies on host plants, natural ene­ Coniesta ignefusalis in the Gambia and in Mali ) mies, oviposition behavior, effects on crop loss, are reported. survival in excised millet stalks, and population dynamics ofHaimbachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ 102 nefusalis] are reported. Vercambre, B. 1986. [Role of hydrological factor on population dynamics of some insect pests of 099 millet in SenegaL]. ROle du facteur hydrique sur Tiarson, N.J.M. 1994. [Incidence ofConiesta ig­ la dynamique de quelques insectes ravageurs du nefusalis, Heliocheilus albipunctella and Rhinyp­ mil au Senegal. (In Fr.). Page(s) ? in Comptes tia infuscata on intercropped millet in Niger.]. rendus du Colloque sur l'agroclimatologie, 8-12 Incidences des attaques de Coniesta ignefusalis, decembre 1986,. Bambey, Senegal. Bambey,·Sene­ Heliocheilus albipunctella, et Rhinyptia infuscata gal: CIRAD (Centre de cooperation internationale sur Ie mil dans les associations culturales au en recherche agronomique pour Ie developpe­ Niger. (In Fr.). Thesis, Universite de Ouagadou...; ment), and IRAT (lnstitut de recherches gou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 113 pp. agronomiques tropicales et des cultures Results of evaluation of millet-based cropping vivrieres). systems under natural infestation of Coniesta ig­ Major pests of millet in Senegal including. Ac­ nefusalis, Heliocheilus albipunctella, and Rhinyp­ igona [Coniesta], Raghuva, Geromiya, Amsacta tia infuscata, are presented. Intercropping millet ) and Spodoptera are studied. Borer incidence and with cowpea (1:1) had no effect on millet stem some control methods are discussed. borer and head miner incidence. When millet is grown under canopy, damage Faidherbia albida· 103 to millet as well as infestation by C. ignefusalis Yehouenou, A. 1987. Pearl Millet Improvement were significantly increased. Program (Entomology Subprogram): final report 100 of a study, 3 Aug - 7 Nov 1987. Niamey, Niger: , ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute UCTWPV (Unite de coordination technique re­ gionale en protection des vegetaux). 1991. [Work­ for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 19 pp. , 11 ref. (Limited distribution.). ) shop on Millet Yield Loss in Sahel: proceedings, f I 20-22 Mar 1991, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.]. Yield loss due to the damage by Coniesta ig­ Colloque sur Ie profil des pertes sur Ie mil dans Ie nefusalis on pearl millet is assessed. High correla­ Sahel: comptes rendus, 20-22 mars 1991, Ouaga­ tion was obtained between number of exit holes dougou,Burkina Faso. (In Fr.). Ouagadougou, and number oflarvae in the main stem. This rela­ Burkina Faso: Institut du Sahel. 30 pp. tionship provides an estimation of relative infes­ tation among millet cultivars. ) Methods for estimating crop losses developed by r various projects in the Sahel are reviewed. A chemical control method that is used to evaluate 104 millet crop losses due to Coniesta ignefusalis dur­ Youm, 0., and Gilstrap, F.E. 1993. A note on ing the vegetative phase is described. the. bioecology of the millet stem borer, Coniesta I (= Haimbachia) ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyra­ 101 lidae) in Niger. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Samaru UCTWPV (Unite de .coordination technique re­ Journal ofResearch 10: 97-103. [Presented at the gionale en protection des vegetaux). 1992. [Crop 22nd Annual Conference ofthe Entomological So-

35 ciety of Nigeria, 7-11 Oct 1990, Ahmadu Bello Coniesta ignefusalis is listed among the most im­ University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria.]. portant insect pests ofmillet in the Sahelian zone The spectrum ofcrop and non-erop host plants of ofBurkina Faso. Coniesta ignefusalis and the complex borer/pIanti natural enemy interactions in selected millet growing areas in Niger are discussed. Pest management (General)

105 108 Youm, 0., and Gilstrap, F.E. 1994. Habitat site BaI, A.B. 1988. [Summary report of the research selection, crop damage and oviposition preference activities-1987.]. Rapport de synthese des activ­ by Coniesta (=Haimbachia) ignefusalis (Lepidop­ ires de recherches -1987. (In Fr.). Bambey, Sene­ tera: Pyralidae). International Journal of Pest gal: CNRA (Cent~ national de recherches Management 40(3): 231-236. agronomiques). In studies· conducted during 1980-88 at Niger Population dynamics and control methods ofAc­ pearl millet grain weight was negatively cor­ igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl and Rag­ related with number ofConiesta ignefusalis entry/ huva albipunctella· were studied at Senegal. exit holes. Coniesta oviposition occured within 109 leafsheaths ofgreen millet plants. Breniere,J.1971. [Problems ofthe lepidopterous 106 borers of graminae in West Mrica.]. Les prob­ Youm, 0., MamaIo, A.K., and Nwanze, K.F. lemes des Iepidopteres foreurs des graminees en 1993. Bio-ecology and integrated management of Mrique de l'Ouest. (In Fr.). Annales de Zoologie et 287~296. the millet stem borer (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae): a Ecologie Animale 3(3): review and highlights of current research at the The major st~m borers of cereals are presented. ICRISAT Sahelian Center. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis]·is pre­ Page(s) 55-63 in Proceedings of the Regional dominant on pearl millet in West Mrica, partic­ Pearl Millet Workshop, 19-21 Sep 1990, Niamey, ularly in eastern Senegal and· northern Nigeria. Niger (Youm, 0., and Kumar, K.A., edsJ. Niamey, Various control methods are discussed in the light Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research ofresource-poor farmers. . Institute for the. Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 36 ref. 110 Gahukar, R.T. 1988. Problems and perspectives Literature on .Coniesta ignefusalis is reviewed. of pest management in the Sahel: a case study of Priorities of research at the ICRISAT Sahelian pearl millet. Tropical Pest Management 34(1): Center include estimation ofyield losses, biology 35-38. 28 ref. as related to laboratory culturing, development of screening techniques, development of effective Literature on the economic importance, biology, cultural control methods, identification of' borer ecology, and control of insect pests including Ac­ resistant lines, and search for effective natural igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] attacking enemies. pearl millet in the Sudano-Sahelian zone ofWest Mrica is reviewed. 107 Zangre, R.G., Sedogo, M.C., Sereme, P., 111 Dabire, L.C., and Cisse, Z. 1993. [Principal pro- . NDoye, M., and Gahukar, R.T. 1987. Insect duction constraints of millet and research priori­ pests ofpearl millet in West Mrica and their con­ ties in Burkina Faso.]. Principales contraintes a trol. Page(s) 195-205 in Proceedings of the Inter­ la production du mil et priorites de recherche au national Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986, Burkina Faso. (In Fr.). Page(s) 85-96 in Proceed­ ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 ings ofthe Regional Pearl Millet Workshop, 19-21 324, India: International Crops Research Insti­ Sep 1990, Niamey, Niger (Youm, 0., and Kumar, tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 43 ref. K.A., eds.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (Interna­ Information on the ecology and control measures tional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid ofinsect pests includingAcigona ignefusalis [Con­ Tropics) Sahelian Center. iesta ignefusalis] is reviewed.

