DOCSLIB.ORG

Earth in Minoan Construction. the Case of Building 5 at Palaikastro1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Earth in Minoan Construction. the Case of Building 5 at Palaikastro1 2005 2006 EARTH IN MINOAN CONSTRUCTION ISSN 1233-624665 From the Ground Up: Earth in Minoan Construction. The Case of Building 5 at Palaikastro1 MAUD DEVOLDER The violent destruction by fire of Building 5 at Palaikastro, Crete, provided an interesting and varied collection of well-pre- served fired-earth elements. Those include fragments of mudbricks, mud coatings, roofs/ceilings, doorjambs, and other samples which bear impressions of wooden elements, probably from installations made of a combination of earth and wood. The publica- tion of a selection of the samples has two purposes. The first is to offer a typological description of the earthen features in order to elucidate their various functions and their importance in Minoan architecture. Thus considered, the fragments described illus- trate particular construction techniques and help reconstructing the original appearance of the building. The second purpose of this study is to consider the knowledge Minoan builders had of materials and techniques involved in earthen architecture. This study may allow some insights into the status of the practitioners of architecture and the degree of involvement of inhabitants or of specialists in construction. Because it was destroyed by a violent fire at the tail in the final publication,3 the role and composition end of Late Minoan (LM) IB, Building 5 at Roussolak- of a selection of the most significant samples is stud- kos in Palaikastro, Crete, offers an interesting and ied here. Combined with observations on published varied collection of fired-earth elements illustrating the samples from other contemporary buildings, the present role of this material in Minoan Neopalatial architec- report aims to elucidate the various functions of earthen ture (Fig. 1). One of the two aims of this paper is to elements and their importance in Minoan architecture. offer a typological description of these remains, illus- It will be suggested that the specialised use and char- trating particular construction techniques and helping acter of earthen architectural features point to a com- to reconstruct the original appearance of the building.2 mon use of a material that is often barely preserved While this latter aspect will be considered in full de- and only rarely given sufficient attention in excavation reports.4 1 Thanks are due to the directors of the Palaikastro excavations, Hugh Sackett, Sandy MacGillivray and Jan Driessen, for permission to study and reproduce the material presented here. Particular thanks 3 J.A. MACGILLIVRAY, J. DRIESSEN and L.H. SACKETT, Pa- go to Jan Driessen for his advice and comments, as well as members laikastro. Building 5 (forthcoming). of the Topography of Power project at the UCLouvain. I am extremely 4 One should note, however, amongst the most specialised anal- grateful to Pamela Jerome, Joseph Shaw, Martin Schmid, Jules Bou- ysis and publications J. SHAW, Minoan Architecture: Materials and harmont and Anaya Sarpaki for their help and comments on specific Techniques (ASAtene 49, Rome 1973), 187196; J. SHAW, New Ev- subjects, as well as to Carl Knappett for comments on early drafts. idence for Aegean Roof Construction from Bronze Age Thera, AJA 2 J. DRIESSEN, On the Use of Upper Floors in Minoan Neopa- 81 (1977), 229233; A. GUEST-PAPAMANOLI, Lemploi de la latial Architecture, in I. BRADFER-BURDET, B. DETOURNAY and brique crue dans le domaine égéen à lépoque néolithique et à lâge R. LAFFINEUR (eds.), Lartisan crétois (Aegaeum 26, Liège/Austin du bronze, BCH 102 (1978), 324 ; E. HALLAGER, Upper Floors 2005), 87. in LM I Houses, in P. DARCQUE and R. TREUIL (eds.), Lhabitat 66 MAUD DEVOLDER AEA 8 Building 5 at Palaikastro was discovered in the to which earth was put in construction techniques, course of the British School excavations at Palaikas- ranging from bricks and revetments to ceilings, floors tro, between 1986 and 2003. Built in LM IA, it was and other structural elements. Five categories of ma- considerably modified in the course of its history be- terials could be distinguished: fragments of mudbricks, fore it was destroyed by fire in LM IB.5 After minor mud coatings, roofs/ceilings, doorjambs, and samples damage following a presumed fire in the course of the which cannot be fully identified beyond the fact that LM IB period, some of its rooms were given ashlar they bear impressions of wooden elements. The latter façades, a few floors needed relaying, some walls were probably formed part of installations that combined rebuilt and the north-western part was cut off from the earth and wood such as niches, window-sills, shelves, remaining building. It is here that fragments of a large boxes, bins, compartments etc. Although the basic chryselephantine statuette were found.6 After the