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Sociology and Capitalism Research A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Kraemer, Klaus Article Sociology and capitalism research economic sociology_the european electronic newsletter Provided in Cooperation with: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG), Cologne Suggested Citation: Kraemer, Klaus (2016) : Sociology and capitalism research, economic sociology_the european electronic newsletter, ISSN 1871-3351, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG), Cologne, Vol. 18, Iss. 1, pp. 18-28 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/156081 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Sociology and capitalism research 18 Sociology and capitalism research By Klaus Kraemer and narrow economistic analysis. Its economic reductionism specifically has been rejected particularly vehemently in the Department of Sociology, University of Graz, social sciences and cultural studies. Marxian theory seemed [email protected] unsuitable if for no other reason than that it provided no way of investigating the characteristics of symbolic orders 1 Sociology and the postpost----capitalismcapitalism and subjective patterns of meaning, especially without hav- thesis ing to make reference to economic relations. How has capitalism been discussed in recent decades? First, As opposed to Marxian prophesy, modern capitalism has not for decades now there has been a lack of theoretical ap- evoked ever-sharper class conflict. We observe quite the proaches at the heart of sociology to move the concept of contrary in the wake of institutional arrangements to regu- capitalism to the center of attention. Over the past four late class conflict, such as the rule of law and the welfare decades, social diagnoses of contemporary society have state. Capitalism has by no means automatically led to the nevertheless repeatedly raised the question of whether proletarization of the middle classes. The history of the modern societies can still be described as capitalist. The twentieth century demonstrates that capitalism, mass afflu- answer to this question, however, has been fairly unani- ence, and democracy need not be mutually exclusive, either mous: modern “Western” societies today must be described theoretically or practically. One also encounters a wide varie- as post-capitalist social orders (PCSO). Various lines of rea- ty of different constellations. What is more, capitalism is in soning have been put forward to support the PCSO thesis. In principle open to various kinds of social and cultural change. France, Alain Touraine (1971) interpreted the social change of the 1960s as an epochal transition from a “capitalist The new economic sociology has done little to change the industrial society” to a “post-industrial society.” Daniel Bell lack of attention paid to capitalism. This is hardly surprising (1973) adopted this interpretation and popularized the term as new economic sociology from the outset was not con- “information society”; he claimed that the institution of cerned with examining the impact of modern capitalism on private property at the heart of capitalist “industrial socie- culture and politics or on social stratification. By inverting the ties” had lost considerable influence in US society. Privileges classic direction of sociological inquiry, new economic soci- and social influence depend much more on “theoretical ology directs its attention primarily to the social prerequisites knowledge” than on private property rights. In Germany in of economic action in markets and enterprises. The social the 1980s and 1990s, Ulrich Beck’s Risk Society (1992) dom- problems of coordinating economic action have been closely inated the “market” for sociological diagnoses. Beck, too, examined from the perspectives of network theory, neo- subscribed to the basic idea that social change could no institutionalism, and cultural theory (Smelser and Swedberg longer be grasped in terms of an analysis of capitalism. Inci- 2005; Beckert and Zafirovski 2006). Recent economic sociol- dentally, the reasons given for this turn away from the anal- ogy has above all concentrated on the micro- and meso- ysis of capitalism were not just the untenable assumptions sociological grounding of economic action and, in adopting made by Marxist social theory. It should be noted that little Granovetter’s (1985) theorem of embeddedness, has com- theoretical attention had been paid to non-Marxist ap- piled important insights into the social constitution of mar- proaches to the analysis of modern capitalism, too, such as kets. The focus on the problem of coordinating economic the ones developed in the context of comparative political action has nevertheless led to the neglect of a number of economy in political science (Hall and Soskice 2001). issues that must be considered essential for reformulating a contemporary analysis of capitalism from the perspective of The departure from the analysis of capitalism in sociology economic sociology. Among them are the past debates in has certainly been motivated by the questionable nature of industrial sociology and more recent debates in the sociolo- key assumptions of Marxian theory. Among them are the gy of work on company rule and control over labor and labor theory of value and exploitation, the speculative phi- creativity and, in close connection with that, research on the losophy of history underlying the idea of stages of social capitalist enterprise as the locus of the social organization of development, as well as the base–superstructure heuristic labor. It fits the picture that little attention has been paid in economic sociology_the european electronic newsletter Volume 18, Number 1 (November 2016) Sociology and capitalism research 19 recent debates in economic sociology to deeper questions sociology only if it does more than provide a rough sketch of regarding social inequality with regard to the appropriation the complex realities of contemporary capitalist orders. Con- of added value and the products of labor. Economic sociolo- trary to recent attempts to reinvigorate a “critical theory of gy is often perceived as a subfield of sociology that is preoc- (capitalist) society” (Dörre, Lessenich, and Rosa 2015) along cupied with the sociology of markets. More fundamental the lines of categories such as “land-grabbing,” “accelera- issues, such as the relations between the economic, political, tion,” and “activation,” the following considerations are not and cultural orders are often ignored or merely addressed in geared toward a sociological critique of capitalism but are passing. Ambitious theorizing informed by a theory of socie- intended to identify a few theoretical problems of a con- ty has become rare in the now established field of economic temporary sociology of capitalism . The advantage of a soci- sociology (Deutschmann 2011). ology of capitalism that sets itself apart from a sociological critique of capitalism is that it makes phenomena or pro- Although economic sociology has taken note of the debates cesses in contemporary (capitalist) social orders visible that on the institutional varieties of contemporary capitalism are contradictory or have paradoxical effects and which are inspired by Hall and Soskice (2001), in the field of compara- much too easily ignored once normative preconceptions of a tive political economy (Streeck 2011), as well as those of “better” society begin to dominate the sociological analysis. French regulation theory (Boyer and Saillard 2002), these approaches have rarely been seized as an opportunity to Specifically, I will discuss five sets of problems of a sociology investigate the altered relationship between the economic, of capitalism: What are the key problems of analyzing capi- political, and social orders under the conditions of global talism from the perspective of a theory of society (3)? What capitalism. significance does Max Weber still have for the study of con- temporary capitalism (4)? What non-reductionist heuristic 2 Is there a sociological theory of lends itself to the investigation of social change in modern modern capitalism? capitalist orders (5)? How can we determine the relationship of capitalism and the cultural order (6) and of capitalism and In the late 1990s, the concept of capitalism re-emerged as a the political order (7)? I expect the outline of this set of label to characterize contemporary society; for instance, in problems to yield instructive
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