Map 60 Creta Compiled by J

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Map 60 Creta Compiled by J. Bennet and G. Reger (insets), 1994

Introduction

Homer, in the Iliad (2.649), refers to Crete as Κρήτην ἑκατόµπολιν, while at Odyssey 19.174 there are ἐννήκοντα πόληες on the island. Clearly, in early Greek tradition Crete was the island of 100 or 90 cities, and later authors–like Xenion (FGH 460 F2), it would seem–felt obliged to come up with 100 names when discussing Crete’s geography. While it is unlikely that it ever contained that many πόλεις (independent “city-states”), the number of city names attested is certainly large–in Stephanus, for example, nearly eighty. The map seeks to establish the location of all the major cities, that is, those whose independence is indicated by their participation in a treaty or by the minting of coins. Similarly, it seeks to mark other names (both cultural and physical features) attested in literary or epigraphical sources. Even so, some fairly well attested names must remain as Unlocated Toponyms; there are some False Toponyms, too, of places which in all likelihood never existed. In addition to the cultural and physical features to which an ancient name can be attached (many of which have been investigated archaeologically), the map also aims to mark those larger sites attested by archaeology, to which no ancient name can be reliably attributed. As a general rule, very small settlements (especially individual farmsteads) are omitted in order not to overcrowd the map. Two further aspects essential to any study of the island’s topography and settlement are also passed over, because they seem inappropriate to a map at this scale. First, there is no systematic attempt to locate all toponyms attested in boundary treaties, in particular the fifty attested in a late second century B.C. boundary treaty between Olous and Lato (Faure 1967; van Effenterre 1969). Apart from the uncertainty of attribution to specific modern topographic features, the relatively small area covered would lead to serious overcrowding. Nonetheless a small number of securely locatable toponyms from such documents are marked. Second, sites attested by systematic archaeological surface survey are omitted, although it would be possible to increase the number of known sites of the classical period considerably by adding them. The chief reason has again been to avoid overcrowding, but there is also the question of representativeness; an area covered by intensive survey will seem much more densely populated than others, even though this may well not have been the case in antiquity. To pursue settlement patterns in more detail, note the surveys conducted in the following areas of the island (from west to east). Some of the publications are preliminary, and fuller details may follow: Khania (Moody 1987, where the emphasis is prehistoric, but historical periods are mentioned); Sphakia region (Nixon 1988; 1989; 1990; Moody 1998); Rethymnon and its region to the east (Schiering 1982); Amari valley (Rocchetti 1994); western Mesara plain (Watrous 1993) and Kommos area (Hope Simpson 1995); Agiopharango valley and the nearby south coast (Blackman 1975; 1977); Knosos vicinity (Hood 1981); Mallia region (Müller 1990); Lasithi plateau (Watrous 1982); Vrokastro region (Hayden 1992; 1995); Kavousi region (Haggis 1992; 1996); Ag. Photia (Tsipopoulou 1989); south-east Crete (Schlager 1991); and the Lamnoni and Katelionas basins near Ziros (Branigan 1998). It is well known that the west coast of the island experienced a severe tectonic uplift, probably in A.D. 438 (Thommeret 1981). Around the ancient harbors at Phalasarna and Kisamos, the uplift was in the order of 20 ft, while in the south-west corner of the island (ancient Kriou Metopon, Biennos and Kalamyde) it was close to 27 ft. In addition, since antiquity there has been a general rise in sea level around Crete of about six ft, while localized tectonic disturbances have affected a number of other places on the island. Despite the dramatic nature of the west Cretan uplift, the lateral retreat of the sea is in fact minimal at the scale of the map, given the fairly extreme vertical topography of much of the coastline in the area; it has not, therefore, been possible to indicate this retreat precisely. The major visible effect is that the modern Tigani promontory probably formed an island in antiquity (Gondicas 1988, 146), equated with ancient Iousagoura; the site of modern and medieval Palaiochora (equated by some scholars with ancient Kalamyde) was also an off-shore island, lending greater plausibility to the location of ancient Kalamyde to the east of the modern town, near the mouth of the Vlythias river (Gondicas 1988, 17). For a 920 MAP 60 CRETA summary of archaeological data relevant to sea level changes, see Leatham (1958) and Sanders (1982, 181-82); for landscape change in all periods, Rackham (1996). Myers (1992) has great value for its up-to-date, stunningly illustrated collection of information on sites of all periods with bibliographic references; for predominantly Roman period sites, Sanders (1982) with its gazetteer is more accessible than Harrison (1993). Guarducci’s discussion of topography in IC I-IV is often valuable for its topographic references. For controversial sites beginning with the letters A and B, note the well documented discussions by Kitchell (1977), supplemented in two instances by Kitchell (1979; 1983). For other sites, note especially Faure (1960; 1963; 1988; 1993) and–for west Crete–Gondicas (1988). Chaniotis (1996) is generally useful on many aspects of topography. Insets Here, as on other Aegean islands, the density of names and symbols marked often reflects the focus of modern research more than the realities of ancient habitation and land use. The towers of Siphnos, for example, famous for their numbers, caught the attention of Ashton (1991), who produced a splendid and complete catalog; his detailed findings, however, cannot be fully reflected at this scale. Several other islands have fared less well. Perhaps the greatest disappointments are Andros, which until recently has failed to attract much attention (except for Zagora), and Tenos, where work has focused almost exclusively on the temple of Poseidon and Amphitrite and a few other cult sites. For Tenos, we know many toponyms which may be villages (so RE) or demes, whether attached to a homonymous village or not (Etienne 1990, 24-30); these are omitted from the Unlocated Toponyms.