36 e 112 Early planting resulted in least infestation and Nwanze, K.F. 1991. Components for the manage­ damage by Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ ment of two insect pests of pearl millet in nefusalis] in three consecutive years at Samaru, Sahelian West Africa. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Insect Nigeria. Ofthree millet types dauro was the most Science and its Application 12(5-6): 673-678. 29 heavily infested, followed by gero. The least infes­ ref. tation and damage occurred in maiwa. Various methods for the control of Coniesta ig­ 116 nefusalis Hampson and Heliocheilus albi­ Ajayi, 0., and Labe, D.A. 1990. The effects of r_ punctella are briefly discussed. sowing date and planting method on stem borer I damage in dauro millet. Annals of Applied Biol­ s / 113 I Nwanze, K.F., and Mueller, R.A.E. 1989. Man­ ogy 117: 487-494. 7 ref. . agement options for sorghum stem borers for In the trials conducted in Samaru, Nigeria in farmers in the semi-arid tropics. (Summary(s) in r- 1983, 1984, and 1985 on dauro millet, damage due I Fr.). Page(s) 105-116 in InternationalWorkshop to Coniesta ignefusalis varied between years and l on Sorghum Stem Borers, 17-20 Nov 1987, ICRI­ dates ofplanting. Planting between 10 July and 2 SAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, In­ August was best for least stem borer damage lS dia: International Crops Research Institute for while planting between 11 and· 30 July for maxi­ )- the Semi-Arid Tropics. 33 ref. mum yields. The direct sown crop suffered more n Existing control measures againstsorghum stem damage than the transplanted crop. ~t borers including Acigona ignefusalisTConiesta ig­ nefusalis] are briefly reviewed. The review indi­ 117 cates that most recommendations are impractical Bako, O. 1977. [Biological and ecological study of :l. and have not been adopted by farmers in the SAT. Haimbachia ignefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidoptera: ~- Pyralidae, Crambinae) for biological control.]. c- A farming systems perspective to stem borer management is stressed. Etude biologique et ecologique de Haimbachia ig­ a. nefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Cram­ lt 114 binae) en vue d'une lutte biologique. (In Fr.). Vercambre, B. 1986. [Role ofhydrological· factor Thesis, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. 61 pp. on population dynamics of some insect pests of Host plant-insect pest-parasitoid interactions of millet in Senegal.]. ROle du facteur hydrique sur ~s pearl millet and Haimbachia ignefusalis [Con­ la. dynamique de quelques insectes ravageurs du of iesta ignefusalis] were studied in Niger. Seven mil au Senegal. (In Fr.). Page(s) ? in Comptes l): Hymenoptera parasites, three Diptera parasites, rendus du Colloque sur l'agroclimatologie, 8-12 and one fungus are listed. The potential of con­ decembre 1986, Bambey, Senegal. Bambey, Sene­ trolling this borer through crop residue destruc­ y, gal: ClRAD (Centre de cooperation internationale tion, use ofsex pheromones, and natural enemies c­ ( en recherche agronomique pour Ie developpe­ I is discussed. Ig ment), and· lRAT (Institut de recherches st II. agronomiques tropicales et des cultures 118 vivrieres). Belko, H. 1989. [Effects ofnitrogen on population Major pests of millet in Senegal including Ac­ dynamics ofmillet stem borer: Coniesta (Acigona) ct igona [Coniesta], Raghuva, Geromiya, Amsacta ignefusalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Cram­ n- and Spodoptera. are studied.. Borer incidence and binae).]. Effets de l'azote sur la dynamique de population du borer de tige de mil: Coniesta (Ac­ ~r­ some control methods are discussed. :6, igona) ignefusalis (Lepidoptere, Pyralidae, Cram­ binae). (In Fr.). Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT )2 Cultural control ti- (International Crops Research Institute for the 115 Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 40 pp. es Ajayi, O. 1985. The effects of planting date and Coniesta ignefusalis infestation increased with fertilizer (calcium ammonium nitrate 26 per cent n- varieties on stem borer infestation and damage of pearl millet. Nigerian Journal of Entomology 6: N) application but infestation was relatively mod­ 71-77. 2 ref. erate when 45 kg ha-1 was applied. Various com-

37 binations of phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizers The occurrence of Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta resulted in differences in stern borer infestation ignefusalis] in Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and the and yield. Gambia, level of infestation in Senegal and types of crop damage to pearl millet are given. Varietal 119 differences are highlighted. The recommenda­ Bouchard, D., Ouedraogo, A., and Boivin, G. tions of a working group include studies on yield 1993. [Effect of cutting millet sterns on the dia­ losses, residue destruction, and varietal pausing. larvae of Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalis resistance. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).]. Impact de la coupe des tiges du mil sur les larves diapausantes de Con­ 123 iesta (Acigona) ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyra­ Elemo, KA, and Ajayi, O. 1989. Effects of ni­ lidae). (In Fr.). Insect Science and its Application trogen on stern borer damage in sorghum/millet 14(1): 31-37. 18 ref. mixture. Insect Science and its Application 10(5): 601-605. 10 ref. Cutting millet sterns at harvest :r.::,duced the third-generation larvae ofConiesta ignefusalis by Pearl milJet a~d. c;orghum grain yield and stem 76-92 per cent. borer infestation were not significantly influ­ enced by rate and time of nitrogen application. 120 Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] infesta­ Breniere, J. 1970. [Entomological research on tion was very severe on pearl millet during the sorghum and millet in francophone West Africa.]. wet seasons of1984 and 1985, at Samaru, Nigeria Recherches entomologiqueseffectuees en Afrique in 1984 resulting in total crop failure. The posi­ de l'Ouest francophone en matiere de sorgho et de tive association of nitrogen ·level and number of mil. (In Fr.). AfricanSoils 15(1-3): 85-91. borer holes per stem and the percentage of stem tunnelled implies that nitrogen may predispose Coniesta ignefusalis was the most abundant stern pearl millet to·damage by the stern borer. borer in eastern Senegal. Differences in borer damage on early and late sowing of two millet 124 varieties are reported. Larval parasitization by Gahukar, R.T. 1989. Pest and disease incidence Syzeuctus ruberimus senegalensis was recorded. in pearl millet under different plant density and intercropping patterns. Agriculture, Ecosystems 121 and Environment 26: 69-74. 11 ref. Breniere, J., and Coutin, R. 1969. [Observa­ tions on millet insect pests in eastern Senegal.]. Acigona ignefiisalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl popula­ Observations entomologiques sur les insectes du tion and spike worm infestation rate in pearl mil­ mil au Senegal oriental. (In Fr.). Paris. France: let were reduced by planting one row of millet IRAT (lnstitut de recherchesagronomiques·tropi­ with either 10 or 30 cowpea l·OWS. cales et des cultures vivrieres). 28 pp. 125 Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl was the Gahukar, R.T. 1990. Population ecology of Ac­ most abundant of all the millet stern borers in igona ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Senegal. Souna millet suffered more borer dam­ Senegal. Environmental Entomology 19(3): 558­ age when sown in mid-July than in the last week 564.11 ref. ofJune or in the beginning ofAugust. Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl pro­ duced two or three generations in a crop season 122 with maximum activity in August-October. Verti­ CILSS (Comite permanent inter-Etats de lutte cal distribution of borers in the pearl millet plant contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel). 1987. [Mil­ was influenced by insect feeding site, plant let.]. Mil. (In Fr.). Page(s) 17-29 in Recherche et height, stalk thickness, internodes, and stalk con­ developpement de la lutte integree contre les dition. Partial burning of infested green stalks principaux ennemis des cultures dans Ie Sahel: was effective in controlling the pest. compte rendu de la Reunion technique annuelle des groupes de travail, 2-7 Feb 1987,Banjul, 126 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou, Gahukar, R.T. 1992. Effect of various fertilizers Burkina Faso: CILSS. and rates on insect pest/pearl millet relationship

