Supernova Star Maps

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Supernova Star Maps

Which Stars in the Night Sky Will Go Su pernova?

About the Activity

Allow visitors to experience finding stars in the night sky that will eventually go supernova.

Topics Covered Observation of stars that will one day go supernova

Materials Needed • Copies of this month's Star Map for your visitors- print the Supernova Information Sheet on the back. • (Optional) Telescopes

A S

A Participants N

t i

d Activities are appropriate for families

Cre with children over the age of 9, the general public, and school groups ages 9 and up. Any number of visitors may participate. Location and Timing This activity is perfect for a star party outdoors and can take a few minutes, up to 20 minutes, depending on the Included in This Packet Page length of the discussion about the Detailed Activity Description 2 questions on the Supernova Helpful Hints 5 Information Sheet. Discussion can start Supernova Information Sheet 6 while it is still light. Star Maps handouts 7

Background Information There is an Excel spreadsheet on the Supernova Star Maps Resource Page that lists all these stars with all their particulars. Search for Supernova Star Maps here: http://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/download-search.cfm

Star Maps: Stars likely to go Supernova!

Leader’s Role Participants’ Role (Anticipated) Materials: Star Map with Supernova Information sheet on back

Objective: Allow visitors to experience finding stars in the night sky that will eventually go supernova. To do: Pass out star maps with supernova information sheet on the back. To say: Look on the side with the star map. It is marked with the brightest stars that will one day go supernova. These stars are marked with four spikes. Wow! There’s a lot.

It may look like a lot of the stars will go supernova. But we need to remember that we can only see the biggest and brightest of all the stars out there. Over 85% of the stars in our galaxy are small stars – stars like our Sun or smaller. But the stars are so far away that we can only see the brightest ones without a telescope. And the brightest stars also tend to be the most massive stars – the ones much more massive than our Sun. And it’s the most massive stars that will go supernova. To say (if you’d like to use an analogy) It’s like looking up at a commercial airplane, flying overhead at cruising altitude (about 7 miles or 11 km up). Do you see any lights Yes. White, red and on the airplane? green lights. Some are flashing. Yes, the bright lights the airplane has on its wings and body. What lights wouldn’t you be able to see? Would you see the light coming from the windows of the airplane? No. Light from the cockpit where the pilots are? No!

Why not? Too far away, too It’s the same with the stars. There are many more smaller, dimmer dim. stars than there are bright stars, we just can’t see them without a telescope.

2 SUPERNOVA! ToolKit Manual Leader’s Role Participants’ Role (Anticipated)

Someone may ask: “When will these To say: stars blow up?” Let’s look at the information on the other side. The next one to go is probably Betelgeuse or Antares – they could go anytime: tomorrow or a million years from now. Both are over 400 light years away. They would look really bright and would probably even be visible during the day. But they are too far away to affect us. Only a supernova happening within about 30 light years could damage life on Earth.

For the rest of the marked stars, it’ll be at least a few million years before they explode.

Let’s find a few of these stars in the sky.

To do: Use the star maps and point out the stars that are likely to go supernova. To Do: You may want to provide a quick training on how to use a star map. To Say: Road maps are read with the map oriented down, where the roads are. A star map is oriented up, where the stars are. Let’s all face north. Rotate your star map so the side of the map marked “North” is down Visitors follow toward the northern directions. horizon. All the constellations in that quarter of the map will be visible in front of you. Now let’s turn toward the east. Rotate the map so the side of the map marked “East” is down toward the eastern horizon. All the constellations in that quarter of the map will be visible in front of you.

3 SUPERNOVA! ToolKit Manual Leader’s Role Participants’ Role (Anticipated) To Say: Now look straight up. What part of the map will show the stars over your head? The center of the map? Right! Now, who can find [name a constellation]? Visitors use star map.

4 SUPERNOVA! ToolKit Manual Helpful Hints

SUPERNOVA Star Maps:

The star map (left) is marked with the brightest stars that are likely to one day go supernova. These stars are shown on the map with four spikes. These are all the stars that are: • 3rd magnitude or brighter • visible from the continental United States • with at least 10 times the mass of our Sun

Many sources state that stars more than 8 solar masses will go supernova. This limit is somewhat uncertain, but choosing stars that have more than 10 times the mass of the Sun pretty much guarantees that they will go supernova.