Directory All place names are in Greece

Abbreviation

Creta Antica Creta Antica: Cento anni di archeologia italiana (1884-1984), Scuola archeologica italiana di Atene, Rome, 1984

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D2 Acharna C Arkhanes IC I, 46 B4 Aegaeum Mare See Map 57 C5 Ag. Andreas CH on Siphnos Matthäus 1985, 34-37 D2 Ag. Anna ACHL Tzermiado Watrous 1982, 43 (no. 13) B2 Ag. Eustratios R Patsianos Hood 1967, 55-56 A2 Ag. Georgios CHL Gialos Hood 1967, 49 C4 Ag. Georgios C on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 38 D2 Ag. Georgios Papoura AC Pinakiano Watrous 1982, 39-40 (no. 4) C3 Ag. Kyriaki H Agiofarango Blackman 1977, 31-37, 53-56, 59-60 C4 Ag. Nikitas ACH on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 52 F4 Ag. Panteleimon ACH on Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 100-105 C3 Ag. Pavlos RL Kaloi Limenes Blackman 1975, 24-25 A4 Ag. Petros C on Andros Sauciuc 1914, 29-33 D2 Ag. Photia R Sanders 1982, 7/18 C4 Ag. Sostes A on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 52 C2 Ag. Triada AH Myers 1992, 70-77 A1 Agneion Sinus R Ag. Sostis bay Gondicas 1988, 145 Agrion = Pantomatrion D2 Aigaion Antron AR Psykhro / Diktaian cave Watrous 1982, 61-62 (no. 66) D2 Aigaion M. A Mt. Dikti Kitchell 1977, 80-86 C2 *Aina? H Kastelli Faure 1965, 222-23 (1); Kitchell 1977, 93-97 Akytos Ins.= Koite Ins. MAP 60 CRETA 921

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C2 Allaria? HRL Khamalevri PECS Khamalevri Alonion = Aulon C2 Amnatos CHR Perisakia PECS D2 Amnisos fl. ACHR Karteros Kitchell 1977, 138-64; Schäfer 1992, 73-75 G3 Ampas CH on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 133 F3 Ampelia A on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 151 B2 Ampelos CHR Koxare Hood 1966, 180 F2 Ampelos HR Farmakokefalo / Kastri Sanders 1982, 1/30; Schlager 1991, 23-25 B2 Amphimala HR Georgoupolis? Kitchell 1977, 169-81; Sanders 1982, 17/13; § Amphimalion IC II, map B2 Amphimales Sinus Ormos Almyrou IC II, 183 Amphitrite, T. = Poseidon, T. C2 Amyklaion? H Kommos Kitchell 1977, 182-86; Myers 1992, 148-53; Cucuzza 1997 E2 Anavlokhos A Vrakhasi Demargne 1931 A4 Andros CHR Palaiopolis RE 1 A4 Andros Ins. Andros RE 1 B2 Anopolis ACHR Anopolis RE Suppl. 1; Sanders 1982, 16/6; Moody 1998, 90-92 C3 Antiskari R Sanders 1982, 10/24 D2 Apellonia? ACH Ag. Pelagia Sanders 1982, 9/1; Alexiou 1984 § Apollonia? E4 Aperi ACH on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 163 Aphrodite,T.=Ares,T. Aphrodite, T. = Hermes, T. G3 Apollo Erethimios, T. ACHR on Rhodos Jacopi 1932, 77-116 A1 Apollo, T. R Ag. Sostis bay Sanders 1982, 20/1; Gondicas 1988, 145 B2 Apollonia? HR Sellia: Souda Hood 1966, 184 D2 Apollonia? H?R Gazi Sanders 1982, 9/8 B2 Aptera ACHR Megala Khorafia RE 1 §Aptara B2 Araden HRL Aradaina RE; Moody 1998, 90 Arbion? M. = Hieron M. E2 Ares, Aphrodite, T. ACH Ellinika: Sto Pyrgo Bousquet 1938; Faure 1967 § Archaion Aphrodision G3 Argos? HR Asklepeio, on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 747 D3 *Aria? CHRL Arvi Faure 1960, 236 (n. 2); Hood 1964, 89-90; §Albe? Kitchell 1977, 249-65; 1983 D2 Arkades ACHRL Inion: Kefala Sanders 1982, 7/25 §Arkadia E5 Arkaseia ACH Arkassa, on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 162-63 Arsinoe = Rhithymna G3 Asomata HR on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 138 C5 Aspros Pyrgos A?C? on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 132-34 C2 Astale R Bali Sanders 1982, 13/4 D3 Asterousia M. H Asterousia Kitchell 1977, 301-304 F3 Atabyrion M. on Rhodos RE 1 F2 Athena, T. HR Cape Sidero IC III, 156; Sanders 1982, 1/38, 1/40 A4 Aulon Pr. Akra Steno Scylax 113; IG XII 5, test. 1504 A4 Aulon Sinus Steno IG XII 5, test. 1504 C2 Aulon/ C/ Agioi Deka Kitchell 1977, 316-18 Alonion R Aulopotamos? = Panormos Axos = (W)Axos