LM component of all the samples is earth, their specific IB destruction, the north-western part of the building composition, especially where binding elements are was partly cleaned out and reused during LM III. In concerned, differs consistently, allowing straightforward the south-eastern part, however, the mass of burnt macroscopic typological distinctions. The samples pre- collapsed destruction debris remained and it is from sented here were selected because they illustrate spe- this level that the material presented here derives. In- cific features in terms of function or composition. The deed, the undisturbed state of the destruction layer present investigation is only part of an initial analysis comprised an exceptional concentration of earthen of the building, but points to the need, if not to reas- elements, allowing a contextual study. The samples de- sess, then to define more accurately the role of earth, scribed illustrate the knowledge Minoan builders had and the particular shapes formed by this material in of materials and techniques involved in earthen Minoan Neopalatial architecture. Moreover, further architecture. Some aspects such as the composition of studies on the role of wood may provide interesting various earthen features lead to a better understanding insights into earth construction, perhaps clarifying the of the possible ways in which their production was or- existence of various earthen-wall categories. ganised. In fact, the material described here allows us to explore a key question in Minoan architecture: what was the status of its practitioners, and how involved Mudbrick walls were ordinary people and/or construction specialists. The destruction layer of Building 5 comprised, in Most of the mudbrick walls in Building 5 have dis- addition to a large quantity of shapeless mudbrick frag- appeared, owing to post-depositional vicissitudes. Of- ments, a series of samples illustrating the various uses ten, only their stone socle survives, but some standing architectural remains in the building act to preserve the égéen préhistorique, Actes de la Table Ronde internationale, Athènes, bricks. Many others, in various degrees of preserva- 2325 juin 1987 (BCH Suppl. 19, Athens 1990), 281292; P.S. JE- tion, were found during excavation. In order to be ROME, Analysis and Conservation of Mudbrick Construction in suitable for construction, bricks should present a hete- Bronze Age Crete, Unpublished Master Thesis, Columbia University (New York 1991); P.S. JEROME, Analysis of Bronze Age Mudbricks rogeneous granulometry: gravel, silt, sand and clay, from Palaikastro, Crete, 7th International Conference on the Study and with the latter material ensuring the cohesion between Conservation of Earthern Architecture, Silves, Portugal, (Lisbon 1993), the various particles.7 Their heterogeneity ensures the 381386; A. DANDRAU, La construction en terre dans le monde right balance between a sufficient plasticity of the égéen protohistorique: les matériaux et leurs propriétés. Volume I. Les matériaux: généralités. Contextes archéologiques. Volume II. Analyse matrix on the one hand, and cohesion of the elements et résultats. Discussions, PhD, Paris I (Paris 1997); J. SHAW & on the other hand, so as to avoid disintegration during M. SHAW (eds.), Kommos V. The Monumental Minoan Buildings at the drying process. It is this particular combination Kommos (Princeton 2006), 128, 139, 146, 155, 158, 164, 175, and which justifies the use of the term earth rather 251 n. 45. 5 T. CUNNINGHAM, Havoc: The Destruction of Power and the than clay since the latter represents only one of the Power of Destruction, in J. BRETSCHNEIDER, J. DRIESSEN and different components of the matrix and it is better to K. VAN LERBERGHE (eds.), Power and Architecture. Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean (Leu- ven 2007), 3039. 7 F.J. PETTIJOHN, P.E. POTTER and R. SIEVER, Sand and 6 J.A. MACGILLIVRAY, J.M. DRIESSEN and L.H. SACKETT Sandstone (New YorkHeidelbergBerlin 1973), 1; O. AURENCHE, (eds.), The Palaikastro Kouros: a Minoan Chryselephantine Statuette La maison orientale. Larchitecture du Proche-Orient ancien, des ori- and its Aegean Bronze Age Context (BSA Studies 6, London 2000). gines au milieu du IVème millénaire (Paris 1981), 46. 2005 2006 EARTH IN MINOAN CONSTRUCTION 67 Fig. 1. Plan of Neopalatial Building 5, Palaikastro (Jan Driessen) avoid the term since one risks confusion with both of the Petsofas hill, just next to the excavations, where a geological deposit and a specific grain size. Several the Minoans exploited their building earth.10 It is per- studies have stressed the importance of terra rossa in haps good to remember that the recommended clay Aegean earth construction,8 implying an earth type proportion for making
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hiero Seal Palaikastro 2019.Pdf (1.832Mb)
