Map 60 Creta Compiled by J. Bennet and G. Reger (insets), 1994 Introduction Homer, in the Iliad (2.649), refers to Crete as Κρήτην ἑκατόµπολιν, while at Odyssey 19.174 there are ἐννήκοντα πόληες on the island. Clearly, in early Greek tradition Crete was the island of 100 or 90 cities, and later authors–like Xenion (FGH 460 F2), it would seem–felt obliged to come up with 100 names when discussing Crete’s geography. While it is unlikely that it ever contained that many πόλεις (independent “city-states”), the number of city names attested is certainly large–in Stephanus, for example, nearly eighty. The map seeks to establish the location of all the major cities, that is, those whose independence is indicated by their participation in a treaty or by the minting of coins. Similarly, it seeks to mark other names (both cultural and physical features) attested in literary or epigraphical sources. Even so, some fairly well attested names must remain as Unlocated Toponyms; there are some False Toponyms, too, of places which in all likelihood never existed. In addition to the cultural and physical features to which an ancient name can be attached (many of which have been investigated archaeologically), the map also aims to mark those larger sites attested by archaeology, to which no ancient name can be reliably attributed. As a general rule, very small settlements (especially individual farmsteads) are omitted in order not to overcrowd the map. Two further aspects essential to any study of the island’s topography and settlement are also passed over, because they seem inappropriate to a map at this scale. First, there is no systematic attempt to locate all toponyms attested in boundary treaties, in particular the fifty attested in a late second century B.C. boundary treaty between Olous and Lato (Faure 1967; van Effenterre 1969). Apart from the uncertainty of attribution to specific modern topographic features, the relatively small area covered would lead to serious overcrowding. Nonetheless a small number of securely locatable toponyms from such documents are marked. Second, sites attested by systematic archaeological surface survey are omitted, although it would be possible to increase the number of known sites of the classical period considerably by adding them. The chief reason has again been to avoid overcrowding, but there is also the question of representativeness; an area covered by intensive survey will seem much more densely populated than others, even though this may well not have been the case in antiquity. To pursue settlement patterns in more detail, note the surveys conducted in the following areas of the island (from west to east). Some of the publications are preliminary, and fuller details may follow: Khania (Moody 1987, where the emphasis is prehistoric, but historical periods are mentioned); Sphakia region (Nixon 1988; 1989; 1990; Moody 1998); Rethymnon and its region to the east (Schiering 1982); Amari valley (Rocchetti 1994); western Mesara plain (Watrous 1993) and Kommos area (Hope Simpson 1995); Agiopharango valley and the nearby south coast (Blackman 1975; 1977); Knosos vicinity (Hood 1981); Mallia region (Müller 1990); Lasithi plateau (Watrous 1982); Vrokastro region (Hayden 1992; 1995); Kavousi region (Haggis 1992; 1996); Ag. Photia (Tsipopoulou 1989); south-east Crete (Schlager 1991); and the Lamnoni and Katelionas basins near Ziros (Branigan 1998). It is well known that the west coast of the island experienced a severe tectonic uplift, probably in A.D. 438 (Thommeret 1981). Around the ancient harbors at Phalasarna and Kisamos, the uplift was in the order of 20 ft, while in the south-west corner of the island (ancient Kriou Metopon, Biennos and Kalamyde) it was close to 27 ft. In addition, since antiquity there has been a general rise in sea level around Crete of about six ft, while localized tectonic disturbances have affected a number of other places on the island. Despite the dramatic nature of the west Cretan uplift, the lateral retreat of the sea is in fact minimal at the scale of the map, given the fairly extreme vertical topography of much of the coastline in the area; it has not, therefore, been possible to indicate this retreat precisely. The major visible effect is that the modern Tigani promontory probably formed an island in antiquity (Gondicas 1988, 146), equated with ancient Iousagoura; the site of modern and medieval Palaiochora (equated by some scholars with ancient Kalamyde) was also an off-shore island, lending greater plausibility to the location of ancient Kalamyde to the east of the modern town, near the mouth of the Vlythias river (Gondicas 1988, 17). For a 920 MAP 60 CRETA summary of archaeological data relevant to sea level changes, see Leatham (1958) and Sanders (1982, 181-82); for landscape change in all periods, Rackham (1996). Myers (1992) has great value for its