38 in Senegal. TropicalAgriculture 69(2): 149-152. 9 Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis} was the ref. predominant borer of pearl millet in October and Application of a complete fertilizer dosage at 50­ November in Kamboinse, Burkina Faso. In 300 kg ha..,l, to two pearl millet cultivars, or urea Nigeria, Busseola fusca accounted for. 90 per cent of the borers on sorghum and remaining 10 per at 50-200 kg ha-1, resulted in significantly in­ creased levels of stalk infestation and larval cent was made up by A ignefusalis. The borer abundance of Coniesta ignefusalis but super­ was predominant on the late-planted millet. phosphate when applied at 50-200 kg ha-1 re­ 130 duced stalk infestation. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ 127 tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1984. Pearl mil­ Guevremont, H. 1983. [Research on insect pests let. International cooperation. Insect pests. of millet: annual research report for 1982.]. Re­ Page(s) 100-103 in Annual report 1983. Pa­ cherches sur l'entomofaune du mil: rapport an.., tancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. nuel de recherches pour 1982. (In Fr.). Maradi, Activities ofthe Entomology Program in Niger Niger: CNRA (Centre national de recherches are reported. Acigona [Coniesta ignefusalis] was ) agronomiques de Tarna), and INRAN (Institut recorded in all millet-growing locations in Niger. national de recherches agronomiques du Niger). The borer was most devastating under irrigated 76pp. conditions in late May. Coniesta ignefusalis is listed among 80 insect 131 pests of pearl millet in Tarna, and around Mar­ ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ adi, Niger, in 1982. Adult population levels were tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1984. Pearl mil- . lower than in 1980 and 1981. Three generations let. Stem borer (Acigona ignefusalis). Page(s) 109 were recorded. Among four millet varieties in Annual report 1983. Patancheru, A.P. 50 324, tested, damage increased in P3 Kolo with delay in India: ICRISAT. sowing date. Incidence and fluctuation of Acigona ignefusalis 128 [Coniesta ignefusalis] on pearl millet were mon­ ) ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ itored at Niger. Borer incidence and diapausing tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1982. Sorghum larval populations were lower in 1984 than in and pearl millet entomology. Page(s) 320-321in 1983.· Higher levels ofborer damage were noticed Annual report 1981. Patancheru, AP. 502324, In­ on late-sown millet. dia: ICRISAT. 132 Work on sorghum and pearl millet entomology in IRAT (Institut de recherches agronomiquestrop­ Upper Volta [Burkina Faso], Niger and Nigeria icales et des cultures vivrieres). 1987. [Acigona are covered. The distribution of the stem borers ignefusalis (Hampson). Pyralidae. Millet and sor­ were closely related to rainfall. In the drier re­ ghum stem borer.]. Acigona ignefusalis .(Ham­ gions severity of attack was less. Damage by Ac­ pson). Pyralidae. Foreur du mil et du sorgho. (In igona [Coniesta] infestation was less after a Fr.). Montpellier, France: IRAT. 2 pp. legume-cereal-legume rotation than in a contin­ Notes on the recognition, host plants, biology, in­ uous cereal crop system. Planting date and crop juriousness and control of Acigona ignefusalis residue removal did not show any effect on borer [Coniesta ignefusalis] in West Africa are provided. infestation. Cultural control and use of early varieties are t 129 recommended. t ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ 133 tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1983. Sorghum Labe, D.A., and Ajayi, O. 1989. Effects of the s and pearl millet entomology. Page(s) 363-372 in date and method of planting on the grain yield Annual report 1982. Patancheru, AP. 502 324, and yield components ofdauro millet at Samaru India: ICRISAT. in the Nigerian northern Guinea savanna. (Sum­ s Work on sorghum and pearl millet entomology at mary(s) in Fr.). Page(s) 94-102 in Proceedings of p Niger, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso are reported. the Regional Pearl Millet Improvement Work-

39 shop, 15-19 Aug 1988, Samaru, Nigeria ( Fussell, binae) foreur de la tige de mil au Senegal. (In Fr.). L.K., and Werder, J., eds.). Niamey, Niger: ICRI­ Bambey, Senegal: CNRA (Centre national de re­ SAT (International Crops Research Institute for cherches agronomiques), and ISRA (lnstitut the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 5 ref. senegalais de recherches agricoles). 25 pp. The productivity of dauro millet [pearl millet] Larval development of Acigona ignefusalis [Con­ was not affected by the combination of planting iesta ignefusalis] towards diapause can be identi­ dates and methods. However, in 1984 number of fied by the progressive disappearance of black plants per plot were reduced due to the attack by spots on the body. Sowing at the beginning of the Coniesta ignefusalis. season protected millet from the borer attack. 134 138 Labe, D.A., Egharevba, P.N., Yoyock, J.Y., NDoye, M. 1989. [Agricultural production and and Okiror, S.O. 1987. Effect of planting protection of crops in the Sahelian zone of West methods on the performance of dauro millet. Africa.]. Productions agricoles et systemes de pro­ Maydica 32(4): 287-299. tection des cultures et des recoltes stockees dans Direct sown dauro millet [pearl millet] suffered la zone sahelienne de l'Afrique occidentale. (In from highest plant mortality at Zaria and Kataf, Fr.). African Journal ofPlant Protection 4(1): 123 and Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] at­ pp. tack in Zaria, Nigeria in 1981-82. Coniesta ignefusalis is listed as an important pest in the drier areas ofthe Sahel. A briefdescription 135 of the distribution, bioecology, damage, and con­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1989. Summary of 1988 pearl trol techniques is provided. Crop residue destruc­ millet entomology research activities. Niamey, tion is listed as a management option which Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research might conflict with farmer's use of stems. Vari­ Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics)' Sahelian eties INMB 106 and INMB 155 were tolerant of Center. 27 pp. (Limited distribution.). stem borer. Results of studies on Coniesta ignefusalis on the biology, cultural control, pheromone traps, and 139 crop loss assessment are presented. Nwanze, K.F. 1981. AnImal report 1980. Section F: Entomology. Ougadougou, Burkina Faso: ICRI­ 136 SAT (International Crops Research Institute for Lukefahr, M.J., Mamalo, A.K., and Klaij, the Semi-Arid Tropics) Upper Volta Cooperative M.e. 1989. Survival ofmillet stem borer (Coniesta Program (Limited distribution.). (Acigona) ignefusalis) during the non-growing Pest infestations in Upper Volta [Burkina Faso] season. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Page(s) 31-34 in are more severe in the South where rainfall ex­ Proceedings ofthe Regional Pearl Millet Improve­ ceeds 900 mm. Borer infestation of millet caused ment Workshop, 15-19 Aug 1988, Samaru, primarily by Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ Nigeria (Fussel, L.K., and Werder, J., edsJ. nefusalis] is higher and more extensive than in Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops sorghum. Stem infestation and internode damage Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) increase with a delay in planting. Intercropping Sahelian Center. with legume and phosphate fertilizer application During 1986-1987 and 1987-88' dry seasons in increased borer infestation. Niger, high temperature reduced larval popula­ tions of Coniesta ignefusalis. The survival of lar­ 140 vae in standing stalks was greater than those on Sagnia, S.B. 1989. Pest control in millet farming. the soil-surface or buried five em. ILEIA Newsletter 3(Oct): 15-17. 3 ref. Larvae of Coniesta ignefusalis survive the dry 137 season in infested stalks. Larvae can be destroyed NDoye, M. 1981. [Biology ofAcigona ignefusalis by burning these stalks during land preparation. Hmps. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Crambinae) the stem borer of millet in Senegal.]. Contribution a 141 la connaissance de la biologie d'Acigona ig­ Tiarson, N.J.M. 1994. [Incidence of Coniesta ig­ nefusalis· Hmps. (Lepidoptere, Pyralidae,.Cram- nefusalis, Heliocheilus albipunctella and Rhinyp-

40

iP tia infuscata on intercropped millet in Niger.]. In­ The occurrence of Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta cidences des attaques de Coniesta ignefusalis, He­ ignefusalis] in Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and the liocheilus albipunctella, et Rhinyptia infuscata Gambia, level of infestation in Senegal and types sur Ie mil dans les associations culturales au of crop damage to pearl millet are given. Varietal Niger. (In Fr.). Thesis, Universite de Ouagadou­ differences are highlighted. The recommenda­ gou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 113 pp. tions of a working group include studies on yield Results of evaluation of millet-based cropping losses, residue destruction, and varietal systems under natural infestation ofConiesta ig­ resistance. nefusalis, Heliocheilus albipunctella, and Rhinyp­ 145 tia infuscata, are presented. Intercropping millet Doumbia, Y.O., and Scheuring, J.F. 1982. [As­ with cowpea (1:1) had no effect on millet stem sessment ofsmall millet varieties (Pennisetum ty­ borer and head miner incidence. When millet is phoides) resistant to stem borer (Acigona grown under Faidherbia albida canopy, damage ignefusalis (Lepidopt. Pyral.)]. (In Fr.). Page(s) 1- to millet as well as infestation by C. ignefusalis 9 in Commission technique des productions were significantly increased. vivrieres et oIeagineuses. Bamako, Mali: Mini- \ stere d'Agriculture. Of the pearl millet varieties tested for two years Plant resistance in Mali, Ningali (cmm-159) was tolerant to Ac­ 142 igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis]. Ahmadou, N. 1986. [Annual report, Entomology 146 (millet, cowpea, groundnut).]. Rapport annuel, Doumbia, Y.O., and Scheuring, J.F. 1983. [Va­ Entomologie (mil, niebe, arachide). (In Fr.). Kollo, rietal resistance of millet to stem borer (Acigona Niger: INRAN (Institut national de recherches ignefusalis).]. Resistance varietale du mil au agronomiques du Niger). 20 pp. borer de tige (Acigona ignefusalis). (In Fr.). Studies on insect pests of millet including Haim­ Page(s) 1-11 in Cellule defense des cultures projet bachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] in Niger lutte integree Mali: resultats campagnes 1982­ are reported. Differences in varietal response to 1983, Entomologie ( Doumbia, Y.O., Sidibe, B., borer infestation are sho·wn. Toure, K., and Bonzi, M.S., eds.). Bamako, Mali: Ministere d'Agriculture. 143 In 1980, out of 352 varieties tested in Mali, early Ajayi, O. 1985. The effects of planting date and variety Ningali (cmm-159) was resistant to Ac­ varieties on stem borer infestation and damage of igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis]. pearl millet. Nigerian Journal, of Entomology 6: 71-77. 2 ref. 147 Early planting resulted in least infestation and Gahukar, R.T. 1990. Fieldscreeningofpearl mil­ damage by Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ let cultivars in relation to insects and diseases. nefusalis] in three consecutive years at Samaru, (Summary(s) in Fr.). Insect Science and its Appli­ Nigeria. Ofthree millet types dauro was the most cation 11(1):13-19. 16 ref. heavily infested, followed by gero. The leastinfes­ Out of 33 cultivars tested during 1985-86 season tation and damage occurred in maiwa. against natural infestation of Coniesta ig­ nefusalis, amon5 \lther pests and diseases in 144 Senegal, none showed tolerance/resistance to the CILSS (Comite permanent inter-Etats de lutte stalk borer. contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel). 1987. [Mil­ let.]. Mil. (In Fr.). Page(s) 17-29 in Recherche et 148 developpement de la lutte integree· contre les Gahukar, R.T. 1990. Reaction of locally im­ principaux ennemis des cultures dans Ie Sahel: proved pearl millets to three insect pests and two compte rendu de la Reunion technique annuelle diseases in Senegal. Journal of Economic Ento­ des groupes de travail, 2-7 Feb 1987, Banjul, mology 83(5): 2102-2106. 11 ref. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou, Eight locally improved pearl millet cultivars were Burkina Faso: CILSS. compared with the traditional cultivar souna dur-

