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The Foundations of Palatial Crete a Survey of Crete in the Early Bronze

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The Foundations of Palatial Crete a Survey of Crete in the Early Bronze States and Cities of Ancient Greece Edited hy R. F. WILLETTS The Foundations of Palatial Crete A survey of Crete in the Early Bronze Age Keith Branigan BA Ph D ADOLF M. HAKKERT - PUBLISHER - AMSTERDAM 1988 LIST OF PLATES LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR PLATES PREFACE PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDmON 1 BACKGROUND TO THE ENQUIRY 2 A FRAMEWORK FOR THE PERIOD 3 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE AND SETTLEMENTS 36 G THE ECONOMY 67 5 RELIGION AND RITUAL (!)SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION II 4- 7 THE ART OF EARLY MINOAN CRETE 126 8 FUNERARY ARCHITECTURE AND RITUAL ® TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS 179 10 PREPALATIAL HISTORY AND RESEARCH 196 APPENDIX. EARLY BRONZE AGE SITES OPEN TO VISITORS 210 ABBREViATIONS USED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES 215 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 216 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIES 223 INDEX 225 FOUNDATIONSREVIEWED 233 SUPPLEMENTARY BmUOGRAPHY 2S 1 List of plates Between pages rfrIJ I A view of the plain of Mesara from Phaistos. 2 The harbour site at Khrisoskalitissa. Between pages 32-33 3 a A chalice of 'Pyrgos' ware, EM I. b An EM III jug with polychrome decoration from Palaikastro. 4 a An Agios Onouphrios jug (from the type site) and a 'Lebena' Ware bowl. EM I. b Vasiliki Ware bowl and teapot. EM II. Bet11Jeenpages 64-65 S a Vasiliki Ware jugs with 'seams' marked by incisions. EMIl. b EM III jug and teapot. 6 a Barbotine jugs with polychrome decoration, MM I. " MM Ia cups from Palaikastro. Bet11Jeenpages 80-8r 7 tI The EM II - MMI promontory site at Galatas (middle distance), in Western Crete. b Pillared room and north end of central court, Mallia. List of plates 8 a Oil press arrangement at Vatheypetro. (Late Bronze Age.) List of figures in the text b A shepherd and sheep in a bowl from Palaikastro. MM I. Between pages 96-97 9 a Stone vessels from Mochlos. Mainly EM II-III. b Stone vessels from Platanos. Mainly EM III-MM Ia. c Stone vessels from Mochlos. Mainly EM II-III. d Stone vessels from Koumasa. EM II. I Crete: rivers and coastal plains. page 6 10 a Figurines from peak sanctuaries at Petsopha and 2 Sir Arthur Evans's section beneath the west court, Knossos. 19 Otamaizi. MM Ia. 3 Late Neolithic houses. 38 b 'Bell' idols from Tylissos. MM I. 4 Lebena Chouse' lamp. 40 Early Minoan I/II houses. BetTlJeenpages II2-II3 5 42 6 Early Minoan II building, Palaikastro. 44 II a Bull vessel from Koumasa. MM Ia. b Vessel in the form of a woman, from Mochlos. EM III. 7 Early Minoan II house-on-the-hilltop at Vasiliki. 45 Early Minoan III house at Tylissos. 12 a Stone pyxide lid with handle in the form of a dog, 8 50 p The palace at Mallia. r; from Mc::hlos. EM II. 9 53 \ If b A juglet in the form of a bird, from Koumasa. EM II ? 10 House cA' (MM Ia), Vasiliki. 58 II Mallia, house Zc (MM I). 60 , BetTlJeenpages I44-I4S I 12 MM I houses at Phaistos. 62 " I IJ Cycladic figurine from Koumasa. EC II. :j 13 Distribution of Early Bronze Age sites. !I A small gold toad with granulated decoration from 13 65 H b ,j Platanos. MM Ia. 14 Hunting and fishing equipment. 71 'I !i C Gold brooch featuring two bees (or wasps?), from Early Bronze Age domestic pottery. \; 15 72 Chrysollakos ossuary at Mallia. MM Ia. 16 Potters on Early Minoan III/Middle Minoan I prism 14 IJ ?Minoan stone pyxide with running spira.l decoration, beads. 75 Marorua. EM II. 17 Distribution of Cretan copper and lead sources. 80 b A frying-pan similar to Cycladic vessels of this type, 18 The metalworkers' repertoire. 82 from the Giamalakis Collection. EC II? 19 Clay and stone imitations of wooden boxes. 86 BetTlJeenpages I6o-I6I 20 Loomweights and a spindle whorl. 88 15 a The tholos tomb at Kamilari after excavation. MM I-LM. 21 Patterns on Early Minoan clothing. 89 b Fallen vaulting stones of the Kamilari tholos. MM I-LM. 22 Early Bronze Age amulets. 95 . 16 a The antechamber and door-stone of the Kamilari 23 Amuletic seal-stones. 97 tholos. MM I-LM. 24 Early Minoan figurines. 100 b Funerary remains in the Kamilari tholos swept up Middle Minoan I Peak sanctuaries. against the wall of the tomb. MM I-LM. 25 104 List offigures in the text 26 The Household (or Snake) Goddess. Acknowledgements for plates 27 Agios Onouphrios I style. Unusual designs from Southern Crete. 28 Representational motifs on Early Minoan III/Middle Minoan la pottery. 29 Early Minoan seal-stone designs. 