    OFFPRINT From PALAIKASTRO: BUILDING 1 SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 48 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2019 The copyright on this publication belongs to the British School at Athens. As author you are licensed to make printed copies of the pdf or to send the unaltered pdf file to up to 50 contacts. You may not upload this pdf to the World Wide Web — including websites such as academia.edu and open-access repositories — until three years after publication. Please ensure that anyone receiving an offprint from you observes these rules as well PALAIKASTRO BUILDING 1 edited by J. A. MACGILLIVRAY AND L. H. SACKETT with contributions by J. N. BOTTEMA-MAC GILLAVRY, T. F. CUNNINGHAM, C. DOHERTY, J. M. DRIESSEN, D. EVELY, P. JEROME, O. H. KRZYSZKOWSKA, D. MYLONA, D. REESE, J. RUSSELL, A. SARPAKI, S. WALL-CROWTHER, P. WESTLAKE and J. G. YOUNGER SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 48 Published by THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2019 Published and distributed by The British School at Athens 10 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AH Series Editor: John Bennet Managing Editor: Olga Krzyszkowska © The Council, The British School at Athens ISBN 978-0-904887-70-9 Designed and computer type-set by Rayna Andrew Printed by Short Run Press Ltd, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Contents List of Figures x List of Tables and Charts xiv List of Plans, Sections and Elevations xv List of Plates xvi General abbreviations, technical terms, symbols, measurements, glossary xix Palaikastro site periods with their approximate Cretan equivalents xx Palaikastro pottery wares and styles outline xxi Acknowledgements xxiii Preface xxv Chapter 1 The excavation by L.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation Into the Minoan Trickle Pattern Motif’S Presence and Use from the Early Minoan I – Late Minoan III
    Meaning, Exchange, And Wine Economics: An Investigation into the Minoan Trickle Pattern Motif’s Presence and Use from the Early Minoan I – Late Minoan III Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Oberlin, Lauren Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 21:56:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/628097 1 MEANING, EXCHANGE, AND WINE ECONOMICS: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE MINOAN TRICKLE PATTERN MOTIF’S PRESENCE AND USE FROM THE EARLY MINOAN I – LATE MINOAN III by Lauren Oberlin ____________________________ Copyright © Lauren Oberlin 2018 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND CLASSICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 3 Acknowledgements I would like to offer my most profound thanks to my thesis committee: the chair of my committee, Dr. Robert Schon, as well as Dr. Mary Voyatzis, and Dr. Emma Blake. I am especially thankful for their patience in this process and for their confidence in me during the course of this thesis. Without their support, this thesis would not have been completed, nor had such a speedy turn-around for the thesis defense. Their insight and guidance were truly supportive in the creation, flow, and cogency of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Minoan Pre-Palatial Sealstones in Their Economic and Social Context. a Study Based on the New Material from Archanes-Phourni
    Minoan Pre-palatial Sealstones in their economic and social context. A study based on the new material from Archanes-Phourni Vol. 1: Text and Bibliography Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Alexios Karytinos Department of Archaeology and Prehistory Date of submission: 19th of December 1997 Date of acceptance: 1st of October 1994 BEST COpy . , .AVAILABLE TEXT BOUND CLOSE TO THE SPINE IN THE ORIGINAL THESIS To my parents for their courage To Charilena for being the reason of my strength and resilience Abstract Sealstones are one of the most important types of artifacts discovered in the Aegean Bronze Age. Their practical use for recording and administrating purposes, their association with identity, prestige and social status, their possible religious or ritual connotations speak clearly for their importance and value. The fact that they are deposited, among other artifacts in tombs, accompanying their owners, demonstrate this value not only in life but also in death. Especially in the pre-palatial period in Crete a large number of seals have come to light, coming mostly from mixed contexts in the Mesara and Asterousia, in south Crete. The Minoan pre-palatial sealstones from Archanes-Phourni comprise an important corpus of artifacts for many reasons. They come from a site in the North of the island, in contrast to the majority of pre-palatial seals. The excavation and recording techniques used offer the opportunity to study the seals in their context, which is dated with relative certainty. The study of these seals, in comparison with the published ones from the south of the island, may offer significant information about important aspects of life in this period.