41 ing the 1982-1984 crop seasons. Based on level of bilites de lutte. (In Fr.). Thesis, Universite de stalk infestation and number ofAcigona [Coniesta Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 61 ignefusalis] larvae, none were found resistant. pp. 149 Literature on four cereal stem borers including Gougari, B. 1990. [Contribution to the study of Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is re­ varietal' resistance of millet to Coniesta (Acigona) viewed. Population dynamics of the borers were ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: compared in sorghum, millet, and maize in Sene­ Crambinae) and the biology ofthe borer.]. Contri­ gal. Yield loss and varietal response for borer bution al'etude de la resistance varietale du mil a damage in sorghum and maize were evaluated. Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalis Hampson (Lep­ 153 idopera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) et ala biologie du Lukefahr, M.J. 1988. Summary of 1987 pearl foreur. (In Fr.). Niamey, Niger: Departement de millet entomology research activities. Niamey, formation en protection des vegetaux. Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research The variety ex-Bornu was relatively more infes­ ~nditute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian ted than CIVT and P3Kolo. Results were incon­ Center. 24 pp. (Limited distribution.). clusive on aspects of borer biology in relation to Results of studies on the biology of Coniesta ig­ different food sources. nefusalis and identification of resistance of pearl 150 millet and yield loss assessmentare presented. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ 154 tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1981. Progress in Lukefahr, M.J. 1989. Considerations in the de­ sorghum entomology. Page(s) 271-273 in Annual velopment of a host-plant resistance program report 1979/80. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: against the pearl millet stem borer. Page(s) 145­ ICRISAT. 150 in International Workshop on Sorghum Stem Work on sorghum entomology in Senegal and Up­ Borers, 17-20 Nov J987, ICRISAT Center, India. per Volta [Burkina Faso] is reported. Acigona ig­ Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International nefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl and Sesamia sp. Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid were important on local and improved sorghums Tropics. 22 ref. in Senegal. Ofthree cultivars examined for borer Several cultivars and breeding lines of pearl mil­ incidence at harvest, MN-1056 was susceptible to let sustained lower populations of Coniesta ig· Acigona. nefusalis compared to local landraces. 151 155 ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1990. Summary of 1989 pearl tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1988. Pearl mil­ millet entomology research activities. Niamey, let. Stem borer [Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalis]. Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research Page(s) 91-93 in Annual report 1987. Patancheru, Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. Center. 23 pp. (Limited distribution.). Studies in Niger on the biology, larval survival Results of studies on screening methodology and and time of pupation, relationship between larval identification of resistance of pearl millet to Con­ populations and exit holes, crop loss assessment, iesta ignefusalis are presented. Information on effect of carbofuran on borer populations and the sex pheromone and and trap design, bioecol­ evaluation of sources of resistance are ogy, and crop loss assessment is also included. summarized. 156 152 NDoye, M. 1989. [Agricultural production and Lankoande, A. 1989. [Lepodopterous stem protection of crops in the Sahelian zone of West borers of cereals (sorghum, millet, maize): seaso­ Africa.]. Productions agricoles et systemes de pro­ nal variation, economic importance and possible tection des cultures et des recoltes stockees dans control methods.]. Les Iepidopteres foreurs de tige la zone sahelienne de l'Afrique occidentale. (In des cereales (sorgho, mil, mals): fluctuations Fr.). African Journal of Plant Protection 4(1): 123 saisonnieres, importance economique et possi- pp.

42 Coniesta ignefusalis is listed as an important pest 160 in the drier areas ofthe Sahel. A briefdescription Bhatnagar, V.S. 1983. [Report ofactivities (June of the distribution, bioecology, damage, and con­ - October 1982), Biological Control Program.]. trol techniques is provided. Crop residue destruc­ Rapport d'activite (juin - octobre 1982), Pro­ tion is listed as a management option which gramme de lutte biologique. (In Fr.). Nioro-du­ might.conflict with farmer's use of stems. Vari­ Rip, Senegal: CILSS (Comite permanent inter­ eties INMB 106 and INMB 155 were tolerant of Etats de lutte contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel). stem borer. 28 pp. [ 157 Coniesta ignefusalis was among several insect Nwanze, K.F. 1985. Some aspects ofpest man­ pests of pearl millet recorded in light traps at agement and host plant resistance in pearl millet Nioro-du-Rip and at Bambey, Senegal. Borer in the Sahel. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Insect Science population was low until the end of September. and its Application 6(3): 461-465. 19 ref. Coniesta larvae were recovered from infested mil­ let stems and overlapping generations were ob­ The relative importance and significance of host served. Four species of larval parasites, two r plant resistance in an integrated pest manage­ tachnides and two ichneuminides were recorded. ) ment program is compared against other modal­ ities. Natural enemies appear inefficient in 161 controlling Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta Bhatnagar, V.S. 1984. [Report of activities (No­ ignefusalis]. vember 1982 - October 1983), Biological Control Program.]. Rapport d'activite (novembre 1982-<>c­ 158 tobre 1983), Programme de lutte biologique. (In } Nwanze, K.F., and Reddy, Y.V.R.1991. A rapid Fr.). Nioro-du-Rip, Senegal: CILSS (Comite per­ method for screening sorghum for resistance to manent inter-Etats de lutte contre la secheresse Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyra­ dans Ie Sahel). 80 pp. lidae). Journal of Agricultural Entomology 8(1): 41-49.11 ref. Eight parasites were identified on Acigona .ig­ nefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] in Senegal: Stur­ The possibility of using the rapid screening miopsis parasitica, Goniozus procerae Risbec, method developed for Chilo partellus to Busseola Liomorpha sp, Mesochorus sp, Byzeuctus sp, By­ fusca and Coniesta ignefusalis is indicated. perchalcidia soudanensis Steffan, Dasyproctus bi­ punctatus bipunctatus, and Mermis sp.

