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From Butler to Thornton From Butler to Thornton: A Typology of Conflicting Readings of the Two Books of Scripture and Nature in the Church of England from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century By Jeffrey Boldt A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Wycliffe College and the Graduate Centre for Theological Studies of the Toronto School of Theology. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology awarded by Wycliffe College and the University of Toronto. © Copyright by Jeffrey Boldt 2018 From Butler to Thornton: A Typology of Conflicting Readings of the Two Books of Scripture and Nature in the Church of England from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century Jeffrey Boldt Doctor of Theology Wycliffe College and the University of Toronto 2018 ABSTRACT This dissertation studies the persistence within modern Anglicanism of (a) a classical "high view" of Scripture as the exemplar of creation, (b) the apologetic and phenomenological advantages of this view in the wake of Joseph Butler (1692-1752) due to (c) the kind of theodicy the Bible displays in contrast to more rationalistic proposals from deism to panentheism. (d) Finally, the view of theodicy and Scripture one takes influences whether or not one reads the two books of Scripture and nature figurally. The "high view" was undercut by nineteenth-century sectarian polemics between Protestants and Tractarians. Yet a minority kept this tradition alive. Lionel Thornton (1884-1960) is important to this project because he escaped from Tractarian and Protestant dead ends. The dissertation lays out this broader Anglican story and then focuses on Thornton, for whose work I provide historical context and a detailed examination. I first analyze his early, philosophical-theological period where he defended an incarnational theodicy over against the panentheistic-monist alternative: the "soul-making" theodicy. Thornton's theodicy led him to take up a realist ("Platonist") metaphysic and phenomenology in order to resist the monist tendency to smooth over antinomies in Scripture and nature, especially the problem of evil. Next, I look at the theodical alternatives through the lens of Thornton and his mentor, John Neville Figgis (1866-1919). In contrast to the Modernist monism of Charles Raven and others, Figgis and Thornton resisted the temptation to offer an etiology of evil. They concluded that grace overcame evil by reordering the past. The last chapter, therefore, looks at Thornton’s view of the ii temporal and cosmic reach of Christ's reordering work of "recapitulation", and the hermeneutical consequences that follow: namely, that having reunited creation by rescuing it from the dispersive power of evil, every trivial detail of creation came to reflect Christ. I argue that this way of handling the Bible follows consistently from a biblical, non-monist, theodicy. Furthermore, I believe Thornton's project shared a family resemblance to Butler's, for, like the latter's, it indicated that the rejection of figural reading implied methodological atheism. This larger argument touches on contemporary hermeneutical debates within the Church. Keywords: Scripture; natural and supernatural; two books; creation; theodicy; analogy; skepticism; fideism; biblical ontology; figural reading; revelation; antinomy; accommodation; divine pedagogy; intellectual probation; the alphabet of nature; synechdoche; science and religion; forgiveness; fall; atonement; recapitulation; Christian Platonism; monism; emergentism; deism; Joseph Butler; Jones of Nayland; John Henry Newman; John Keble; H. L. Mansel; John Hannah; Charles Gore; Charles Raven; John Neville Figgis; L. S. Thornton. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my wife, Jennifer, and our two children, who had to do without a husband and father for quite a while as I was finishing up this dissertation. Many thanks also to my parents, Will and Carol Boldt, and my in-laws, Frank and Charlette Talat, for all of the financial support these many years. Nor should I fail to mention certain regular sources of bursaries and income including Wycliffe College, The Anglican Foundation, the Prayer Book Society of Canada, and the parish of St Matthew's Riverdale. Most especially I must thank my supervisor, Ephraim Radner, whose work and encouragement made this project possible. I would hardly have finished my bachelor's degree had it not been my desire to study under him at the graduate level. Additionally I need to thank my committee members –– Joseph Mangina, David Neelands, David Novak, and Scott Mandelbrote –– for their constructive input. Finally, there are so many friends and editors whose eyes have passed over this manuscript in whole or in part: Ben Guyer, Zachary Guiliano, Doug LeBlanc, Jeremy Bonner, Mark Chapman, David Ney, Dane Neufeld, David Adkins, Andy Witt, and, most especially, Rachel Lott. All mistakes are of course my own. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Scripture, Nature, Supernature ................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Exemplary Anglican Analogists ................................................................................ 21 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 21 II. Joseph Butler (1692-1752) ......................................................................................... 23 III. William Jones (1726‐1800) ........................................................................................ 41 IV. Butler and Jones Compared ....................................................................................... 59 Chapter 2: The Eclipse of Biblical Ontology ............................................................................... 63 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 63 II. High Church and Tractarian Scriptural Skepticism ................................................... 66 1. Historical Background ..................................................................................... 66 2. Van Mildert (1765-1836) ................................................................................. 69 3. E. B. Pusey (1800-1882) .................................................................................. 71 III. John Henry Newman (1879-1890) ............................................................................. 75 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 75 2. Arians (1833) ................................................................................................... 76 3. Tract 85 (1838) ................................................................................................ 79 4. Development .................................................................................................... 80 5. Keble vs Newman ............................................................................................ 83 6. Butler, Berkeley, and Newman’s Metaphysics ................................................ 89 7. Newman and Biblical Criticism ....................................................................... 95 IV. Non-Tractarian and Post-Tractarian High Churchmen ............................................ 96 1. Mansel (1820-1871) ......................................................................................... 98 2. William Sanday (1843-1920) vs Charles Gore (1853-1932) ......................... 102 3. John Hannah (1818-1888).............................................................................. 107 4. J. R. Illingworth (1848-1915) ........................................................................ 109 V. Summary of Conclusions ........................................................................................... 110 VI. Knowledge Instrumentalized .................................................................................... 112 Chapter 3: L. S. Thornton in Context ........................................................................................ 116 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 116 II. Life of Thornton ......................................................................................................... 119 III. Overview of Works .................................................................................................. 128 IV. From Lux Mundi to Essays Catholic and Critical ................................................... 137 V. Thornton’s Biblical Turn ........................................................................................... 141 VI. Historical Epilogue: Secularization ......................................................................... 145 Chapter 4: Antinomy and the Reality of the Incarnation ........................................................... 147 v I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 147 II. Emergentism .............................................................................................................. 150 III. Thornton against the Whiteheadians ....................................................................... 155 a) Criticism: Thornton was not Whiteheadian Enough, or “Inconsistent” ........ 155 b) Whose Platonism? Thornton vs Whitehead..................................................
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