up-to-date, stunningly illustrated collection of information on sites of all periods with bibliographic references; for predominantly Roman period sites, Sanders (1982) with its gazetteer is more accessible than Harrison (1993). Guarducci’s discussion of topography in IC I-IV is often valuable for its topographic references. For controversial sites beginning with the letters A and B, note the well documented discussions by Kitchell (1977), supplemented in two instances by Kitchell (1979; 1983). For other sites, note especially Faure (1960; 1963; 1988; 1993) and–for west Crete–Gondicas (1988). Chaniotis (1996) is generally useful on many aspects of topography. Insets Here, as on other Aegean islands, the density of names and symbols marked often reflects the focus of modern research more than the realities of ancient habitation and land use. The towers of Siphnos, for example, famous for their numbers, caught the attention of Ashton (1991), who produced a splendid and complete catalog; his detailed findings, however, cannot be fully reflected at this scale. Several other islands have fared less well. Perhaps the greatest disappointments are Andros, which until recently has failed to attract much attention (except for Zagora), and Tenos, where work has focused almost exclusively on the temple of Poseidon and Amphitrite and a few other cult sites. For Tenos, we know many toponyms which may be villages (so RE) or demes, whether attached to a homonymous village or not (Etienne 1990, 24-30); these are omitted from the Unlocated Toponyms. Directory All place names are in Greece Abbreviation Creta Antica Creta Antica: Cento anni di archeologia italiana (1884-1984), Scuola archeologica italiana di Atene, Rome, 1984 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D2 Acharna C Arkhanes IC I, 46 B4 Aegaeum Mare See Map 57 C5 Ag. Andreas CH on Siphnos Matthäus 1985, 34-37 D2 Ag. Anna ACHL Tzermiado Watrous 1982, 43 (no. 13) B2 Ag. Eustratios R Patsianos Hood 1967, 55-56 A2 Ag. Georgios CHL Gialos Hood 1967, 49 C4 Ag. Georgios C on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 38 D2 Ag. Georgios Papoura AC Pinakiano Watrous 1982, 39-40 (no. 4) C3 Ag. Kyriaki H Agiofarango Blackman 1977, 31-37, 53-56, 59-60 C4 Ag. Nikitas ACH on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 52 F4 Ag. Panteleimon ACH on Rhodos Sørenson 1992, 100-105 C3 Ag. Pavlos RL Kaloi Limenes Blackman 1975, 24-25 A4 Ag. Petros C on Andros Sauciuc 1914, 29-33 D2 Ag. Photia R Sanders 1982, 7/18 C4 Ag. Sostes A on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 52 C2 Ag. Triada AH Myers 1992, 70-77 A1 Agneion Sinus R Ag. Sostis bay Gondicas 1988, 145 Agrion = Pantomatrion D2 Aigaion Antron AR Psykhro / Diktaian cave Watrous 1982, 61-62 (no. 66) D2 Aigaion M. A Mt. Dikti Kitchell 1977, 80-86 C2 *Aina? H Kastelli Faure 1965, 222-23 (1); Kitchell 1977, 93-97 Akytos Ins.= Koite Ins. MAP 60 CRETA 921 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C2 Allaria? HRL Khamalevri PECS Khamalevri Alonion = Aulon C2 Amnatos CHR Perisakia PECS D2 Amnisos fl. ACHR Karteros Kitchell 1977, 138-64; Schäfer 1992, 73-75 G3 Ampas CH on Rhodos Papachristodoulou 1989, 133 F3 Ampelia A on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 151 B2 Ampelos CHR Koxare Hood 1966, 180 F2 Ampelos HR Farmakokefalo / Kastri Sanders 1982, 1/30; Schlager 1991, 23-25 B2 Amphimala HR Georgoupolis? Kitchell 1977, 169-81; Sanders 1982, 17/13; § Amphimalion IC II, map B2 Amphimales Sinus Ormos Almyrou IC II, 183 Amphitrite, T. = Poseidon, T. C2 Amyklaion? H Kommos Kitchell 1977, 182-86; Myers 1992, 148-53; Cucuzza 1997 E2 Anavlokhos A Vrakhasi Demargne 1931 A4 Andros CHR Palaiopolis RE 1 A4 Andros Ins. Andros RE 1 B2 Anopolis ACHR Anopolis RE Suppl. 1; Sanders 1982, 16/6; Moody 1998, 90-92 C3 Antiskari R Sanders 1982, 10/24 D2 Apellonia? ACH Ag. Pelagia Sanders 1982, 9/1; Alexiou 1984 § Apollonia? E4 Aperi ACH on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 163 Aphrodite,T.=Ares,T. Aphrodite, T. = Hermes, T. G3 Apollo Erethimios, T. ACHR on Rhodos Jacopi 1932, 77-116 A1 Apollo, T. R Ag. Sostis bay Sanders 1982, 20/1; Gondicas 1988, 145 B2 Apollonia? HR Sellia: Souda Hood 1966, 184 D2 Apollonia? H?R Gazi Sanders 1982, 9/8 B2 Aptera ACHR Megala Khorafia RE 1 §Aptara B2 Araden HRL Aradaina RE; Moody 1998, 90 Arbion? M. = Hieron M. E2 Ares, Aphrodite, T. ACH Ellinika: Sto Pyrgo Bousquet 1938; Faure 1967 § Archaion Aphrodision G3 Argos? HR Asklepeio, on Rhodos RE Suppl. 5 Rhodos, col. 747 D3 *Aria? CHRL Arvi Faure 1960, 236 (n. 2); Hood 1964, 89-90; §Albe? Kitchell 1977, 249-65; 1983 D2 Arkades ACHRL Inion: Kefala Sanders 1982, 7/25 §Arkadia E5 Arkaseia ACH Arkassa, on Karpathos Hope Simpson 1962, 162-63 Arsinoe = Rhithymna G3 Asomata HR on Rhodos Hope Simpson 1973, 138 C5 Aspros Pyrgos A?C? on Siphnos Ashton 1991, 132-34 C2 Astale R Bali Sanders 1982, 13/4 D3 Asterousia M.