F3 Bati A on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1983 F3 Batoklia HR on Rhodos Biliotti 1881, 436-39; Sørenson 1992, 126 D2 Bene? ACH Panagia: Kastellos Kitchell 1977, 325-30 E2 Benkasos? M. H Sopata Faure 1967; Hayden 1992, 299 (n. 24) B2 Berekynthos M. Malaxa Kitchell 1977, 333-36 922 MAP 60 CRETA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D2 Biannos ACHRL Ano Viannos: Khorakia Hood 1964, 83 A2 Biennos? R Ktista: Ag. Ioannis Gondicas 1988, 72 G3 Bigla CH on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 154 C2 Bionnos? CH Kerame: Pyrgos Hood 1966, 173-74 C5 Blase C on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 82 C2 Boibe R Pompia? Kitchell 1977, 382-87 B2 Boudroe Inss. R Souda IC II, 10 F3 *Brasos R Prasos / Kastelli?, on Papachristodoulou 1989, 76; Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 132 G3 Brygindara ACHRL on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 125 E4 Brykous ACHR on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 161-62

F3 Chalke CHRL Kastro Hope Simpson 1973, 156-57 F3 Chalke Ins. Khalki RE 2 E2 Chambritrasos? H Khavgas gorge Faure 1967, 106; Watrous 1982, 23 D2 Chersonasos HRL Limin Khersonisos PECS Chersonesos A2 Chersonesos R Cape Karavoutas or Gondicas 1988, 80 Koutoulos E3 Chrysea Ins. Gaïdouronisi / Khrysi IC III, 20 Col. Iulia Nobilis Cnosos = Knosos D2 Creta Ins. ACHRL NPauly Kreta C1 Creticum Mare Kritiko Pelagos Burr 6

G3 Damatria R on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 98-101 D2 Dataleis? A Aphrati: Prophitis Ilias Creta Antica 257-63; Viviers 1994 A2 Debla R Varypetro Sanders 1982, 18/11 B5 Delos Ins. See Map 61 D2 Dia Ins. CHRL Dia Sanders 1982, 6/9 §Dios Ins. D2 Diatonion? H Astritsion IC I, 46 F2 Didymoi? fl. Stomios IC III, 164 F2 Didymoi? Sinus Ormos Siteias IC III, 164 F2 Dikte M. HR Mt. Modi Crowther 1988 A1 Diktynnaion HRL Diktynnaion / Menies bay Gondicas 1988, 287-96 F3 Dimastos? Ins. RE 2 C2 Dion? Pr. AR Korakias Pr. IC II, 43; van Effenterre 1991, 18-19 F2 Dionysiades Inss. HR Paximada, Dragonada, IC III, 157 Gianysada B4 Donakea? H Leibada, on Tenos IG XII 5, test. 1516.3 F2 Dragmos? ACH Koutsoulopetres: Kastri Faure 1963, 18 B2 Drepanon Pr. R Drapanon IC II, 10 E2 Dreros ACHR Neapolis: Ag. Antonios Myers 1992, 86-90

D2 Eileithyias Antron ACHRL Neraïdospilios / RE Eileithyia, col. 2106; Koutsouras cave Schäfer 1992, 84-87 Eleia? = Zeus Diktaios, T. C2 Elektra fl. Platys IC II, 278 C2 Eleutherna ACHRL Prines Myers 1992, 91-95 § Apollonia StByz ’Απολλωνία κγ' C2 Ellinika RL Vizari Hood 1964, 77 D2 Eltynia CH Kounavoi: Ellinika IC I, 89; Sanders 1982, 6/12 A2 Elyros HRL Rodovani RE E4 Ephialteion? Pr. Ag. Apostolui RE Karpathos, col. 2002 F2 Episkopi R Sanders 1982, 1/14 D5 Episkopi R on Sikinos Frantz 1969 G3 Eremokastro H on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 120-23 G3 Eremokastro ? on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 133 D2 Eronos? ACHRL Ag. Georgios: Avgousti Watrous 1982, 55-56 (no. 46); §Erannos Faure 1993, 69 F3 Erythraion Pr. Cape Goudouras IC III, 1 C5 Eschatia? H on Siphnos IG XII 5.653, line 27 A4 Eschatiota? C on Tenos Etienne 1990, 29 MAP 60 CRETA 923

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E4 Eteokarpathioi CH on Karpathos IG XII 1.977 Etis = *Setaea F3 Eulimna Ins. Alinnia Susini 1963, 260 G3 Exokhi A on Rhodos Johansen 1957

A5 Galessos ACH? Galessas, on Syros RE Syros 1 A4 Gaurion CH Gaureion, on Andros RE Andros 1 C3 Gavaliana R Agiofarango Blackman 1977, 52 G3 Gemakhi ? on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 144 F3 Gennadi CHR on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 149-50 F4 Germatos H? on Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 98-101 C2 Gortyn(a) A? Gortyna / Ag. Deka Myers 1992, 96-103; StByz Γόρτυν § Ellotis §Kremnia § Larissa A4 Gyaros Ins. Gyalos RE B4 Gyras M. on Tenos IG XII 5, test. 1516.2

D5 Harmedon? Ins. Harmathia RE Kasion 1 E2 Hellen? fl. H Petritsi / Gra Lygia Faure 1967, 109; 1984, 49 D2 Herakleion HRL Irakleion PECS B2 Hermaia? Pr. Cape Plaka IC II, 227 E2 Hermas? fl. H Kapistropotamos Faure 1967, 108; 1984, 49 E2 Hermes, Aphrodite, T. ACHR spring and shrine, Kato Myers 1992, 268-71 Symi: Krya Vrysi C5 Heteireia? Ins. Ag. Eustatios IG XII 3, 1259 E2 Hierapytna A?C?HR Ierapetra StByz ‛Ιεράπυτνα;PECS §Kyrba L §Pytna §Kamiros D2 Hieron/ RL/ Mt. Keraton Hood 1964, 84; Sanders 1982, 7/15; Arbion? M. R Kitchell 1983 B2 Hippokoronion? M. Mt. Drapanokephala Faure 1988, 88 B2 Hydramia R Dramia? RE A4 Hypsele A on Andros Telebantou 1993 D2 *Hyrtaia? CHR Melidokhori: Kasteriotis Sanders 1982, 7/5; Faure 1993, 70 §*Ertaia? A2 Hyrtakina CHR Temenia: Kastri RE

