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The Annual of the British School at Athens Excavations at Palaikastro. I The Annual of the British School at Athens http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH Additional services for The Annual of the British School at Athens: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Excavations at Palaikastro. I. R. C. Bosanquet The Annual of the British School at Athens / Volume 8 / November 1902, pp 286 - 316 DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400001489, Published online: 18 October 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0068245400001489 How to cite this article: R. C. Bosanquet (1902). Excavations at Palaikastro. I.. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 8, pp 286-316 doi:10.1017/S0068245400001489 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH, IP address: 128.122.253.212 on 19 Apr 2015 EXCAVATIONS AT PALAIKASTRO. I. (PLATES VIU. 2, XV.-XX.) § 1.—THE SITE. BRIEF reports on the work done by the British School at Falaikastro in April and May 1902 have appeared in the Journal of Hellenic Studies (1902, p. 384) and in Man (1902, No. 119). In the present paper I propose to describe the discoveries made in the cemeteries and in the houses, reserving for a future occasion the discussion of certain problems on which fuller light may be thrown by the excavations of 1903, to be made with larger resources and over an extended area, thanks to a liberal grant from the Cretan Fund and to the unfailing goodwill of Prince George's Govern- ment. The past campaign was of a preliminary nature and cost less than £150, including the somewhat serious item of transport, but excluding that of drawings and photographs. That we were able to continue our exploration of Eteocretan territory in this direction is due in large measure to the courtesy of Dr. Dorpfeld, who had expressed a wish to excavate here but withdrew his claim in favour of the British School on learning that the interest of the site was mainly Mycenaean, and of Mr. Hogarth, who had realised its importance and applied for digging rights during his fruitful- campaign at Zakro. To Mr. C. H. Comyn, architect of the School, wha took a full share in all the work of excavation, besides preparing the plans and most of the drawings illustrating this report, I owe a debt of no- ordinary gratitude. In a direct line the site lies thirteen miles north-east of Praesos and eight north of Zakro. The intervening country is for the most part a 1 The spelling Palaikastro {TiaktuKaarpo) expresses the local pronunciation and is convenient as distinguishing this site from many others called IlaAaioKiarpo. EXCAVATIONS AT PALAIKASTRO. I. 287 high limestone tableland, a region of desolate kdrsten descending on the east to the rich inland basin of Upper Zakro and on the north to the maritime plain of Palaikastro. There the central plateau ends in steep escarpments, while the high outer barrier through which the rivers of Zakro and Karoumes have cut precipitous gorges to the sea gives way first to low gravel cliffs and then to sandy beach. Such a beach, stretching in a two- mile curve interrupted only by a steep acropolis-like headland, olive-groves clothing the plain up to the foot-hills three miles away, and a broad belt THE EASTERN HALF OF CRETE. % Dionysiades Is. Eremopolis (Itanos) laiokestrd KatoZekro Xerokembaa FIG. 1.—THE EASTERN HALF OF CRF.TE. of cornland between the olives and the sea, are signs which anywhere in the Levant, even without the names of Palaikastro and Kastri, would compel one to look for traces of an ancient city. A comparison of the sketch- 1 map (PLATE XV.) and the photograph (PLATE XVI.) will show how these natural features are combined in the South-east quarter of the plain, where ancient remains lie thickly clustered over a tract called Roussolakkos (roughly 500 by 300 metres, marked by hatching on the map) or scattered in ones and twos over a far larger area.2 Geographers have suggested the 1 Taken from a point midway between Karoumes and Udrvfia on the southern margin ot Plate XV. 2 For the geography of the Eteocretan region as a whole see Mr. Hogarth's paper on Zakro, B.S.A. vii. pp. 121 sqq. : for the physical formation of the Palaikastro plain, Spratt, Travels and Researches, i. 205 sqq., and Raulin, Description physique de la Crete, Paris 1869, p. 170. The antiquities of the region were described by Professor Halbherr in four papers contributed to the Antiquary, 1891, pp. 201, 241, and 1892, pp. 152, 214. Here as at Praesos I had the use, thanks to Mr. Evans' kindness, of his unpublished notes of journeys in the district. 