    [Show full text]
  • Olive, Grape and Subsistence Strategies at Palaikastro, East Crete, Between the Late Neolithic and Late Bronze Age
    Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 61 (2021) 101271 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Anthropological Archaeology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Mediterranean polyculture revisited: Olive, grape and subsistence strategies at Palaikastro, East Crete, between the Late Neolithic and Late Bronze Age Alexandra Livarda a,*, Hector A. Orengo a, Nuria Canellas-Bolt~ a` b, Santiago Riera-Mora c, Llorenç Picornell-Gelabert d, Vasiliki Tzevelekidi e, Rena Veropoulidou f, Ricard Marlasca Martín g, Athanasia Krahtopoulou h a Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology (ICAC), Plaça d’en Rovellat, s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain b Laboratory of Paleoecology, Geoscience Barcelona (Geo3Bcn CSIC), C/ Sol´e Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain c Seminar of Prehistoric Studies and Research (SERP), Department of History and Archaeology, C/Montalegre 6, 08001, University of Barcelona, Spain d ArqueoUIB, Department of Historical Sciences and Art Theory, University of the Balearic Isles, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Mallorca, Spain e Independent Researcher, Kilikias 27-29, 111 42, Athens, Greece f The M.H. Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 54 Souidias Street, 10676 Athens, Greece g ` ◦ POSIDONIA S.L., Avenida Isidor Macabich 50, 7-2 , 07800 Eivissa, Spain h Ephorate of Antiquities of Karditsa, Hellenic Ministry of Culture & Sports, 1 Loukianou Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This paper examines agriculture, farming and dietary resources in east Crete, and re-evaluates the role of grape Bioarchaeology and olive in its prehistoric economy, these being key in debates on the emergence of social complexity. To do so Palaeoenvironment bioarchaeological, paleoenvironmental and landscape survey data from the Bronze Age town at Palaikastro and Landscape archaeology its territory are combined.
    [Show full text]
  • Minoan Defensive Architecture in Palaikastro Area
    SBORNIK PRACI FILOZOFICKE FAKULTY BRNENSKIi UNIVERZITY STUDIA MINORA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS BRUNENSIS N 10, 2005 TOMAS ALUSl'K MINOAN DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE IN PALAIKASTRO AREA Minoan civilization had for a long time been considered — and labelled as — very peaceful. Especially for the Neopalatial period — based on the classic Greek tradition preserved by Thucydides — the conception of the sc. Minoan Thallasoky racy and "Pax Minoica"1 was formed. According to this tradition sustained till the end of 1970's Cretan towns and palaces had no fortification, because potential at­ tacks from outside were fought off in a safe distance by the strong Minoan fleet. Sir A. Evans himself on his journeys through Crete even before the research in Knossos came across a number of structures coming under the category "defensive architecture"2 (labelled as "forts" or "guard stations")3 and during the finds in Knossos he discovered remnants of probable fortification; however, it was he who used the term "Pax Minoica" and thus became the author of the "peaceful concep­ tion" of Minoan Crete.4 First on the basis of surface surveying some fortified set­ tlements and structures are being discovered (in some cases rediscovered) from 1980's on.5 That is why the conception of "Minoan peace" is being re-evaluated or See e.g. ALEXIOU 1969, 29, 36. The term suggested by the author. Apart from fortification walls, more complex entrance sys­ tems and facilities leading to restriction of the access to the building or to the area come under this category (e.g. the sc. guardrooms — rooms bound to the beginning of the entrance often interpreted as suggested and proved in many palaces and villas) and, of course, various guard structures and observation posts or towers in the countryside or in the vicinity of the settlement (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annual of the British School at Athens Excavations at Palaikastro. I
    The Annual of the British School at Athens http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH Additional services for The Annual of the British School at Athens: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Excavations at Palaikastro. I. R. C. Bosanquet The Annual of the British School at Athens / Volume 8 / November 1902, pp 286 - 316 DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400001489, Published online: 18 October 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0068245400001489 How to cite this article: R. C. Bosanquet (1902). Excavations at Palaikastro. I.. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 8, pp 286-316 doi:10.1017/S0068245400001489 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH, IP address: 128.122.253.212 on 19 Apr 2015 EXCAVATIONS AT PALAIKASTRO. I. (PLATES VIU. 2, XV.-XX.) § 1.—THE SITE. BRIEF reports on the work done by the British School at Falaikastro in April and May 1902 have appeared in the Journal of Hellenic Studies (1902, p. 384) and in Man (1902, No. 119). In the present paper I propose to describe the discoveries made in the cemeteries and in the houses, reserving for a future occasion the discussion of certain problems on which fuller light may be thrown by the excavations of 1903, to be made with larger resources and over an extended area, thanks to a liberal grant from the Cretan Fund and to the unfailing goodwill of Prince George's Govern- ment. The past campaign was of a preliminary nature and cost less than £150, including the somewhat serious item of transport, but excluding that of drawings and photographs.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © 2020 by the Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology the State University of New York at Buffalo