G3 Ialysos ACHRL on Rhodos RE 3; Maiuri 1923 §Ialysia RE C2 Ida(ion) M. CHR Mt. Idi / Pseiloritis RE Ida 1 C2 Idaion Antron ACHR Idaion Antron RE Idaion 1c §ArkesionAntron A2 Ina Chorion? CHR Vathi, formerly Kouneni Gondicas 1988, 77-78 D3 Inatos HRL Tsoutsouros Sanders 1982, 7/31 D2 Inatos fl. Mintris IC I, 98 A1 Iousagoura? Ins. Cape Tigani Gondicas 1988, 146-50 E2 Istron HR 2 settlements: Kalo Hayden 1992, 298 Khorio-Pyrgos / Nisi Panteleimon F2 Itanon Pr. Cape Plaka IC III, 76 F2 Itanos ACHRL Erimoupolis PECS; Kalpaxis 1995 Iulia Nobilis Cnosos = Knosos D2 Iytos M. C Mt. Gioukhtas IC I, 46 F4 Ixia HR Plemmuri, on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 747 F4 Ixos Sinus RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 747

E2 Kadiston M. Mt. Kadiston IC I, 243 D2 Kairatos fl. Sylamianos / Katsampas IC I, 46 A2 Kalamyde R Palaiokhora: Vlithias Hood 1967, 48-49; Gondicas 1988, 53-55 F3 Kalogeros AC on Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 114-18 924 MAP 60 CRETA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C3 Kaloi Limenes RL Ormos Kaloi Limenes / PECS Limiones C2 Kamilari RL Sanders 1982, 11/6 F3 Kamiros ACHRL Kamiros RE 2; Porro 1915 § Kamiris C5 Kampanario A?C? on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 76 A2 Kantanos HRL settlement and mine at Gondicas 1988, 44-48 Kantanos D2 Kardamoutsa ACL Pinakiano Watrous 1982, 39 (no. 3) E4 Karpathion Mare See Map 61 E4 Karpathos Ins. Karpathos Susini 1963, 225-44 D2 Karphi A Pinakiano Myers 1992, 116-19 F2 Karymai? Sinus H Karoumpes bay Bosanquet 1939, 61-62 D5 Kasion Nesoi Kasion Nesoi RE G2 Kasos ACHR Kastro / Poli Hope Simpson 1970, 70 G2 Kasos Ins. Kasos Susini 1963, 203-24 F3 Kassaros ACH on Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 121-23 A2 Kastellos CHRL Varypetro Sanders 1982, 18/9 A2 Kastraki H Anydroi Gondicas 1988, 18-20 D2 Kastri ACH Keratokampos Hood 1964, 82-83 C2 Kastri 1 CH Pantanassa Hood 1966, 188-89; PECS C2 Kastri 2 CHRL Apodoulou Hood 1964, 78-79 D2 Katarraktes? fl. Anapodaris IC I, 150 E2 Katharo L Watrous 1982, 49 (no. 34) C2 Kato Asites R Sanders 1982, 9/14 A2 Katre? CHR Kadros: Prophitis Ilias Gondicas 1988, 49-51 F4 *Kattabia ACH Kattabia, on Rhodos RE Suppl. 4 Kattabier B3 Kaudos Ins. Gavdos IC II, 90-91 B3 Kaudos? CH Gavdos: Ag. Ioannis Sanders 1982, 19/19 E2 Kavousi A Kastro Myers 1992, 120-23; Haggis 1996 F3 Kekoia H on Rhodos Maiuri 1916, 299 D2 Kephali tou Vasilikou L Ag. Georgios Watrous 1982, 53 (no. 42) A2 Keraia? HR Meskla Faure 1963, 18 F2 ‘Ketia’? Pr. Cape Vamvakia IC III, 164 G3 Khalospita ? on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 131 A1 Kimaros Pr. Cape Vouxa Gondicas 1988, 142-43 C5 Kimolos ACHRL Ag. Andreas RE C5 Kimolos Ins. Kimolos RE B1 Kisamon? Pr. Akrotiri Khanion IC II, 10 A2 Kisamos HRL Kastelli Kisamou Gondicas 1988, 163-70 B2 Kisamos? HR Kalami Sanders 1982, 17/1; PECS D2 Knosos/ ACHRL/ settlement and quarry at Hood 1981; Myers 1992, 124-47 Col. Iulia Nobilis Cnosos R Knossos / Makryteikhos A1 Koite/ Ag. Theodoroi IC II, 106 Akytos Ins. E2 Kolokythia HRL Spinalonga Sanders 1982, 3/8 D2 Kolonna ACH Lagou Watrous 1982, 41 (no. 8) G3 Kolympia L on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 144 B4 Kome H on Tenos Etienne 1990, 29 C2 Korion CH Melampes: Voulgari Hood 1966, 169-70 Armokastella A1 Korykiai Inss. Gramvousa and Agria Gondicas 1988, 146-50 Gramvousa A1 Korykos Pr. Gramvousa Pr. Gondicas 1988, 142-44 C2 Kranaion Antron AHR Patsos cave Hood 1966, 186-87; Kourou 1994 F3 Kretenia Sinus RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 750 F3 Kretinia HR? on Rhodos Pernier 1914, 230-36 A2 Kriou Metopon Pr. Cape Krios Gondicas 1988, 70-71 C2 Kroussonas ACHR Koupos Sanders 1982, 9/13 B1 Kydonia ACHRL Khania PECS; Hallager 1997 § Apollonia? E2 Kymaios? fl. H Xeropotamos Faure 1967; Hayden 1992, 299 MAP 60 CRETA 925