138 30 Early Bronze Age seal-stone shapes. 143 31 Early Minoan gold beads and pendants. 148 32 Early Minoan gold jewellery. 149 I am indebted to M. Christian Zervos for so kindly allowing me to 33 Early Minoan ossuaries. 155 reproduce plates I, 3a, 4, 5, 6, 9, lob, IIa, 12, 143, from his superb 'L'Artde laCrete'. Plates7b, 8, loa, IIb, 13, 14b were kindly supplied 34 . Early Minoan ossuaries. 156 by ProfessorM. Hirmer. The remaining plates were generously offered 35 Early Minoan ossuaries. 158 to me by the following good friends, Sinclair Hood (pis. 2, 7a), 36 Chrysolakkos. 160 Mervyn Popham (pI. 3b), Professor Doro Levi (pis. 15 and 16), 37 Details of Tholos wall construction, Lebena. 161 Dr. A. Zocs (pI. 6a). 38 Early Minoan I-III tholoi at Chrysostomos. 163 39 Distribution of tholoi in Southern Crete. 165 40 Tholos 'N at Platanos. 169 41 MM I tholos at Apesokari. 173 42 Early Minoan 'imports'. 183 43 Early Minoan 'exports'. 188 44 Early Minoan shipping. 191 45 The Early Minoan port at Komo. 192 46 The Early Minoan harbours at Priniatiko Pyrgos. 193 47 Map of sites mentioned in the text. 194 The civilization whichEvaWL~~dMinoan lasted for something like fourt~ hJlll~ajCUs. The last six hundred years'ot~efa have received a great deal of attention from scholars and ~Ym.-en allkeand-many b~~ks,and thousands of learned articles hay~ be~ wntten ~aJ>out'them. ThiS is not surprising, for the period of six hundredyears.from 2,000 B.C. to 1,400 B.C. is that in which Minoan civilization reached maturity; it is the period of the great palaces and all the 'i1ches-tliat they held. What is surprising hOweYer•.is that the previous eight hundred years have been relatively ignored. Apart from eiCavation reports there are no books about the Minoan Early Bronze Age, and relatively few articles. PendIebury, Hutchin- son, and Schachermeyr have all written chapters which deal with· the period, but only briefly and in outline. Both student and layman alike are therefore unable to read a comprehensive account of Early Minoan Crete. This book is an attempt to remedy the situation. It is not intended however to be a textbook in which each and t:Veryproblem concerning our knowledge and understanding of the period is discussed and a solution suggested. Rather the book is written around a central theme-:the debt of palatial Crete te Ute E!!!y Br~nze Age civiliza~Each chapter is designed to trace the developmenfof one particular aspect of that civilization from the sub-Neolithic period to the erection of the palaces in MM I. The term 'Early Bronze Age' is used throughout to cover the period occupied by EM I, EM II, EM III and MM Ia; that is to say, I regard the MM Ia phase as a part of the Early Bronze Age and inseparable from any discussion of it. My reasons for doing so will, I hope, become apparent as the book progresses. Evans's terminology and ceramic framework for the period has been adhered to with one or two changes in the duration and positioning of certain pottery fabrics within that framework. Preface In order to avoid punctuating the text with a large number of footnotes, references have been grouped together under a single foo~ote wherever this has be~ possible. The chapter bibliography which follows the general bIbliography will allow the reader to qui.cIdy find th~ books and articles most relevant to any subject Twenty years ago I began the preface to the ftist edition of this book which h~ may W1S~to pursue further. In selecting figures and plates by bemoaning the lack of attention paid to the pre-palatial period in I hav.etned to a~eve a balance between the important but already prehistoric Crete. Twenty years on I am somewhat mollified - field ~ell-Illusr:rated .0bJects.and less well-known objects published only surveys,excavation, artefact research, and perhaps above all debate and In expensIve or unobtamable books. discussion,have all contributed a great deal to the sbldy of the Cretan Inevitably during eight years of study I have received a great deal EarlyBronze Age over the last two decades. of help, encouragement, advice, information and stimulation from Yet this book remains the only volume devoted to the study of an ever-widening circle of friends and colleagues. To all of these I the pre-palatial era, and its reprint reflects both the continuing gap in owe a debt of gratitude which I am pleased to have the opportunity theliterature on Minoan archaeology and the continuing demand for a to aC,knowledge.In particular I must express my thanks to Mr. Peter volume to fill it This is not, alas, a new book - though there is Gelling, who ~t introduced me to the archaeology of Crete, and certainly the need for one. This edition must be seen as an interim to Dr.
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