On the reverse side of the star map is the Supernova Information Sheet (right) with a list of common questions people ask about supernovae. There is a place at the bottom for you to insert your club information.

5 SUPERNOVA! ToolKit Manual National Aeronautics and Space Administration

SUPERNOVA!

What is a supernova? One type of supernova is the explosion caused when a massive star (more than about 8 to 10 times the mass of our Sun) exhausts its fuel and collapses. During the explosion, the star will blow off most of its mass. The remaining core will form a neutron star or a black hole. Supernova explosions are among the most energetic events in the Universe, and they forge elements such as calcium, silver, iron, gold, and silicon. The supernova explosion scatters the elements out into space. These are the elements that make up stars, planets, and Credit: NASA/CXC/M Weiss everything on Earth – including us!

Will our Sun go supernova? No, smaller stars like our Sun end their lives as dense hot objects called white dwarfs. Only stars that contain more than about 8 to 10 times the mass of our Sun will go supernova.

Why do massive stars go supernova? A stars core is an element factory. It fuses atoms into heavier and heavier elements, all the while producing energy, until it reaches iron. Iron is the end of the line for fusion. When the core is finished producing iron it has no way to keep producing energy. This causes gravity to take over and the core begins to collapse. The atoms smash into each other, forming neutrons. The collapse stops when the neutrons cant be packed together any more tightly. This sudden stop and, the energy released from forming neutrons, causes a shock wave to travel outward, blasting most of the star into space. If the star is very massive nothing can stop the collapse of the core and a black hole is created.

If a star goes supernova near us, is it dangerous? Yes it would be. Fortunately, there are no stars likely to go supernova that are near enough to be any danger to Earth. Distance is important because the closer the supernova explosion, the more cosmic radiation would reach us. Even if Earths atmosphere and surrounding magnetic field protect us, an explosion closer than 30 light years would overwhelm this protection. The nearest stars likely to go supernova within the next few million years are Betelgeuse and Antares. Both are over 400 light years away, far more than the 30 light years at which the explosion could become dangerous. Another VERY massive star, Eta Carinae, visible in the southern hemisphere, could go even sooner. But it is 7,500 light years away.

Whats a GRB? Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs for short) are bursts of very high-energy radiation in space. Thanks to NASA missions, astronomers know there are different kinds of GRBs. One kind is produced in supernova explosions where most of the gamma-ray energy is focused into narrow beams. Because the energy is concentrated in these beams, if one of the beams pointed in the direction of Earth, they appear brighter when we detect them (think of the Image: Dave Ab ht difference between a 100-watt light bulb and the focused energy of a 100-watt metal cutting laser pointed at you!). GRBs have been detected in very distant galaxies, more than a billion light years away, too far away to harm us here on Earth. That distance is like that same laser placed more than twice the distance of the Moon away from you.

Some of the NASA missions that study supernovae and high-energy radiation from space: GLAST: http://www.nasa.gov/glast Swift: http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov Chandra: http://chandra.harvard.edu Suzaku(with JAXA): http://suzaku-epo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ XMM-Newton(with ESA): http://xmm.sonoma.edu For more information on supernovae and high-energy radiation: http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/ Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

JANUARY The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map

above your head and orient it so that 9 p.m. standard time on January 1 DRACO one of the four direction labels matches the direction you’re 8 p.m. standard time on facing. The map will January 15 then represent what you see in the sky.

7 p.m. standard time

on January 31 MAJOR

MINOR

URSA CYGNUS

URSA

CEPHEUS

Alfirk Sadr

Polaris

Deneb

LEO

CASSIOPEIA

Gamma

CANCER

PERSEUS

Castor

Capella Pollux

Ecliptic Almaaz

Enif GEMINI

AURIGA

Epsilon

ANDROMEDA Algol East

Zeta

TAURUS West

Procyon PEGASUS TRIANGULUM

Pleiades ARIES

CANIS MINOR Betelgeuse

ORION AldebaranHyades

Meissa

Mira Betelgeuse Sirius Rigel TUS CE Mirzam Wezen LEPUS CANIS Alnilam MAJOR Mintaka Aludra Adhara ORION Alnitak Eta ERIDANUS