Biological control and 162 natural enemies Bhatnagar, V.S., and Dieme, E. 1983. [Report of activities of the dry season (November 1981 ­ 159 May 1982), Biological Control Program.]. Rapport Bako, O. 1977. [Biological and ecological study of d'activite de saisonseche (novembre 1981 - mai Baimbachia ignefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidoptera: 1982), Programme de lutte biologique. (In Fr.). Pyralidae, Crambinae) for biological control.]. Nioro-du-Rip, Senegal: CILSS (Comite perma­ Etude biologique et ecologique de Haimbachia ig­ nent inter-Etats de lutte contre la secheresse nefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Cram­ dans Ie Sahel). 19 pp. binae) en vue d'une lutte biologique. (In Fr.). The development of a biological control strategy Thesis, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. 61 pp. against the main pests ofcereals is attempted. No Host plant-insect pest-parasitoid interactions of parasite was found on the diapausing larvae of pearl millet and Haimbachia ignefusalis [Con­ Coniesta ignefusalis. The techniques used for ob,;, iesta ignefusalis]. were studied in Niger. Seven serving parasites need to be improved. Hymenoptera parasites, three Diptera parasites, and one fungus are listed. The potential of con­ 163 trolling this borer through crop residue destruc­ Breniere, J. 1970. [Entomological research on tion, use ofsex pheromones, and natural enemies sorghum and millet in francophone West Africa.]. is discussed. Recherches entomologiques effectuees en Afrique

43 de l'Ouest francophone en matiere de sorgho et de 167 d mil. (In Fr.). Mrican Soils 15(1-3): 85-91. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ tl Coniesta ignefusalis was the most abundant stem tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1987. Pearl mil­ Cl borer in eastern Senegal. Differences in borer let. Insect pests. Page(s) 83-86 in Annual report l' damage on early and late sowing of two millet 1986. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. F varieties are reported. Larval parasitization by The level of stem borer, Acigona ignefusalis [Con­ C Syzeuctus ruberimus senegalensis was recorded. iesta ignefusalis], infestation at Niger in 1986 was P 81 larvae/lOO stems at peak infestation in Sep­ 164 tember in Niger. Of the two primary parasites, Cl iE CILSS (Comite permanent inter-Etats de lutte Euuipio rufa and Syzeuctus sp., Syzeuctus sp. was Ii contre la secheresse dans Ie Sahel). 1983. [Annual more abundant. technical report, 1983, IPM Project.]. Rapport C1 technique annuel 1983, Projet de lutte integree. 168 l' (In Fr.). Bambey, Senegal: CILSS. 98 pp. Markham, R.H. 1985. Natural enemies of Ac· d Research activities and results are presented igona ignefusalis and Raghuua albipunctella in C with emphasis on biological control of the main Niger and Burkina Faso and possibilities for de­ n insect pests.of pearl millet, including Coniesta velopment of a biological control strategy: report 1'1 ignefusalis. of a consultancy ofr ICRISAT Sahelian Center, d Niamey. Nairobi, Kenya: Commonwealth Insti­ CI 165 tute ofBiological Control, Kenya Station. Gahukar, R.T. (No date.). Biological control of 1 Results ofthe survey of53 sites showed that Syz­ (; insect pests of sorghum and pearl millet in West euctus sp. was more abundant and widespread Africa, Dakar, Senegal. Page(s) 69-91 in Biolog­ ) p than the other two parasites, Euuipio rufa and n ical control of pests: its potential in West Africa: Hyperchalcidia soudanensis on Acigona ig­ proceedings of an International Conference, 9-13 E nefusalis [Coniestaignefusalis]. There was no re­ 1 Feb 1981, Dakar, Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: US lationship between rate of parasitism and host Agency for International Development, Regional density. The parasites were ineffective as biolog­ ( Food Crop Protection Project. 42 ref. [Also issued ical control agents. Possibilities and recommen­ i~ in Fr.: Pages 74-83 inLutte biologique contre les dations for biological control are given. s ravegeurs et ses possibilites en Mrique de l'Ouest: compte rendu du Seminaire qui a eu lieu, 169 1 9-13 Fev 1981, Dakar, Senegal.]. Nagarkatti, S., and Rao, V.P. 1975. Biology of F p Literature on distribution and biological control and rearing technique for Sturmiopsis parasitica (Curr.) (Diptera,Tachinidae), a parasite of gram­ l' of major insect pests ofsorghum and pearl millet t including Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ inaceous borers in Mrica. Bulletin of Entomologi­ cal Research 65: 165-170. a nefusalis] is reviewed. 6 Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is in­ p 166 cluded in the list ofcommon hosts ofSturmiopsis Gilstrap, F.E., and Youm, O. 1989. Biological parasitica. 0 control of millet stalk borer in Niger. Page(s) 159 e in Proceedings ofthe International SorghumIMil­ 170 s let CRSP Conference, 3-5 Jan 1989, Scottsdale, NDoye, M. 1980. [Goniozus procerae Risbec (Hy­ a Arizona, USA. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: INTSO­ menoptera: Bethylidae), ectoparasitic larvae of RMIL (International SorghumIMillet, Collabora­ Acigona ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera, Pyra­ 1 1 tive Research Support Program (CRSP». lidae, .Crambinae).]. Goniozus procerae Risbec l' (Hymenopteres, Bethylidae), ectoparasite Iar­ Outof 14 plant species belonging to seven gram­ s vaire d'Acigona ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidop­ inaceous and non-graminaceous families col­ I lected in Niger, Andropogon gayanus was the teres, Pyralidae, Crambinae). (In Fr.). Bulletin de , l'IFAN (Senegal) T.42(2): Series A 394-400. most common host of Haimbachia [Coniesta ig­ J nefusalis]. Though several parasites attacked the The life cycle and a laboratory technique for rear­ a stem borer in millet, densities of borers were not ing Goniozus procerae on diapausing larvae ofAc­ ~ suppressed by these parasites. igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] are (I