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F3 Kymisala CHR on Rhodos Maiuri 1916, 285-98; Hope Simpson 1973, 146 C2 Kytaion? CHR Almyrida RE; Stefanakis 1998

F3 *Ladarma H Alaerma, on Rhodos Blinkenberg 1941, 20 D5 Lagousa Ins. Kardiotissa Strabo 10.5.1 B2 Lamon? R Plakias: Ag. Georgios Hood 1966, 183 B2 Lappa HRL Argyroupolis RE 1 E2 Larisa? AC Kalamafka: Kastellos Faure 1963, 18; Watrous 1994 G3 Lartos ? Lardos, on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 76 C3 Lasaia HRL opposite Trafos island Blackman 1975, 28-32 §Lasoia E4 Lastos HRL on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 164 E2 Lato ACH Goulas Myers 1992, 154-59 E2 Lato pros Kamara HRL Ag. Nikolaos RE Latos C3 Leben HRL Lentas Faure 1960, 242 (no. 33bis); Myers 1992, 160-63 F3 Lelos HR on Rhodos Maiuri 1916, 298-302 C3 Leon Pr. Cape Kefalas IC I, 150 B1 Lera ACHRL Stavros Hood 1965, 110; Guest-Papamanoli 1976 C2 Lethaios fl. Geropotamos IC IV, 16 C2 Letoa Ins. Paximadia IC I, 268 A2 Leuka M. Lefka Mts. RE Λευκὰ ῎Ορη B2 Leukai Inss. Palaiosouda / Marathi IC II, 10 Souda F3 Leuke HRL Sanders 1982, 1/31; Papadakis 1989, 67-71 F3 Leuke Ins. Kouphonisi Sanders 1982, 1/31; Papadakis 1989, 67-71 C5 Libeia? Ins. Ag. Georgios IG XII 3.1259 B3 Libycum Mare See Map 73 G3 Lindos ACHRL Lindos, on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 747 §Lindia RE A2 Lissos HRL Ag. Kyrkos Myers 1992, 168-71 G3 Loryma Sinus Malonos Bay Hiller 1892, 315-17 A2 Loutra H Gondicas 1988, 20-21 D2 Lykastos HR Rokka Sanders 1982, 8/10 D2 Lyktos ACHRL Xidas PECS Lyttos; Rethemiotakis 1984 § Lyttos

D2 Magazia L Kaminaki Watrous 1982, 59 (no. 59) E2 Malla CH Malles Sanders 1982, 2/2 D2 Mallia RL Myers 1992, 175-85 G3 Mantra Boutouriou C? Hormos Glyphadas, on Papachristodoulou 1989, 130 Rhodos B2 Massalia? fl. Megapotamos / IC II, 192 Kourtaliotiko C3 Matalon HRL Matala PECS; Hope Simpson 1995, 329-40 § Matala C5 Melos Ins. See Map 58 A1 Mese Ins. Gramvousa / Imeri Gondicas 1988, 146-50 Gramvousa G3 Mesobounos HR on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 119 B2 Messapos? fl. Mousellas IC II, 192 G3 Metropolite AL on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 120 C3 Miamou R settlement and mine at Sanders 1982, 10/22 Makry Livadi E2 Milatos ACH Milatos? RE Miletos 4 B1 Minoa HR Marathi PECS Marathi E2 Minoa HR Pakheia Ammos PECS Pachia Ammos A1 Mithymna? HR Nopigeia Gondicas 1988, 275-76 F3 Mnasyrion Sinus Glyphada Bay RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, cols. 751-52 E2 Mokhlos RL Myers 1992, 186-93 A1 Modaioi H “Koinon” centered on Gondicas 1988, 272; Faure 1993, 72-73 Rokka 926 MAP 60 CRETA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B2 Monopari HR Sanders 1982, 14/3 D2 Mouri R Kato Metokhi Watrous 1982, 65 (no. 74) A1 Mykenai? ACH Kastelli: Selli Sanders 1982, 20/9; Gondicas 1988, 156 B5 Mykonos See Map 61 B5 Mykonos Ins. See Map 61 A1 Mylai Inss. Pontikonisi and Tigani Gondicas 1988, 146-50 F3 Mylantia? Pr. Ag. Minas RE Μυλαντία A1 Myle Ins. Pontikonision Gondicas 1988, 146-50 A1 Myrtilos? Sinus Gulf of Kissamos IC II, 95; Gondicas 1988, 145 C5 Myrtoion Mare See Map 58 E2 Myrtos R Sanders 1982, 2/4

G3 Napes L on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 134 F3 Narthecusa? Ins. RE Narthekusa 2 D5 Naulochos? Ins. Makronesi RE Kasion 1 G3 Nessos H on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 130 F3 Netteia? CH Prophetes Elias, on RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, cols. 746-47 Rhodos

E2 Oleros CHR Meseleroi Sanders 1982, 2/7; Hayden 1992, 298; 1995 D4 Oliaros Ins. Antiparos Strabo 10.5.3 E2 Olous ACHRL Elounta and causeway to Myers 1992, 216-23 Spinalonga D2 Omphalion H lower Platyperama / IC I, 45 Giophyros valley F2 Onysia Ins. HR Elasa IC III, 76 A2 Oreioi H “Koinon” cent. on Lissos Faure 1960, 243 (no. 65bis); van and Hyrtakina Effenterre 1948, 120-26 G3 Orthe C on Rhodos Blinkenberg 1941, 222 C3 Oxeia Ins. HR small island off Lentas IC I, 150