    Copyright © 2020 by The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology The State University of New York at Buffalo ISSN 2159-9904 (print) ISSN 2159-9912 (online) All rights reserved. No part of this volume may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or stored within a retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher. Editor-in-Chief Melanie Lacan Associate Editors Valerie Long Heather Rosch Tabitha Rose Emeritus Editor Laura Harrison Cover image: Late Roman vase, 250-300 C.E. Made in La Guierce, Charente, France Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art Photo credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1947(47.100.5) This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access. Printed in Buffalo, New York by Complemar First published in New York in 2020 Funding for Chronika is provided by: THE GRADUATE STUDENT ASSOCIATION THE INSTITUTE FOR EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY THE ANTHROPOLOGY GRADUATE STUDENT ASSOCIATION THE CLASSICS GRADUATE STUDENT ASSOCIATION Chronika, Volume X Table of Contents Letter from the Editor Cremation and Mortuary Variability in Ancient Armenia 7 Salpi Bocchieriyan, Cornell University Illusion and Allusion: Pilasters, Portals, and Pictorial Play in Campanian Wall Painting 18 Amanda K.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Management and Landscape Changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan Period
    Post-print of: Cañellas-Boltà, N.; Riera-Mora, S.; Orengo, H.A.; Livarda, A. and Knappett, C. 2018. Human management and landscape changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan period. Quaternary Science Reviews, 183: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.010 Human management and landscape changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan period a, a b c d Cañellas-Boltà, N. *; Riera-Mora, S. ; Orengo, H.A. ; Livarda, A. and Knappett, C. a Department of History and Archaeology, Seminar of Prehistoric Studies and Research, Universitat de Barcelona, Montalegre 6, E-08001 Barcelona, Spain b McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, United Kingdom c Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom d Department of the History of Art/ Graduate Department of Art, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 6036, 100 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada Article info A b s t r a c t On the east Mediterranean island of Crete, a hierarchical society centred on large palatial complexes Article history: emerges during the Bronze Age. The economic basis for this significant social change has long been Received 25 October 2017 Received in revised form debated, particularly concerning the role of olive cultivation in the island's agricultural system. With the 12 January 2018 aim of studying vegetation changes and human management to understand the landscape history from Accepted 12 January 2018 Late Neolithic to Bronze Age, two palaeoenvironmental records have been studied at Kouremenos marsh, near the site of Palaikastro (Eastern Crete).
    [Show full text]
  • The Annual of the British School at Athens Excavations at Palaikastro
    The Annual of the British School at Athens http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH Additional services for The Annual of the British School at Athens: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 13.—The Sanctuary- site of Petsofà J. L. Myres The Annual of the British School at Athens / Volume 9 / November 1903, pp 356 - 387 DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400007826, Published online: 18 October 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0068245400007826 How to cite this article: J. L. Myres (1903). Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 13.—The Sanctuary-site of Petsofà. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 9, pp 356-387 doi:10.1017/ S0068245400007826 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH, IP address: 61.129.42.30 on 03 May 2015 EXCAVATIONS AT PALAIKASTRO. II. § 13.—THE SANCTUARY-SITE OF PETSOFA.1 (PLATES VII.—XIII.) i.—THE SITE. THE plain and bay of Palaikastro are bounded on the south by an abrupt ridge of hills, which run out seaward into a prominent cape. Landwards, this ridge is cut off from the mass which culminates in Mt. Simodhi by a northward and a southward valley, which carry an almost impassable track from the Palaikastro plain to the cove of Karoiimes. The highest peak of this ridge, which bears the name of Petsofa, stands directly south of Roussolakkos, and rises steeply above it to a height of 270 metres. Southwards beyond the summit the slope is at first more gentle, but becomes abrupt about a quarter of a mile further on, and drops rapidly to sea-level on the south side of the promontory.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Management and Landscape Changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan Period