44 described. Implications of the findings on the fu­ Over 10 per cent of millet stalks were infested by ture use of the parasite in stem borer biological Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusals] and Ses­ control are mentioned. amia spp. Of the eight biological control agents emerging from borers, Syzeuctus senegalensis was 171 the most abundant parasite. Pennards, G.W.A. 1992. [List of parasites of Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera, 175 Pyralidae) and ofsome lepidopterous pests offood Teetes, G.L., and Gilstrap, F.E. 1989. Develop­ crops in Sahel.]. Inventaire des parasites de Con­ ment and evaluation of systems for controlling iesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera, Pyra­ insect pests of sorghUm/millet by integration of lidae)et de certains lepidopteres ravageurs des resistant varieties, cultural manipulation and bi­ cultures vivrieres du Sahel. (In Fr.). Niamey, ological control. Page(s) 143-148 in Annual report Niger: Departement de formation en protection 1988. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: INTSORMIL (In­ des vegetaux. ternational SorghumlMillet, Collaborative Re­ Coniesta ignefusalis is listed as one of the three search Support Program (CRSP». major lepidopterous pests ofpearl millet and was The methods and findings ofthe collaborative re­ reported in six different locations. The number, search project on insect pests ofsorghum and mil­ distribution and status as potential biological let in Niger are summarized. Research on control agents ofthe parasites are given. biological control ofHaimbachia igne{usalis [Con­ iesta ignefusalisl includes the identification ofthe 172 alternate host plants, and the life table studies on Quicke, D.L.J. 1983. The true identity of re­ the borer to characterize the suppressive impact j ported braconid (Hym.) parasites of Coniesta ig­ of extant natural enemies. nefusalis (Kmps.) (Lep., Pyralidae) in Nigeria. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 119(1424­ 176 1427): 94. 3 ref. Yount, O. 1990. Evaluation of natural enemies Glyptomorpha and Euvipio parasitising Coniesta associated with the millet stalk borer, Haim­ ignefusalis in Nigeria are referred to as. Euvipio bachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl (Ham­ sp. pson) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Niger. Ph.D. thesis, Texas A & M University, College Station, 173 Texas, USA. 145 pp. 159 ref. Risbec, J. 1960. [Economically important insect Literature on distribution, biology, host plants .pests and their parasites in Tropical Africa and and control ofmajor millet pests including Haim­ Madagascar.]. Les parasites des insectes d'impor­ ( bachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is re­ tance economique en Afrique tropicale et a Mad­ viewed. Results ofstudies conducted from 1986 to agascar. (In Fr.). Agronomie Tropicale 15(6): 624­ 1988 on Haimbachia ignefusalis in Niger are re­ 656. ported on its host plants, natural enemies, and its A descriptive taxonomic list of millet insect pests bioecology including population dynamics, and of economic importance and associated natural crop loss. The borer was collected from 14 alter­ enemies in tropical Africa and Madagascar is pre-· nate host plants and was parasitized by a com­ sented. Thirteen species of natural enemies that plex of para!?ite species. Platytelenomus sp was attack Coniesta ignefu,c;alis are reported. the most common parasite. Natural enemies did not control the borer on millet. Diapause larvae 174 population declined during the dry season. A Teetes, G.L., and Gilstrap, F.E. (No date.). f model on borer, host plants and natural enemies Niger research on head bugs of sorghum and is proposed. stem borers of millet. (Summary(s) in En Fr.); (- Page(s) 163-168 in Niger Sorghum and Millet Workshop, 13-17 Oct 1985, Niamey, Niger (Axtell, Chemical control J.D., and Clark, J.W., eds.). West Lafayette, Indi­ ana, USA: INTSORMIL (International Sorghum/ 177 Millet, Collaborative Research Support Program ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ ( (CRSP». tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1988. Pearl mil- t 45 let. Stem borer [Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalisl. yield in the non-protected over the protected Page(s) 91-93 in Annual report 1987. Patancheru, crop. A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. 181 Studies in Niger on the biology, larval survival UCTRlPV (Unite de coordination technique re­ and time ofpupation, relationship between larval gionale en protection des vegetaux). 1991. [Work~ populations and exit holes, crop loss assessment, shop on Millet Yield Loss in Sahel: proceedings, effect of carbofuran on borer populations and 20-22 Mar 1991, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.l. evaluation of sources of resistance are Colloque sur Ie profil des pertes sur Ie mil dans Ie summarized. Sahel: comptes rendus, 20-22 mars 1991, Ouaga­ 178 dougou, Burkina Faso. (In Fr.). Ouagadougou, Jago, N.D., Rowley, J.Q., and West, C. (No Burkina Faso: Institut du Sahel. 30 pp. date.). Mali Millet Pest Control Project technical Methods for estimating crop losses developed by report 1985-87. Kent, UK: Overseas Develop­ various projects in the Sahel are reviewed. A ment Natural Resources Institute. 66 pp. 14 ref. chemical control method that is used to evaluate Although Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ millet crop losses due to Coniesta ignefusalis dur­ ing the vegetative phase is described. nefusalis] is locally abundant in the project area, it did not cause significant grain loss. Chemical 182 control is not recommended as it is expensive. Uvah, 1.1., and Ajayi, O. 1989. Chemicals for control of·stem borers of pearl millet in the 179 Nigerian savanna. Annual report, Entomology NDoye, M. 1980. [Problem of stem borers and (millet, cowpea, groundnut). (Summary(s) in Fr.). midge of millet in Sefa-Maniora: report of the Page(s) 16-22 in Proceedings of the Regional rainy season 1979.l. Probleme du borer de la tige Pearl Millet Improvement Workshop, 4-7 Sep et des ceciidomyies· des graines de mil dans la 1989, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Sadore (Fussel, zone de Sefa-Maniora: profil de la campagne L.K., and Werder, J., eds.), Niamey, Niger: ICRI­ d'hivernage 1979. (In Fr.). Bambey, Senegal: SAT. (International Crops Research Institute for CNRA (Centre national de recherches agronomi­ the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 10 ref. ques), and ISRA (Institut senegalais de re­ cherches agricoles). 22 pp. Efficacies ofsome seed dressings and other chem­ ical formulations for control of Coniesta ig­ Results of experiments in 1979 on the population nefusalis were compared with that of granular dynamics, crop damage, and control methods of carbofuran at Nigeria during 1985-88. Miral 3G Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis1 and at 15 kg granules ha-I, Apronplus 500S seed midge species of pearl millet in Sefa-Maniora dressing at 59 kg-I seed and Talstar 10 cc applied zone of Senegal are reported. Pearl millet was twice at 20 and 35 days after planting were found preferred to sorghum by the borer. Application of to be promising alternatives to carbofuran. Furadan at 450 g a.i. ha-I gave· satisfactory control. Other control methods 180 Taneja, S.L., and Nwanze, K.F. 1989. Assess­ 183 ment ofyield loss of sorghum and pearl millet due Bako, O. 1977. [Biological and ecological study of to stem borer damage. Page(s) 95-105 in Interna­ Haimbachia ignefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidoptera: tional Workshop on Sorghum Stem Borers, 17-20 Pyralidae,. Crambinae). for biological control.l. Nov 1987, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, . Etude biologique et ecologique de Haimbachia ig­ A.P. 502324, India: International Crops Research nefusalis (Hmps.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Cram­ Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics. 6 ref. binae) en vue d'une lutte biologique. (In Fr.). Tiller infestation by Coniesta ignefusalis and in­ Thesis, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. 61 pp. ternode damage were higher in the latk--sown Host plant-insect pest-parasitoid interactions of crop ofpearl millet than in the early-sown crop in pearl millet and Haimbachia ignefusalis [Con­ Niger. Insecticide protection under low borer iesta ignefusalis] were studied in Niger. Seven damage resulted in a slight increase in grain Hymenoptera parasites, three Diptera parasites,

46 and one fungus are listed. The potential of con­ nual report 1992. Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT trolling this borer through crop residue destruc­ Sahelian Center. tion, use of sex pheromones, and natural enemies Oviposition preference ofConiesta ignefusalis and is discussed. pheromone trap parameters were studied at 184 Niger. Ofthe five varieties tested, a trichomeless ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ F3 progeny was significantly preferred for ovi­ tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1989. Pearl mil­ position. The trap parameters for increased effi­ let. Stem borer [Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalis]. ciency were established. Large dispensers were Page(s) 36-37 in Annual report 1988. Pa­ more efficient and lasted up to 42 days. Male tancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT; moths were tolerant to E-isomers. Sampling methods to estimate larval numbers, 188 augmentation of natural populations and behav­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1989. Summary of 1988 pearl ior patterns ofConiesta ignefusalis on pearl millet millet entomology research activities. Niamey, were studied at Niger. Larval exit holes gave a Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research reliable estimate of larval populations. Uniform ) Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian infestations were achieved by placing infested Center. 27 pp. (Limited distribution.). stems in test·area and regulating the emergence pattern of adults. Active components of phe­ Results of studies on Coniesta ignefusalis on the romones determined and seven trap designs were biology, cultural control, pheromone traps, and evaluated. crop loss assessment are presented. ) 185 189 ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ Lukefahr, M.J. 1990. Summary of 1989 pearl tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1991. Pearl Millet millet entomology research activities. Niamey, Improvement Program. Insect pests. Millet stem Niger: ICRISAT (International. Crops Research borer. Page(s) 11-12 in West African Programs an­ Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian nual report 1990. N.iamey, Niger: ICRISAT Center. 23 pp. (Limited distribution.). Sahelian Center. ) Results of studies on screening methodology and Identification and field-testing ofthe pheromone identification of resistance of pearl millet to Con­ ofConiesta ignefusalis in Niger are reported. Five iesta ignefusalis are presented. Information on components ofthe pheromone were identified and the sex pheromone and trap design, bioecology, tested in different combinations and mixture ra­ and crop loss assessment is also included. tios for their ability to attract males. 190 186 Pierrard, G., and Ba, D. 1986. [Use of ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ agrometeorology in controlling the insect pests of tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1992. Pearl Millet food crops in Sahel.l. Utilisation de Improvement Program. Insect pests. Millet stem . l'agrometeorologie dans la lutte contre les rav­ I borer [Coniesta (Acigona) ignefusalisl. Page(s) 12- . ageurs des plantes vivrieres dans Ie Sahel. (In ) 13 in· West African Programs annual report 1991. Fr.). Page(s) 71-80 in Comptes rendus du Collo­ Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT Sahelian Center. que sur l'agroclimatologie, 8-12 decembre 1986, Studies on optimization of pheromone blend for Bambey, Senegal. Bambey, Senegal: CIRAD (Cen­ maximum attraction ofmale Coniesta ignefusalis, tre de cooperation internationale en recherche the efficiency and longevity of original and new agronomique pour Ie developpement), and IRAT polythene vial dispensers,. and trap design pa­ (Institut de recherches agronomiques tropicales rameters atNiger are reported. et des cultures vivrieres). 187 An. overview of Sahelian pests and their control ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insti­ methods is presented. An exhaustive tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1993. Pearl Millet agrometeorological study to understand the mi­ Improvement Program. Insect pests. Millet stem gratory patterns ofAcigona ignefusalis [Coniesta borer. Page(s) 11 in West African Programs an- ignefusalis] and to establish the relation between

47 ';

,.",.~t"::"~0'4'_::'=:W------~~~ first generation population size and that of later nomic importance and prospects for integrated generations is suggested. management of borers are discussed.