COLUMBA Iota

Rigel Saiph Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Adhara 430 10 to 12 Deneb 2,600 25 Mintaka 915 20 Alfirk 820 12 Enif 670 10 Mirzam 500 15 Almaaz 2,000 15 to 19 Epsilon Persei 500 14 Rigel 775 17 Alnilam 1,340 40 Eta Orionis 900 15 Sadr 1,500 12 Alnitak 815 20 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Saiph 720 15 to 17 Aludra 3,200 15 Iota Orionis 1,300 15 Wezen 1,800 17 Betelgeuse 425 12 to 17 Meissa 1,000 25 Zeta Persei 1,000 19 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

FEBRUARY The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map above your head and orient it so that 9 p.m. standard time on February 1 one of the four direction labels matches the direction you’re

8 p.m. standard time on DRACO facing. The map will February 15 then represent what

you see in the sky.

CEPHEUS

7 p.m. standard time MINOR

URSA

on February 28 Alﬁrk

MAJOR

URSA

Polaris

CASSIOPEIA

Gamma

Denebola

ANDROMEDA

PEGASUS PERSEUS

Capella

AURIGA

Algol

LEO

Castor Pollux Almaaz

CANCER Epsilon

East TRIANGULUM

ARIES West

Regulus

Pleiades

Zeta

PISCES GEMINI TAURUS Ecliptic

Procyon

Aldebaran CANIS Betelgeuse Hyades MINOR HYDRA Mira Meissa Alphard ORION CETUS Betelgeuse Rigel Sirius CANIS MAJOR Mirzam Alnilam Wezen LEPUS Mintaka Aludra Adhara ORION ERIDANUS Alnitak Eta PUPPIS Pi Naos COLUMBA Iota

Rigel Saiph Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of Canopus their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Adhara 430 10 to 12 Epsilon Persei 500 14 Mirzam 500 15 Alfirk 820 12 Eta Orionis 900 15 Naos 1,400 60 Almaaz 2,000 15 to 19 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Pi Puppis 1,100 13 to 14 Alnilam 1,340 40 Iota Orionis 1,300 15 Rigel 775 17 Alnitak 815 20 Meissa 1,000 25 Saiph 720 15 to 17 Aludra 3,200 15 Mintaka 915 20 Wezen 1,800 17 Betelgeuse 425 12 to 17 Zeta Persei 1,000 19 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

MARCH The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map above your head and orient it so that 10 p.m. standard time on March 1 one of the four direction labels matches the direction you’re

10 p.m. daylight time on facing. The map will

Alﬁrk March 15 DRACO then represent what you see in the sky.

9 p.m. daylight time CASSIOPEIA

on March 31 MINOR Gamma

URSA

CEPHEUS

Polaris

BOOTES

ANDROMEDA

Algol

PERSEUS

TRIANGULUM

ARIES

MAJOR

Capella

URSA Zeta

Epsilon

Arcturus

Almaaz

Pleiades

COMA AURIGA BERENICES TAURUS

East

CETUS Castor

Denebola

VIRGO West

CANCER LEO

Pollux Hyades

Aldebaran

Regulus GEMINI Ecliptic

ERIDANUS Spica Procyon ORION Meissa CANIS Betelgeuse MINOR CRATER HYDRA CORVUS Betelgeuse Alphard Rigel Sirius CANIS LEPUS MAJOR Mirzam Alnilam Wezen Mintaka Adhara ORION Alnitak Eta Aludra

Pi COLUMBA Iota Naos VELA Rigel PUPPIS Saiph Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Adhara 430 10 to 12 Epsilon Persei 500 14 Naos 1,400 60 Alfirk 820 12 Eta Orionis 900 15 Pi Puppis 1,100 13 to 14 Almaaz 2,000 15 to 19 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Rigel 775 17 Alnilam 1,340 40 Iota Orionis 1,300 15 Saiph 720 15 to 17 Alnitak 815 20 Meissa 1,000 25 Spica 260 11 Aludra 3,200 15 Mintaka 915 20 Wezen 1,800 17 Betelgeuse 425 12 to 17 Mirzam 500 15 Zeta Persei 1,000 19 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

APRIL The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map above your head and orient it so that

11 p.m. daylight time on April 1 one of the four direction labels

Gamma CEPHEUS matches the direction you’re

10 p.m. daylight time on facing. The map will

CASSIOPEIA April 15 Alﬁrk then represent what you see in the sky.