    MANUSCRIT ACCEPTAT MANUSCRIT ACCEPTAT Human management and landscape changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan period N. Cañellas-Boltà, S. Riera Mora, H.A. Orengo, A. Livarda, C. Knappett Revista Quaternary Science Reviews. Volume 183, 1 March 2018, Pages 59-75 DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.010 Disponible 01/03/2018 Data de publicació 01/03/2018 en línia Per citar aquest document: N. Cañellas-Boltà, S. Riera-Mora, H.A. Orengo, A. Livarda, C. Knappett, Human management and landscape changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan period, Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 183, 2018, Pages 59-75, ISSN 0277- 3791, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.010. Aquest arxiu PDF conté el manuscrit acceptat per a la seva publicació. 1 Post-print of: Cañellas-Boltà, N.; Riera-Mora, S.; Orengo, H.A.; Livarda, A. and Knappett, C. 2018. Human management and landscape changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan period. Quaternary Science Reviews, 183: 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.010 Human management and landscape changes at Palaikastro (Eastern Crete) from the Late Neolithic to the Early Minoan period Cañellas-Boltà, N.a, *; Riera-Mora, S.a; Orengo, H.A.b; Livarda, A.c and Knappett, C.d a Department of History and Archaeology, Seminar of Prehistoric Studies and Research, Universitat de Barcelona, Montalegre 6, E-08001 Barcelona, Spain b McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University
    [Show full text]
  • Index to Volumes 1-10. 1897-1906
    archaeological institute of ametica american Journal of Archaeology SeconD Setie* The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America INDEX TO VOLUMES I-X 1897-1906 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON :MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. ZU ?or? Qgatttmon (preee BALTIMORE,MD., U. S. A. PREFATORY NOTE This Index has been prepared by Miss Lucy Allen Paton, under the direction of the Editors. The general plan, arrangement, and scope were determined by the Editors, so that Miss Paton's respon sibility is limited to details of arrangement and accuracy of execu tion. The unusual size of the Index is due to the great number of items contained in the "News" and "Discussions," for which a full index seemed especially desirable. Italic numerals refer to the volumes and pages of the Annual Supplement. Harold N. Fowler. Cleveland, Ohio, November ist, 1908. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. INDEX OF AUTHORS. 7 A. Articles . 7 B. News an? Discussions. 17 II. INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 99 A. Plates . 99 B. Figures in Text. 102 III. BIBLIOGRAPHY . 112 IV. ABBREVIATIONS . 112 V. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 113 A. Articles . 113 B. News and Discussions. 128 i. General Contents . 128 News: Notes on Recent Excavations and Discoveries 128 Discussions: Summaries of Articles in Periodicals, etc. 129 2. Summaries . 131 VI. INDEX OF INSCRIPTIONS. 274 A. Greek . 274 1. Sites . 274 2. Proper Names and Discussed Words. 274 3. Sources for Inscriptions Quoted or Discussed. 280 B. Latin . 281 1. Sites . 281 2. Proper Names and Discussed Words. 281 3. Sources for Inscriptions Quoted or Discussed. 283 VII. INDEX OF SOURCES DISCUSSED.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wild Country East of Dikte: Contextualizing Minoan Petras1
    The wild country east of Dikte: Contextualizing Minoan Petras1. More than 15 years ago, I was fortunate enough to fly a kite over Petras and take aerial photographs of the newly discovered palace and surrounding settlement and it gives me great pleasure on this occasion of the official book launch of 25 years of Petras to pay tribute to the site and its excavator, Dr. Metaxia Tsipopoulou and the members of her team. For anybody travelling east from the Istmus of Hierapetra, the wall formed by the Thryphti mountains would indeed have appeared impenetrable, the start of a different world – the wild country east of Dikté… In my paper, I want to return first briefly to the exploration of the Far East, as I will call the region east of the Sitia valley, and then attempt to put Petras in perspective – at least where its Minoan history is concerned. If one browses the accounts of the first travelers, one cannot escape the impression that they left this part of the island aside – haunted as it was, by corsairs and pirates, till well into the 19th c. Or that if they did visit it, it did not receive much mention in their writings, as was the case with Robert Pashley, who, accompanied by a Spanish engraver, Antonio Schranz from Malta, spent seven months on the island in 1834. His map shows he must have passed Sitia and Petras on his way to Eremoupolis/Itanos and Toplou but no mention is made in his published notes. For Captain Spratt, publishing in 1865, it was already obvious, however, that Petras was important, and he even wondered whether the ‘remains of Cyclopean walls and terraces’ were not those of ‘the capital of the district; probably it was the capital of Eteo-Crete” (I, 161-162).
    [Show full text]