191 194 Youm, 0., Beevor, P.S., and Hall, D.R. 1993. FAO. 1987. [Research and development of the in­ Trap design studies with the pheromone of Con­ tegrated control of the enemies of the main food iesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Pyra­ crops in the Sahel countries: summary of activ­ lidae) in sub-Saharan Agrica. IOBC WPRS ities (1981-86) and. recommendations, Biological Bulletin [Bulletin OILB SROP] 16(10): 58-63. 8 Control Program, CILSS Project for Integrated ref. [Presented at the IOBCIWPRS Working Control, Senegal. Report based on the work of Group Meeting on the Use of Pheromones and ~S. Bhatnagar.]. Recherche et development de la other Semiochemicals in Integrated Control, 11­ lutte inregree contre les ennemis des principalis 14 May 1993, Chatham, UK]. cultures vivrleres dans les pays du Sahel: syn­ A water~il based trap developed from local ma­ these des activites (1981-86) et recommanda­ terial proved to be three-fold as efficient as one tions, programme de lutte biologique, Projet commerical trap. Implications on trap designs CILSS de lutte integree, Senegal. Rapport etabli and optimization studies for monitoring Coniesta sar la base des travaux de V.S. Bhatnagar. (In Fr. ignefusalis are discussed. Summary(s) in En.). Rapport Technique GCP/ RAF/128/CLS. Rome, Italy: FAG. Integrated pest Results of the observations on pests including Ac­ igona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] are briefly management presented. 192 Ajayi, 0.1990. Possibilities for integrated control 195 ofthe millet stem borer, Acigona ignefusalis Ham­ Gahukar, R.T., Bos, W.S., Bhatnagar, V.S., Di­ pson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Nigeria. (Sum­ erne, E.,Bal, A.B., and Fytizas, E. 1986. [Re­ mary(s) in Fr.). Insect Science and its Application cent findings in millet entomology in Senegal: 11(2): 109-117.13 ref. presented at the Evaluation Meeting of Millet Programme, 19-21 Mar 1986.]. Acquis recents en Various control options for Acigona ignefusalis entomologie du mil au Senegal: document pre­ [Coniesta ignefusalisl including date of planting, sente a la Reunion d'Evaluation du Programme fertilization, chemical insecticides, and biological Mil, 19-21 mars 1986. (In Fr.). Bambey, Senegal: control are presented and the possibilities ofinte­ lnstitut senegalais de recherches agricoles. grating them for stem borer management are discussed. Research results on integrated pest management of insect pests of pearl millet including Acigona 193 ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] in Senegal are Dakouo, D., and Lankoande, A. 1992. [Lep­ reported. 69-72 per cent oflarvae ofAcigona were idopterous stem borers on sorghum: seasonal found on pearl millet stems. Partial burning of variation, economic importance and prospect for stems after harvest resulted in 61-84 per cent integrated pest management~l. Les lepidopteres larval mortality and 98-100 per cent pupal foreurs de tigedu sorgho: fluctuations saison­ mortality. nieres, importance economique et perspectives de lutte integree. (In Fr.). Page(s) 102-109 in La lu­ 196 tte integree contre les ennemis des cultures Jago, N.D. 1990. Economically viable chemical vivrieres dans Ie Sahel: Deuxieme seminaire sur pest control of millet pests at farmer level in la lutte integree contre les ennemis des cultures Sahelian Mali. Page(s) 87-92 in Proceedings: In­ vivrieres dans Ie Sahel, 4-9 Jan 1990, Bamako, tegrated Pest Management in Tropical and Sub­ Mali. Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext. tropical Cropping Systems 89, 8-15 Feb 1989, Bad Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalisl was Durkheim, Federal Republic of Gennany. Vol. 1. predominant on sorghum in Burkina Faso in wet Frankfurt, Federal Republic of· Germany: Deu­ region (700-1400 m). Seasonal variation, eco- tsche Landwirtschafts-Gessellschaft.

48 During 1985-88, integrated control ofmillet pests Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusalis] is the including Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ predominant borer on millet and is· more widely nefusalis] was studied in Mali. V se of local rock distributed in the Sahel than Busseola fusca. It is phosphate, introduction ofresistant varieties and more prevalent in the North, than in the South on ULV application of insecticides were considered. sorghum. Various cultural measures, use of resis­ tant. varieties, and release of biological control 197 agents, are reviewed in the context of integrated Maiga, S.D. 1984. [Insects of cereals.]. Insectes pest management. des cereales. (In Fr.). Page(s) 2-21 in Premier seminaire regional de formation, Projet ameliora­ 200 tion des mils, Borgho, niebe et mals: Entomologie, Nwanze,.K.F. 1985. Some aspects of pest man­ 18 Apr - 2 May 1984, Maradi and Tarna. Maradi, agement and host plant resistance in pearl millet Niger: INRAN (Institut national de recherches in the Sahel. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Insect Science agronomiques du Niger). and its Application 6(3): 461-465. 19 ref. The principal pests of millet, including Haim­ The relative importance and significance of host bachia ignefusalis [Coniesta ignefusales] in the . plant resistance in an integrated pest manage­ ) Sahel are covered. Their morphology, geographi­ ment program is. compared against other modal­ cal distribution, damage, and· periods of activity ities. Natural enemies appear inefficient in are reported. Integrated pest management strat­ controlling Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta egies are briefly discussed. ignefusalis]. 201 198 ') Nwanze,K.F., and Mueller, RAE. 1989. Man­ Mamalo, A.K. 1990. [Prospects.for integrated agement options for sorghum stem borers for control ofConiesta (Acigona) ignefusalis Hampson fanners in the semi-arid tropics. (Summary(s) in (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Crambinae) the millet Fr.). Page(s) 105-116 in International Workshop stem borer.]. Perspectives pour une approche in­ on Sorghum Stem Borers, 17-20 Nov 1987, ICRI­ tegree de lutte contre Coniesta(Acigona) ig­ SAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, In­ nefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, ) dia: International Crops Research Institute for Crambinae) borer de· tige du mil en zone the Semi-Arid Tropics. 33 ref. sahelienne. (In Fr.). Thesis, Vniversite de Ouaga­ dougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 116 pp. Existing control measures against sorghum stem borers including Acigona ignefusalis [Coniesta ig­ The insect-plant environment and existing nefusalis] are briefly reviewed. The review indi­ methods ofpest control·in the ecological context of cates that most recommendations are impractical Sahel are reported. Sex pheromones, varietal re­ and have not been adopted by fanners in the SAT. sistance, effect of chemical fertilizers, and crop A farming systems perspective to stem borer residue management as means ofeffective control management is stressed. are discussed and a multidisciplinary integrated pest control strategy is recommended. 202 Sagnia, S.B. 1983. Possible integrated pest man­ 199 agement tools for the effective control of cereal Nwanze, K.F. (No date.). Stem-borers of cereals stem borers in the Gambia. Insect Science and its in Sahelian West Africa: relative importance and Application 4(1-2): 217-219. 5 ref~ control. Page(s) 115-123 in Biological control of Stem borer infestations of millet by Acigona ig­ f pests: its potential in West Africa: proceedings of nefusalis[Coniesta ignefusalis] and Sesamia non­ an International Conference, 9-13 Feb 1981, agrioides botanephaga can reach 35 per cent. Dakar, Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: VS Agency for Commonly used insecticides for their control are International Development Regional Food Crop given. Integration of control methods and con­ Protection Project. 14 ref. [Also issued in Fr.: straints are discussed. .f Pages 108-115 in Lutte biologique contre les rav­ ageurs et ses possibilites en Afrique de l'Ouest: 203 compte rendu du seminaire quia eu lieu, 9-13 Youm, 0., Mamalo, A.K., and Nwanze, K.F. Fev 1981, Dakar, Senegal.]. 1993. Bio-ecology and integrated management of

49 'J ~1'~""0'c,~-: ------:--~~~~ .. the millet stem borer (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae): a review and highlights of current research at the ICRISAT Sahelian Center. (Summary(s) in Fr.). Page(s) 55-63 in Proceedings of the Regional Pearl Millet Workshop, 19-21 Sep 1990, Niamey, Niger (Youm, 0., and Kumar, K.A., edsJ. Niamey, Niger: ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Sahelian Center. 36 ref. Literature on Coniesta ignefusalis is reviewed. Priorities of research at the ICRISAT Sahelian Center include estimation of yield losses, biology as related to laboratory culturing, development of screening techniques, development of effective cultural control methods, identification of borer resistant lines, and· search for effective natural enemies.