288 R. C. BOSANQUKT names of Itanos (really at Eremopolis five miles to the North), of Dragmos (probably in the valley of the Upper Zakro), and even of Grammion, which -there is no reason to place in this district at all. These specula- tions are all beside the mark ; the remains at Roussolakkos, which a passing traveller who noticed the ashlar blocks in the field walls might easily set down as Hellenic, are those of a Mycenaean town, and the plain has furnished only the scantiest indications of any later settlement. Few as they are, these indications are worth noting. (1) Some terra-cotta cornices with archaic reliefs representing a chariot, now in the Candia Museum, were found twenty years ago on the east slope of Roussolakkos and might seem to indicate the position of a temple. We dug on the spot indicated by local tradition, and verified it by finding a fragment with the same cable border, but met with no remains of the building to which they belonged. A more thorough search will be made next season. The well-known arbitration-award of the Magnesians in the dispute between Itanos and Hierapetra, preserved in two inscrip- tions found respectively at Toplu Monastery near Itanos and at Magnesia . on the Maeander, states that the Temple of Dictaean Zeus lay near the tract of disputed territory called Heleia.1 The marshy character of part of the Palaikastro plain would justify the name, but the tenor of other passages in the inscription suggests that the Temple and its outbuildings covered a considerable area, and it is difficult to believe that they can have vanished so completely ; for all the remains visible on that, as on other parts of the Roussolakkos site, bear the impress of the Mycenaean age. The temple is rather to be sought inland. (2) The ' fragment of a sitting figure of colossal size and very white Parian marble,' seen by Spratt on the beach below Kastri, but broken up (as I learned locally) soon after his visit by a notorious treasure-hunting priest from Karydhi, may perhaps be associated with the remains of a similar figure on the island of Kouphonisi off the south-east coast of Crete. Kouphonisi is the Leuke of the Praesos-Hierapetra arbitration-award, as Palaikastro may be the Heleia, The inscription shows that in the first half of the second century before our era detachments from the Ptolemaic garrison at Itanos were posted at the disputed points, which have this in common (if Palaikastro be Heleia) that both offer safe anchorage for small craft on a coast where such shelter is rare. It was to the interest of a 1 Dittenberger, Sylloge, 929. EXCAVATIONS AT PALAIKASTRO. I. 289 maritime state like Itanos, and of her Egyptian patrons whose fleet policed these waters, to secure harbours which in the right hands would further her coasting-trade, but in the wrong hands might become the lurking-places of pirates. (3) South of Kastri, below the modern warehouse from which the produce of the plain is shipped, are remains of a small Hellenic building, from which we obtained imbrex-tiles bearing the stamp KNftE (icav)—a tile from Palaikastro bearing the name in full was already known. With these exceptions there is no evidence that the plain was occupied in classical times. On the hill of Kastri we uncovered the remains of poor houses containing painted pottery of a later type than any found in the houses of Roussolakkos ; thus the bowl represented in Fig. 2 is of a form commoner on the mainland and in the latest stratum at Phylakopi than in Crete, and its ornamenta- tion is more geometric than My- cenaean. We may perhaps infer that at the close of the Minoan age, when the unwalled towns and villages on the coast were for- saken and the population with- FIG. 2.—BOWL FROM KASTRI. drew to the hills, a handful of the old inhabitants lingered on the safer hill-top. However this may be, there is no reason to suppose that Kastri was ever an Hellenic acropolis. What seems clear is that Palaikastro, like many other cities on the coast, was abandoned when Crete lost her command of the sea. It may be doubted whether the neighbouring seas and islands were ever free from pirates from that day until the beginning of the nine- teenth century, since when the population has been flowing back to the plain. The author of one of the MS. surveys of Crete made for the Venetian Government, writing in 1631, describes Palaikastro as uninhabited and gives the reason—it was frequented by Corsairs. Local traditions confirm this account; to this day the majority of the houses in the plain belong to migratory families whose regular domicile is in one of the mountain-villages, and the permanent inhabitants number in Cretan phrase •only forty 'doors' out of 130.
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