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Document Resume DOCUMENT RESUME ED 035 109 24 EA 002 777 AUTtTOR Renner, Richard R. TITLE Education in Colombia. INSTTTUTT°17 Florida Univ., Gainesville. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW) , Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. BUREAU NO BR -7 -1 1 1 7 DTP DATE Nov 68 CONTRACT OEC-1-7-071117-5231 NOTE 382p. EDPS PRICE EDPS Price MF-$1.50 HC-$19.20 DESCRIPTORS Catholic Schools, *Cultural Factors, Curriculum, Educational Finance, *Educational History, Educational Planning, Educational Television, *Elementary Education, *Higher Education, LiteracV Education, Preschool Education, Private Schools, Protestants, School Administration, *Secondary Education, Study Abroad, Teacher Education, Vocational Education TDENTIFTEPS Accion Cultural popular, *Colombia, Colombian Institute for Advanced. Training Abroad ABSTRACT This extensive report describes Colombian education under 86 primary subheadings in 14 chapters, as follows: 1)The national setting, 2)cultural and social influences on education, 3) educational landmarks and traditions, 4)school organization and administration, 9)planning and development, 6) preschool and elementary education, 7)public secondary system, 8)vocational education, 9)higher education, 10)teachers and their preparation, 11) private and church-sponsored education, 12) other programs related to education, 13)international and foreign educational influences, and 14) successes, problems, and prospects. Special attention is given to the country's educational history and to recent developments, including a significant effort to bring elementary education to the rural masses through ACPO, a program teaching literacy and basic life skills by radio. Another program, called ICETEY, has improved the educational offerings available to Colombian university students at home and abroad. A bibliography of over 150 items in English and. Spanish is appended. ('Figures 1 and 2 may reproduce poorly in hard copy due to small print.1 (JK) Project No. 71117 Contract No. 1-7-071117-5231 EDUCATION IN COLOMBIA November 1968 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research EDUCATION IN COLOMBIA Project No. 71117 Contract No. 1-7-071117-5231 Richard R. Renner November 1968 The research reported hereinwas performed pursuant to Contract No. 1-7-071117-5231 with the Office of Education, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgment in the conduct of the project. Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of Education positionor policy. University of Florida Gainesville, Florida U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. FOREWORD For many years the U. S.Office of Education has supportedstudies about education in variousforeign countries. These studies have provided useful data and understanding tosocial scientists, comparativeeducators, university admissions officers,U. S. residents abroad,students, professors, the Peace Corps,and various governmentaland International agencies and foundations. The growing contacts ofsuch groups with our need nearest neighbor nationin South America haveresulted in a strong for up-to-date informationabout all phases ofColombian educational endeavor. The most recent comprehensive surveyof education in Colombiain English was prepared by John ;?urbayand published by the U.S. Office of Education in 1946. Since then, a wealth ofobjective data about educational and social conditionshave been gathered byColombians, including the results of planningstudies and the 1964 census. In addition, several Important neweducational institutionshave come into prominence, namely, ICETEX ininternational and highereducation, Accion Cultural Popular's ruralradiophonic schools, theColombian Association of Universities, andthe National ApprenticeshipService with :is, program try train industrial workers. in the past few yearsthe larger universities have also begun toreshape their curricularand administrative structure concurrently with anational movement towardindustralization importance and urbanization. All of these factorspoint up the extreme ii of a current study about education in a nation committed to rapid economic growth. The writer's task was made immeasurably easier and more pleasant by the gracious assistance provided by Colombian officials, teachers, scholars, clergy and laymen as well as by the valuable aid rendered by the U. S. Embassy. Particularly helpful was the guidance provided by Gabriel Betancur Mejla, Minister of Education, Augusto Franco A. of the National University Fund, Gerardo Eusse Hoyos of ICETEX and Alfrddo Ruiz of the Pan American Union. Richard R. Renner Associate Professor Comparative Education University of Florida Gainesville, Florida CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 11 LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES ix CHAPTER 1.THE NATIONAL SETTING 1 Geography 1 Population 4 The Economy 6 Rural Conditions.... 