50 Author Index for the Semi-Arid Tropics) 57-68, 128-131, 150-151,167,177,184-187 Adesiyun, A.A. 25 Ikwelle, M.C. 69 Agnew, C. w: 24 INRAN (lnstitut national de recherches Ahmadou, N. 1, 142 agronomiques du Niger) 12 Ajayi, O. 2-3,26-28,48,115-116,123,133,143, INTSORMIL (International SorghumIMillet, 182,192 Collaborative Research Support Program Ba, D. 91, 190 (CRSP)) 70 Bague, M. 4 IRAT (Institut de recherches agronomiques Baker, E.F.I. 21 tropicales et des cultures vivrieres) 13, 132 Bako, O. 29,117,159,183 Issa, H. 16 Bal, A.B. 5, 30-34, 108, 195 Jago, N.D. 71,178,196 Beevor, P.S. 191 Jallow, M.F.A. 72 Belko, H. 35, 118 Jepson, 'KZF.14 Bhatnagar, V:S. 9,36-37,160-162,195 Klaij, M.C. 78,136 Boivin, G. 119 Labe, D.A. 69,116,133-134 Bonzi, S.M. 47 Lankoande, A. 15, 45, 73, 152, 193 Bos, W.S. 9, 195 Lukefahr, M.J. 74-78,135-136,153-155, Bosque-Perez, N.A. 38 188-189 Bouchard, D. 39,119 Maiga, S. 16 Breniere, J. 40-42,109, 120-121, 163 Maiga, S.D. 79-80, 197 Buah, S.S.J. 50 Mamalo, A.K.77-78, 106,136,198,203 Chid, S.R. 43 Mareck, J.H. 38 CILSS rComite Permanent Interetats de Lutte Markham, R.H. 168 contre la Secheresse dans Ie Sahel} 6,44, 122, Mbaye, D.F. 17,49 144,164 Mueller, R.A.E. 113,201 Cisse, Z. 107 Muhtan, A.K. 81 Coutin, R. 42, 121 Nagarkatti, S. 169 Dabire, L. C. 107 NDoye, M. 9,18,82-85,111,137-138,156,170,179 Dakouo, D. 45,193 Nwanze,K.F. 19-20, 77; 86-90, 95, 106, 112-113, Den· Boer, L. 46 139, 157-158, 180,199-201, 203 } Dieme, E. 162, 195 Nwasike, C.· 21 Doumbia, Y:O. 47,145-146 Nwasike, C.C. 69 Eghareuba, P.N. 21,134 Okiror, S.O. 134 Elemo, K.A. 48, 123 Ouedraogo, A. 39, 119 FAO 194 Pennards, G. W:A. 171 Fofana, A. 49 Pierrard, G. 91, 190 Froelich, w: 50 Projet Nigero-Canadien de Protection des Fytizas, E. 195 Vegetaux Phase N 22 Gahukar, R.T. 7-9,18,51,85,110-111,124-126, Quicke, D.L.J. 172 47-148, 165, 195 Rao, V:~ 169 Gaya, A.52 Reddy, 1': V:R. 158 Gilstrap, F.E. 96-98, 104.;..166, 174-175 Risbec, J. 173 Gougan, B. 149 Rowley, J.Q. 71, 178 Guevremont, H. 53-56, 127 Sagnia, S.B. 140, 202 Hall, D.R. 191 Scheuring, J.F. 145-146 Harris, K.M. 10-11,20 Sedogo, M.C. 107 ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute Sereme, P. 107

51 Sigisbert, D.1': 92 des Vegetaux) 23, Soumana, 1. 93-94 100-101, 181 Taneja, S.L. 95, 180 Uvah, 1.1. 3, 182 Tanzubil, P.B. 50 Vercambre, B. 102, 114 Teetes, G.L. 96-98,174-175 West, C. 71,178 Tiarson,N.J.M. 99,141 Yehouenou, A. 92, 103 UCTR / PV (Unite de Coordination Youm, O. 104-106, 166, 176, 191, 203 Technique Regionale en Protection Yoyock, J.1': 134

52 Directory ofInstitutions Guinea Bissau MDRA-DSPV and Researchers PO Box 71 Bissau (G Menout) This provisional listing of organizations and scientists working on Coniesta ignefusalis is Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Agraria (INPA) based on recent publications and personal con­ CP50 tacts. We welcome comments and additions so Bissau that a comprehensive up-to-date directory can be (LAbreu) maintained at ICRISAT. India Benin ICRISAT Asia Center Direction de la recherche agronomique . Patancheru 502 324 SRCV-INA Andhra Pradesh 502 324 BP03 (KF Nwanze) i N'Dali (A Yehouenou) Mali Institut d'economie· rurale International Institute ofTropical Agriculture SRCVO, Sotuba (UTA) BP438 Bamako ) Plant Health Management Division Biological Control Center for Africa (Y 0 Doumbia, K'Ibure) I I BP 08-0932 j. Cotonou Institut d'economie rurale, i. (F Schulthess) Station de Mopti BP205 Burkina Faso Mopti ) Boir~n Institut national d'etudes et de recherches (S agronomiques (INERA) Station de Farako-Ba ICRISAT Western and Central Africa Region BP910 BP320 Bobo-Dioulasso Bamako ) (D Dakouo) (A Ratnadass) Netherlands Gambia Department ofEntomology National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) Wageningen Agricultural University PO Box 739 PB 8031, 6700 EH ) Yundum Wageningen (M L Darboe) (A Polaszek)

Ghana National Natural History Museum Savanah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) Leiden PO Box 46 (C Van Achterberg) Bawku (P Tanzubil) Niger Departement de formation en protection des School ofAgriculture vegetaux (DFPV) University of Cape Coast Centre AGRHYMET Cape Coast BP 12625 (M Botchey) (A B Bal, S Sagnia)

53 Direction de la protection des vegetaux (DPV) CAB International BP 323 .Institute of Entomology (lIE) Niamey 56 Queen's Gate (S A Kogo) London SW7 5JR (K M Harris,A Polaszek) Institut national de recherches agronomiques du Niger (INRAN) Station de Kollo BP60 Kollo (D SMaiga)

TNRi\N Station de Tarna BP240 Maradi (H Kadi Kadi, C 1 Mahamadou)

ICRISAT Western and Central Africa Region ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Sadore . BP 12404 Niamey (0 Youm)

Nigeria Lake Chad Research Tnstitute PMB 1293 Maiduguri (K W Gwadil

ICmSi\T Western and Central Africa Region Subo T3akin ZuwoRoad PMB 3491 Kano (0 Ajayi)

Senegal Institut senegalais de recherches agricoles (ISRA) CNRA-Bambey BP53 Bambey (M Balde)

United Kingdom Natural Resources Institute (NH,li Central Avenue Chatham Maritime Kent ME4, 4TB (P S Beevor, DR Hall, L J McVeigh) .

54 ,~ j

AboutICRISAT

The sen1i-arid tropics (SAT) encompasses parts of 48 developing countries including n10st of India, parts of southeast Asia, a swathe across sub-Saharan Africa, n1uchof southern and eastern Africa, and parts of Latin America. Many of these countries are an10ng the poorest in the world., Approximately one-sixth of the world's population lives in the SAT, which is typified by unpredictable weather, limited and erratic rainfall, and nutrient-poor soils. lCRISAT's n1andate crops are sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, chickpea, pigeon­ pca,and groundnut; these six crops are vital to life for the ever-increasing populations of the scn1i-arid tropics. ICRISAT's mission is to conduct research which can lead to enhanced sustainable production of these crops and to improved management of the limited natural resources of the SAT. ICRISAT communicates information on technolo­ gies as they are developed through workshops, networks,training,library services, and publishing. . ICRISAT Wi.1S established in 1972. It isoneof16 nonprofit, researchand training centers funded through the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is an informal association of approximately 50 public and private . sector donors; it is co-sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAG), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Progran1111e (UN EP),andtheWorldBank.

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ICRISAT• International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

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