F3 Pagoi ? Kharaki, on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 76; Sørenson 1992, 141-43 A4 Paionion Pr. Akra Peristeri IG XII 5, test. 1504 E4 Palaia Pi HR on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 163-64 E4 Palaiokastro C?H? on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 167 F3 Palaiokastron AC? on Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 110 B1 Panagia Arkoudiotissa ACHR Gouverneto Hood 1965, 110; Guest-Papamanoli 1976 D2 Pannona? R Ag. Thomas Sanders 1982, 7/2; Faure 1993, 70 B4 Panormos Sinus Panormos Etienne 1990, 29 C2 Panormos/ RL/ Kastelli Mylopotamou / IC II, 142; Faure 1960, 240 (no. 17); Aulopotamos? L Panormos Sanders 1982, 13/3 G3 Panos Pr. Zonori Cape Hiller 1899, 360 C2 Pantomatrion/ CHR/ Stavromenos Kitchell 1977, 77-79; Faure 1993, 72 Agrion L G3 Paradeisi HR on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 138 C4 Paraskeues to Petali H? on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 54 D4 Paros See Map 61 D4 Paros Ins. See Map 61 D2 Patela ACH Prinias Creta Antica 226-56 F4 Pedion on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 76 A2 Pelkis? CHR Kontokynigi Sanders 1982, 19/7; Gondicas 1988, 63-66 A1 Pergamos? ACHR Grimbiliana: Ag. Eirini Hood 1965, 105-106; §Pergamia R Gondicas 1988, 280-85 Plutarch, Lycurgus 31 F2 *Petra? ACH Liopetro Faure 1963, 20-21 G3 Phagai CH Tsambikas, on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 142-44 C2 Phaistos ACHRL Phaistos / Ag. Ioannis Sanders 1982, 11/4; Myers 1992, 232-43 C2 Phalanna? ACH Onithi Faure 1960, 233, 238 (no. 95); Sanders 1982, 14/7 A1 Phalasarna ACH S Cape Koutri Gondicas 1988, 85-141; Myers 1992, 244-47 A2 Phaleliana R Prophitis Ilias Sanders 1982, 20/24 MAP 60 CRETA 927

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F3 Phanes CHR on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 141 B2 Phoinikous Limen HRL Ormos Phoinikia IC II, 226 B2 Phoinix CHRL Loutro PECS; Moody 1998, 92 B2 Phoinix? CHR Sellia: Phoinikias IC II, map; Hood 1966, 184 (26); Sanders 1982, 15/2 C5 Pholegandros A?CHR Palaiokastro RE C5 Pholegandros Ins. Pholegandros RE D2 Pigi RL Ag. Panteleimon Sanders 1982, 6/24 D2 Plati A Watrous 1982, 62-64 (no. 69) A2 Poikilasion CHRL Trypiti PECS A2 Polichna? ACH Vryses: Ag. Georgios Faure 1963, 21-22 F2 Polichna? CHR Petras: Trypitos Papadakis 1989, 120-21; Faure 1993, 67-68 C5 Polyaigos Ins. Poluaigos / Polubos RE 1 A2 Polyrrenia ACHRL Epano Palaiokastro Gondicas 1988, 173-257 Polyrhenia; Myers 1992, 251-55 G3 Pontoreia HR on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 749 E4 Porthmos Sinus Stenon Sarias RE Karpathos 1, col. 2003 B4 Poseidon, Amphitrite, T. ACHR on Tenos Etienne 1986 E4 Poseidon Porthmios, T. CHR Ag. Nikolaos, on Susini 1963, 233 (n. 5) Karpathos B4 Potamos fl. on Tenos Etienne 1990, 25 D2 Pothereus? fl. R upper Platyperama / Vitruvius 1.4.10; IC IV, 17 Giophyros E4 Potidaion ACHRL Pegadi, on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 159-61 § Karpathou Ktoina F2 Praisos ACHL Praisos / Vaveloi Myers 1992, 256-61; Whitley 1994; 1995 C5 Prepesinthos Ins. Despotiko Strabo 10.5.3 D2 Priansos CHR Kastellos RE Suppl. 14 C4 Prophetes Elias H on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 54 Troullakiou E2 Prophitis Ilias AC Episkopi: Prophitis Ilias Watrous 1994 A1 Psakon Pr. Cape Spathi Gondicas 1988, 286 Rhodopou E2 Pseira RL Myers 1992, 262-67 C2 Psycheion HR E Cape Melissa Hood 1966, 170 C2 Psycheion Pr. HR Cape Melissa Hood 1966, 170 B2 Pyktos fl. Kiliaris IC II, 10 C2 Pyloros R Plora Sanders 1982, 10/15 D2 Pyranthos R Pyrathi: Trokhales Sanders 1982, 7/26 E2 Pyrra Ins. HR Ag. Pantes van Effenterre 1942, 38-39

A2 Rhamnous Limen R Ormos Stomiou Gondicas 1988, 79 D2 Rhaukos HRL Ag. Myron RE ‛Ραῦκος B5 Rheneia Ins. See Map 61 B2 Rhithymna/ CHR/ Rethymnon PECS; Kitchell 1977, 284-88 Arsinoe H C2 Rhittenia? CH Apesokari: Kato Riza Faure 1963, 22-24 §Rhizenia G3 Rhodos CHRL Hoepfner 1988 F3 Rhodos Ins. Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 F3 Rhonkchon HR on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 750 D2 Rhytion/ ACHR Rotasi RE ‛Ρύτιον Rhytiassos A2 Rokka CHR Troulli Sanders 1982, 20/18; Gondicas 1988, 265-69 D2 Roukouni Korphi H Khondros Hood 1964, 82