9 p.m. daylight time

on April 30 PERSEUS DRACO

Algol

Polaris HERCULES

URSA MINOR URSA

Pleiades

Epsilon

Zeta

Almaaz

Capella

TAURUS

Hyades

AURIGA

BOREALIS CORONA

URSA MAJOR URSA

CAPUT

SERPENS

BOOTES

GEMINI Aldebaran Castor

East ORION

COMA Pollux Arcturus BERENICES West

Denebola VIRGO LEO CANCER Regulus

Betelgeuse

CANIS MINOR Rigel Ecliptic Procyon LIBRA Meissa

Spica Alphard HYDRA Sirius BetelgeuseCRATER

CORVUS Mirzam

CANIS MAJOR

Alnilam Wezen Mintaka ORION Aludra Adhara Alnitak Eta PUPPIS Pi

CENTAURUS Iota Naos VELA Rigel Stars visible to the unaided eye that Saiph are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

MAY The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map

above your head and orient it so that

midnight daylight time on May 1 Gamma one of the four direction labels CASSIOPEIA matches the direction you’re 11 p.m. daylight time on facing. The map will

May 15 Almaaz then represent what

Capella you see in the sky. 10 p.m. daylight time

on May 31 CEPHEUS

AURIGA

Deneb

Alﬁrk

Sadr

Polaris

CYGNUS

MINOR

URSA

Castor

Vega

SAGITTA DRACO

GEMINI

HERCULES

LYRA

Pollux URSA MAJOR URSA

East CANCER

SERPENS CAUDA CANIS MINOR CANIS West

CORONA

BOREALIS Procyon

SERPENS Regulus CAPUT Arcturus LEO COMA BERENICES SCUTUM OPHIUCHUS Graffias BOOTES Denebola Ecliptic Dschubba Alphard Zeta VIRGO Antares HYDRA Sigma Pi

LIBRA CRATER Tau Spica CORVUS SCORPIUS

SCORPIUS

Antares Shaula

Kappa LUPUS Iota1 CENTAURUS

Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Alfirk 820 12 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Shaula 365 11 Almaaz 2,000 15 to 19 Graffias 530 10 Sigma Scorpii 520 12 to 20 Antares 600 15 to 18 Iota1 Scorpii 4,000 12 Spica 260 11 Deneb 2,600 25 Kappa Scorpii 450 10.5 Tau Scorpii 400 12 Dschubba 400 12 Pi Scorpii 500 11 Zeta Ophiuchi 460 20 Sadr 1,500 12 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

JUNE The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map

above your head and orient it so that midnight daylight time on June 1 CASSIOPEIA one of the four direction labels

matches the direction you’re 11 p.m. daylight time on Gamma facing. The map will June 15 then represent what you see in the sky. 10 p.m. daylight time on June 30

Graffias CEPHEUS Polaris Alﬁrk

Dschubba MINOR URSA

Antares Pi

Deneb Sigma URSA MAJOR URSA Tau

DRACO SCORPIUS

Sadr

CYGNUS

Vega Enif

Shaula

DELPHINUS

SAGITTA Regulus

LYRA Kappa LEO East Iota1

HERCULES West

BOOTES

Altair

COMA CORONA BERENICES BOREALIS Ecliptic

Denebola

AQUILA SERPENS SERPENS CAUDA CAPUT Arcturus

OPHIUCHUS

SCUTUM VIRGO

Zeta CRATER Spica LIBRA

CORVUS Antares SAGITTARIUS

LUPUS

CENTAURUS SCORPIUS Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Alfirk 820 12 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Shaula 365 11 Antares 600 15 to 18 Graffias 530 10 Sigma Scorpii 520 12 to 20 Deneb 2,600 25 Iota1 Scorpii 4,000 12 Spica 260 11 Dschubba 400 12 Kappa Scorpii 450 10.5 Tau Scorpii 400 12 Enif 670 10 Pi Scorpii 500 11 Zeta Ophiuchi 460 20 Sadr 1,500 12 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

JULY The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map above your head and orient it so that midnight daylight time on July 1 one of the four direction labels matches the direction you’re 11 p.m. daylight time on facing. The map will