11 History 12 Government 15 CHAPTER 2. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON EDUCATION 19 Cultural Characteristics 21 Youth Customs 4 . 24 Individualism 25 Educational Attitudes. ....,....c 28 CHAPTER 3. EDUCATIONAL LANDMARKS AND TRADITIONS. 35 The Preconquest 35 Colonial Education 36 Independence and the Nineteenth Century . 41 Church Educational Activities 45 The Twentieth Century 47 Church Influence 51 Other Developments 52 CHAPTER 4, SCHOOL ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. ..... 55 Organization 55 Structure of the Ministry of National Education 58 Administrative Functions 58 Recent Reforms 59 Departmental (State) Education 62 General Regulatory Controls 64 Supervision and Inspection 65 Finance.. 68 Expenditures......... 68 Elementary Education 70 Secondary Education... 71 Universities 71 iv CONTENTS (continued) Page CHAPTER 4. (continued) Scholarships . 72 School Construction 72 Sources of School Support.... 73 Enrollment Characteristics 76 Calendar and Routines 78 Calendar 78 Texts and Teaching Meteriels. 79 Problems 80 CHAPTER 5. PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 82 Planning Efforts: Background . 83 Education and Development 90 Education Development Trends and Activities 94 CHAPTER 6. PRESCHOOL AND ELEMENTARY EDUCATION. 98 Preschool and Kindergarten 100 Elementary Education........ 101 Statistical Trends 103 Recent Trends in Enrollment 105 Curriculum and instruction 105 Lesson Guides 107 Textbooks and Methods 111 Examinations 113 Buildings and Services 114 Rural Education 116 Nuclear Schools 118 The Emergency Plan of 1967... 119 Dropouts 124 Criticisms 128 CHAPTER y. PUBLIC SECONDARY SYSTEM... ... A.......... 131 Structure and Organization.... 132 National Schools 133 FragmnVgion of Secondary Programs 135 Buildings and Facilities 136 Enrollment Trends 137 School Size 138 statistical curiosities 139 Curriculum000 ..... 0000000 ..... 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO .OOOOO 140 The Secondary Baccalaureate 145 Commercial Education.OOOOO 0 00 146 Industrial Education.... 146 Normal Education.... Ihe Instruction and Method... 147 Records 148 Examinations... 149 Grading System 150 COliTENTS (continued) Page CHAPTER 7.(continued) Credit by Examination 151 Work Load 151 School Values and National Development 151 Efficiency of Secondary Schooling.. 154 Other Stresses 155 Secondary Education Reforms 156 Night Schools 157 Cooperative Secondary Schools.... 158 National institutes of Middle Education (INDEM) 160 CHAPTER 8. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 163 Commercial Education 164 industrial Education. 166 Agricultural Educatio 169 Supplemental Activities 170 Technical Agricultural Institutes 171 Agricultural Extension 174 Rural Cooperative Education 175 Complementary Education 175 Women's Vocational Education 176 Military Education 178 The National Apprenticeship Service (SENA) 179 Origins 181 Research 183 Problems 184 General Criticisms 186 CHAPTER 9. HIGHER EDUCATION 188 Historical Background 189 Organization.... 192 National University Fund (Fonder Universitario Nacional)192 Reorganization 193 Achievements 195 Problems 196 University Autonomy 198 Financial Aspects 199 Enrollment Characteristics 203 Non-University Higher Education 205 Curriculum 207 Degrees 208 Representative Professional Curricula 210 Research. 220 1%-.""'1"r. 221 University Extensiou 222 Instruction and Procedures... 223 Student Personnel 227 Admissions 227 Students 228 Services 229 vi CONTENTS (continued) Page CHAPTER 9.(continued) Professors 230 Faculty Qualifications 234 Salaries and Welfare 234 Special Problems. 235 Student Retention 235 Student Activism... 237 Utilization of University-Trained Personnel 244 University Proliferation 246 Criticism and Reforms 247 Representative Universities 251 The National University 251 University of Los Andes 253 Javerlana University 255 The Industrial University of Santander......... 256 CHAPTER 10. TEACHERS AND THEIR PREPARATION , . 257 Qualifications of Teachers.. * 257 Elementary Teachers 257 Secondary Teachers 260 Teacher Preparation 260 Normal Schools 260 Curriculum 263 Supervisors 265 Criticism 266 In-Service Education . 266 Secondary Teacher Preparation... 267 Curriculum 269 Certification and Classification 269 Elementary 269 Secondary 277 Salaries 278 Criticism... 279 Teachers' Benefits 280 Teachers' Organizations....:. 282 Problems 286 CHAPTER 11. PRIVATE AND CHURCH-SPONSORED EDUCATION..
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