F2 Sam(m)onion Pr. HR Cape Sideros IC III, 156 ; Sanders 1982, 1/38, 1/40 G3 Sarantapekhos H on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 123-24 E4 Saros CH Palatia Hope Simpson 1962, 167-68 E4 Saros Ins. Saria Hope Simpson 1962, 167-68 G3 Schedia Sinus RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 748 F2 Sedamnos? fl. H Kokhlakhies Bosanquet 1939, 61-62 C4 Seriphos ACHRL Seriphos RE 2 928 MAP 60 CRETA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C4 Seriphos Ins. Seriphos RE 1 F2 *Setaea/ HRL Siteia RE Setaia 1; Sanders 1982, 1/12 Etis D5 Sikinos ACHR Hagia Marina RE 2 D5 Sikinos Ins. Sikinos RE 1 C5 Siphnos ACHRL Kastro RE 2 C5 Siphnos Ins. Siphnos RE 1 C2 Sisaioi HR vicinity of Sises Faure 1965, 229; Sanders 1982, 13/14 A2 Sklavopoula R Sanders 1982, 19/6; Gondicas 1988, 61-62 D2 Skyl(l)ion? M. R SE Rhytion? IC I, 303 B4 Smobolon CH? on Tenos Etienne 1990, 29-30 G3 Somantera-Katholike HRL on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 117-18 G3 Soroni H on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 140-41 C2 Soulia H?R Ag. Galini PECS C4 Sounion? Pr. Akra Philippos IG XII 5, test. 1452 A2 Spaniakos H Gondicas 1988, 22-23 E2 *Stalai? HR Makrygialos Faure 1960, 238 (no. 82); 1963, 25-26 (21bis); Sanders 1982, 1/10 G3 Stegna ? on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 140-41 F4 Steno ACH on Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 100-105 G3 Soura ACH on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 134 C2 Sybrita ACHRL Thronos PECS; Rocchetti 1994 A2 Syia HRL Sougia PECS F2 Syrinthos? ACH Goudouras: Dasonari / Schachermeyr 1938, 479; Ellinika Faure 1959, 192; 1960, 238 (no. 86) A5 Syros ACHRL Hermoupolis RE 1 A5 Syros Ins. Syros RE 1

C2 Tallaia? M. R Kouloukonas Mts. IC II, 302 C2 Tallaion Antron AR Melidoni: Gero(nto)spilios IC II.xxviii B2 Tanos? H Almyrida / Castel Faure 1963, 24 Apicorno A2 Tarra ACHRL Ag. Roumeli PECS; Moody 1998, 89 B4 Tenos ACHRL on Tenos Etienne 1990, 15-24 B4 Tenos Ins. Tenos RE 1 D5 Theai kai Nymphai, T. on Karpathos Susini 1963, 213-16 D2 Theren? fl. Gournianos IC I, 46 G3 Thermydon Sinus Porto Paradiso Hiller 1892, 316-18 E5 Thoanteion Pr. Akra Kastellos RE Karpathos, cols. 2002-2003 F3 Thoantion Pr. RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, cols. 750 E2 Tholos R Sanders 1982, 2/18 A1 Tityros Pr. Cape Rodopou Gondicas 1988, 286 A1 Tretos? Ins. R Agria Gramvousa Gondicas 1988, 146-50 D2 Triton fl. Platyperama / Giophyros IC I, 46 D2 Tylisos CHR Tylissos Myers 1992, 272-75

E2 Vasiliki RL Sanders 1982, 2/13 B3 Vatsiana RL Gavdos Sanders 1982, 19/19 C2 Veni CH Apostoloi Hood 1964, 70 C2 Vigla CH Vizari Hood 1964, 77 C2 Viranepiskopi R Rousa PECS Viran Episkopi A2 Vlithias H Gondicas 1988, 24-25 E2 Vrokastro A Myers 1992, 286-91; Hayden 1992 F4 Vroulia A on Rhodos Kinch 1914 MAP 60 CRETA 929

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C2 (W)Axos ACHR Axos RE Oaxos

A4 Zagora ACH on Andros Cambitoglu 1971 D2 Zephyrion Pr. Khersonisos / Cape Tigani IC I, 33 F3 Zeus Atabyrios, T. ACHR on Rhodos Jacopi 1928 F2 Zeus Diktaios, T./ ACHR Palaikastro: Roussolakkos Bosanquet 1939, 61; Myers 1992, 32 Eleia? D2 Zeus Thenatas, T. ACHR Palaiokhora / Amnisos PECS Karteros; Schäfer 1992 F2 Ziros R Sanders 1982, 1/27; Branigan 1998

Aqueducts

Grid Location Period Reference

C2 Gortyn(a) RL Sanders 1982, 10/1; 10/6; 10/10 D2 Chersonasos RL Sanders 1982, 6/7; Oikonomakis 1986 D2 Knosos RL Hood 1981, 23-24 D2 Lyktos RL Sanders 1982, 6/25; Oikonomakis 1984 F3 by Apollo Erethimios templum on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 108 F3 by Rhodos HR Maiuri 1928, 50-52