July 15 then represent what

ANDROMEDA CASSIOPEIA you see in the sky. 10 p.m. daylight time

on July 31

Gamma

Polaris

CEPHEUS

URSA MAJOR URSA MINOR

URSA

Alfirk

PEGASUS

DRACO

Deneb

CYGNUS

Vega

HERCULES Sadr

BERENICES

BOOTES COMA

East DELPHINUS

LYRA

SAGITTA Arcturus West

Enif

CORONA BOREALIS

AQUARIUS

SERPENS VIRGO CAPUT Graffias AQUILA OPHIUCHUS

Dschubba Spica SCUTUM Zeta Ecliptic CAPRICORNUS Antares Sigma Pi SERPENS LIBRA CAUDA Tau SCORPIUS Antares

SAGITTARIUS SCORPIUS Shaula LUPUS Kappa

Iota1 Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns)

Alfirk 820 12 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Shaula 365 11

Antares 600 15 to 18 Graffias 530 10 Sigma Scorpii 520 12 to 20

Deneb 2,600 25 Iota1 Scorpii 4,000 12 Spica 260 11

Dschubba 400 12 Kappa Scorpii 450 10.5 Tau Scorpii 400 12

Enif 670 10 Pi Scorpii 500 11 Zeta Ophiuchi 460 20

Sadr 1,500 12 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

AUGUST The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map above your head and orient it so that

11 p.m. daylight time on August 1 one of the four direction labels PERSEUS matches the direction you’re 10 p.m. daylight time on facing. The map will August 15 then represent what you see in the sky.

9 p.m. daylight time

on August 31 TRIANGULUM

URSA MAJOR URSA CASSIOPEIA

Graffias ANDROMEDA Polaris

Gamma

MINOR

CEPHEUS Dschubba

URSA Alﬁrk Antares Sigma Pi

Tau DRACO

SCORPIUS

Deneb

PEGASUS

BERENICES COMA

Shaula

HERCULES

CYGNUS

Vega Kappa

Sadr Arcturus East Iota1

PISCES LYRA West

CORONA BOREALIS SAGITTA BOOTES Enif DELPHINUS

VIRGO Altair SERPENS CAPUT

SERPENS AQUARIUS CAUDA AQUILA Spica

OPHIUCHUS Ecliptic SCUTUM Zeta

CAPRICORNUS LIBRA

Antares

SAGITTARIUS SCORPIUS

Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

SEPTEMBER The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map above your head and orient it so that 10 p.m. daylight time on September 1 one of the four direction labels matches the direction you’re

9 p.m. daylight time on facing. The map will

September 15 MAJOR URSA then represent what

PERSEUS you see in the sky. 8 p.m. daylight time Algol

on September 30

CASSIOPEIA Graffias

Polaris

MINOR

URSA

Gamma TRIANGULUM Dschubba ANDROMEDA

Antares

Sigma Pi

Alﬁrk

BERENICES ARIES

Tau COMA

DRACO SCORPIUS CEPHEUS

BOOTES Deneb

Shaula Arcturus

PISCES

PEGASUS

Sadr Kappa Vega

East BOREALIS Iota1 CORONA

CYGNUS West

LYRA

SAGITTA HERCULES

Ecliptic Enif SERPENS DELPHINUS CAPUT

Altair SERPENS CAUDA

AQUILA AQUARIUS OPHIUCHUS

Zeta LIBRA SCUTUM

Fomalhaut PISCIS AUSTRINUS CAPRICORNUS Antares

SCORPIUS SAGITTARIUS

GRUS

Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Alfirk 820 12 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Sadr 1,500 12 Antares 600 15 to 18 Graffias 530 10 Shaula 365 11 Deneb 2,600 25 Iota1 Scorpii 4,000 12 Sigma Scorpii 520 12 to 20 Dschubba 400 12 Kappa Scorpii 450 10.5 Tau Scorpii 400 12 Enif 670 10 Pi Scorpii 500 11 Zeta Ophiuchi 460 20 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

OCTOBER The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North To locate stars in the sky, hold the map approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: above your head and orient it so that one of the four direction labels

10 p.m. daylight time on October 1 matches the direction you’re URSA MAJOR URSA facing. The map will 9 p.m. daylight time on then represent what

October 15 you see in the sky. Capella AURIGA

8 p.m. daylight time

on October 31 Almaaz

URSA MINOR URSA

Polaris

Epsilon

CASSIOPEIA

BOOTES

Zeta PERSEUS

Gamma

Algol DRACO Pleiades

Alﬁrk

BOREALIS TRIANGULUM

CORONA

CEPHEUS

ANDROMEDA

Vega Deneb

ARIES

LYRA

CAPUT SERPENS

CYGNUS

HERCULES East Sadr PEGASUS

PISCES West

Mira

Enif DELPHINUS

Ecliptic Altair OPHIUCHUS

Zeta

CETUS AQUILA

SCUTUM

AQUARIUS SERPENS CAUDA

Fomalhaut

CAPRICORNUS PISCIS AUSTRINUS

GRUS

SAGITTARIUS Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Alfirk 820 12 Enif 670 10 Sadr 1,500 12 Almaaz 2,000 15 to 19 Epsilon Persei 500 14 Zeta Ophiuchi 460 20 Deneb 2,600 25 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Zeta Persei 1,000 19 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

NOVEMBER The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map

above your head and orient it so that 10 p.m. daylight time on November 1 MAJOR URSA one of the four direction labels matches the direction you’re 8 p.m. standard time on facing. The map will November 15 then represent what you see in the sky. 7 p.m. standard time

on November 30

MINOR

URSA

Polaris

HERCULES DRACO Capella

AURIGA

Almaaz

CEPHEUS

Alﬁrk

Gamma

Vega Epsilon

Betelgeuse

Meissa

PERSEUS

LYRA

TAURUS Algol

Deneb CASSIOPEIA

Zeta

CYGNUS

ORION

Pleiades

Mintaka

TRIANGULUM ANDROMEDA Sadr

Hyades

Aldebaran East West ARIES

Eta

SAGITTA

AQUILA

PISCES PEGASUS

Altair

Enif DELPHINUS

Mira

SCUTUM ERIDANUS

CETUS Ecliptic AQUARIUS

Fomalhaut CAPRICORNUS

PISCIS AUSTRINUS PHOENIX GRUS

Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Alfirk 820 12 Enif 670 10 Meissa 1,000 25 Almaaz 2,000 15 to 19 Epsilon Persei 500 14 Mintaka 915 20 Betelgeuse 425 12 to 17 Eta Orionis 900 15 Sadr 1,500 12 Deneb 2,600 25 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Zeta Persei 1,000 19 Stars likely to go SUPERNOVA!

DECEMBER The all-sky map represents the night sky as seen from North approximately 35° north latitude at the following times: To locate stars in the sky, hold the map above your head and orient it so that 9 p.m. standard time on December 1 one of the four direction labels

matches the direction you’re 8 p.m. standard time on MAJOR facing. The map will

December 15 URSA then represent what you see in the sky. 7 p.m. standard time

on December 31 MINOR

URSA

DRACO

Vega

Polaris

LYRA

CEPHEUS

Pollux Castor

Alﬁrk

CYGNUS

Deneb

Capella

GEMINI

Gamma

PERSEUS Sadr

Almaaz

Procyon AURIGA

CASSIOPEIA

Epsilon

SAGITTA

MINOR CANIS Algol

TAURUS

Zeta East

TRIANGULUM

Altair Pleiades ANDROMEDA

Betelgeuse

West DELPHINUS

Hyades Aldebaran ARIES

Enif PEGASUS

ORION

Meissa PISCES Ecliptic Rigel Mira Mirzam Betelgeuse

LEPUS CETUS AQUARIUS Alnilam Mintaka ORION ERIDANUS Alnitak Fomalhaut Eta

PISCIS AUSTRINUSIota PHOENIX Rigel Saiph Stars visible to the unaided eye that are likely to go supernova at the end of their lives. These stars (shown on the map with South four spikes) exceed ten times the mass of the Sun.

Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Name Distance (light-years) Mass (Suns) Alfirk 820 12 Enif 670 10 Mintaka 915 20 Almaaz 2,000 15 to 19 Epsilon Persei 500 14 Mirzam 500 15 Alnilam 1,340 40 Eta Orionis 900 15 Rigel 775 17 Alnitak 815 20 Gamma Cassiopeiae 610 15 Sadr 1,500 12 Betelgeuse 425 12 to 17 Iota Orionis 1,300 15 Saiph 720 15 to 17 Deneb 2,600 25 Meissa 1,000 25 Zeta Persei 1,000 19