Bridges

Grid Location Period Reference

B2 W Amphimala CH Sanders 1982, 17/12 C2 Eleutherna HR Myers 1992, 91-95

Cemeteries

Grid Location Period Reference

F3 on Chalke (2) ACH Jacopi 1932a; Susini 1963, 248; Hope Simpson 1973, 157 F3 by Kamiros on Rhodos AC Jacopi 1931 G3 by Rhodos CHR Fraser 1977, 2-5 G3 by Ialysos on Rhodos AC Jacopi 1928; 1929

Fort

Grid Location Period Reference

F3 on Eulimna CH Susini 1963, 260-61

Mines / Quarries

Grid Location Period Material Reference

A4 on Andros M IG XII 5, 2, p. xxxii C4 on Siphnos (3) AC Ag Ashton 1991, 18 E2 W Minoa R M Harrison 1990 G3 near Lindos M Hiller 1892, 309 930 MAP 60 CRETA

Roads

Itinerary Period Reference

Diktynnaion → S RL? Sanders 1982, 20/27; 20/29; Gondicas 1988, 285 between Kolokythia and Olous R Sanders 1982, 3/8 N Aulon HR La Torre 1988, 281-85

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable location Reference

Achaia region of Polyrrenia? Kitchell 1977, 43-50; Gondicas 1988, 258-60 (I3) Adiounos region of Rhaukos? Kitchell 1977, 56-62 Aeria/ Kitchell 1977, 63-66 Aeros Angyleia HR on Rhodos RE Kamiris, col. 1838 Apollonia = Kydonia Faure 1960, 236 (no. 9); Kitchell 1977, 197 Apollonia on Siphnos IG XII 5, test. 1452 Arkesion Antron = Idaion Antron Kitchell 1977, 281-83 Asos Kitchell 1977, 290-97 Atrikos Kitchell 1977, 312

Bilkon H vicinity of Elenthema Kitchell 1977, 360-62; van Effenterre 1991, 26-30 Boiai Kitchell 1977, 375-83

Daidala Faure 1960, 236 (no. 21) Dattalla H Lasithi region, vicinity of Lato Faure 1967; van Effenterre 1985, 182 D(e)iras R on Rhodos Blinkenberg 1941, 782, no. 419 (line 60) Didyma Inss. IG XII 5, 2, xxxi

Elaea R vicinity of Kastelli: Selli Pliny, NH 4.59; Gondicas 1988, 158-59 (H3) Eristos R Kome? on Tenos IG XII 5.946 (lines 5-6)

Gram(m)ion Faure 1960, 236 (no. 20) Gyreon Pr. ACHR on Tenos IG XII 5, test. 1516.2

Harmedon Ins. R Pliny, NH 4.61; IC III, 157 Herakleidai T./ C on Tenos IG XII 5.872 (line 66); Etienne 1990, 29 Neokleion/ Limemeia Hierapolis R alternative name or gloss for Pliny, NH 4.59; Faure 1960, 242 (33bis) Leben Hippoteia HR on Rhodos RE Kamiris, col. 1838 Histania H on Rhodos IG 12.3.123

Ilattia H region of Allaria and Sybrita Faure 1988, 84-85

Keskyros Sinus on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 747 Kyrbe A on Rhodos DiodSic 5.57.6-8 Kytelos H on Rhodos Segre 1949, 220-21, no. 84 (line 16)

Lipara Ins. H vicinity of Kydonia? IC II.x.1; Faure 1960, 233, 237 (no. 53)

Marathousa/ R region of Kydonia? Mela 2.113; Pliny, NH 4.59; Faure 1993, 73 Moratousa Maroneia L E Crete? Faure 1993, 68 Minoa on Siphnos IG XII 5, test. 1452 Moratousa = Marathousa Myrina R Kastelli: Selli? Gondicas 1988, 157 MAP 60 CRETA 931

Name Period Probable location Reference

Naumachos/ R Mela 2.114; Pliny, NH 4.61; IC III, 157 Naulochos Ins. Nisyros A?C?H? on Karpathos or Saros Reger 1997, 453

Oiai CH on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 746-47 Osmida H possibly Monopari Scylax 47; IC II, 141

Panakra M. H vicinity of Ida(ion) M. StByz Πάνακρα Phocoe Ins. R RE Phokoe; IC III, 157 Platiae Inss. R RE; IC III, 157 Prepsidai A between Dreros and Milatos Faure 1960, 233, 238 (no. 75 bis)

Satra = Eleutherna StByz Σάτρα; Faure 1960, 238; 1993, 71-72 Sipilen H part of Eleutherna, perhaps Nisi Faure 1993, 71-72 Sosandra Ins. R StByz Σωσάνδρα;ICI,180 Stirnides/ RPliny,NH 4.61; IC III, 157 Syrnides Inss. Strongyle Ins. R off coast near Lyktos? StByz Στρογγύλη;ICI,180 Styrakion M. R vicinity of Eleutherna? StByz Στυράκιον; Willetts 1962, 270

Tegea Deliana? Faure 1993, 72-73 Thenai H SW Irakleion Faure 1960, 233, 237 (no. 33) Therapnae/ R west-central Crete? Faure 1960, 240 (no. 9) Pherapnae R

Zephyre Ins. R RE; IC III, 157

False Toponyms

Name Period Reference

Aipeia A Kitchell 1979 Amphimatrion R Kitchell 1977 Amphimala Argos Svoronos 1890, 28

Doulopolis R Faure 1960, 236 (no. 23); Gondicas 1988, 67-69

Koresios Huxley 1970

Lasos R Faure 1960, 240, 246 (no. 13bis) Lissen AH Kitchell 1979

Mation R Faure 1960, 248

Olopyxos R Faure 1960, 240, 246-47 (no. 15bis)

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