Guides to the Royal Institution of Great Britain: 2 The Site and the Buildings Modern Plans of the ground and first floors. Front Cover: A print of the Tempio di Antonino from an etching by Giovanni Battista Piranesi which appeared in his collection entitled ‘Prisons and Views of Rome’. This was presented to the Royal Institution in 1910 by W.G.Flockhart, Architect to the Institution (c.1888-1912), with the comment that this building had been Vulliamy’s model for the façade of 21 Albemarle Street. The building, in the Piazza di Petra, is by H.J.V. Tyrrell also known as The Hadrianeum and was once used as a Custom House. he Royal Institution was founded at a meeting of a group of Hounslow Heath in April 1798. Rumford and Bernard were Tinfluential men held on 7 March 1799 at the Soho Square house favourably impressed by its possibilities and the Managers then of the President of the Royal Society, Joseph Banks (1743-1820). asked the architects Henry Holland (c1746-1806) and John Soane They resolved to ‘form by subscription in the Metropolis of the (1753-1837) to examine its condition. British Empire a Public Institution’ to further ‘the application of science to the common purposes of life’. The proposals for this They reported favourably on the condition of the building and institution had been drawn together in the previous weeks by suggested a price for which it might reasonably be obtained. The Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753-1814). The meeting Managers agreed to proceed on the basis of that report and, after approved these proposals and elected a committee of Managers to some negotiation, a price of £4850 was agreed for the house, and for run the new Institution. associated leasehold interests. These were (and are) substantial and have had important influences on the later history of the Institution. Also at that meeting Rumford and Thomas Bernard (1750-1818), a Although the first meeting of the Managers was held in No. 21 as wealthy barrister and philanthropist, were commissioned to search early as 5 June 1799, final negotiations were still proceeding since for a suitable home for the infant Institution. That needed to be in a the deed of conveyance is dated 29 August 1799 and the eventual convenient location and sufficiently commodious to act as a meeting terms were not agreed until mid-September. The house was unusual place for subscribers and where lectures and demonstrations could in form in that it was only one room deep with a site frontage, be held. During the eighteenth century a district lying between including a small garden at the north end, of over one hundred and Piccadilly and Oxford Street had been developed as a fashionable forty feet to Albemarle Street. These features made it quite unlike its residential district with a number of large houses, and the search immediate neighbours, Nos. 20 and 22, and they reflect its early began (and ended) there. history as an extension to No. 20. A property in New Bond Street, originally built for Charles Fitzroy, No. 20 had been built between 1703 and 1705 on a freehold plot at 2nd Duke of Grafton (1683-1757), had become available following the the corner of what was, at that time, the extreme northern end of death of a later occupant, John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire Albemarle Street laid out at the end of the seventeenth century, (1723-1793). It was the first to be inspected by Rumford and Bernard along with Dover, Stafford and Bond Streets, by a development who reported favourably on its location and suitability. However, the syndicate on a block of freehold land immediately north of Piccadilly. Managers felt that the available funds were insufficient to meet the That land had been the site of a great house, known first as proposed annual rental of 400 guineas. A nearby house, 21 Albemarle Clarendon House and later as Albemarle House, commissioned in Street, was then considered. It was owned by a Trust set up under 1664 by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (1609-1674), then the Lord the Will of William Mellish (c.1710-1791), once MP for Grimsby and Chancellor. He had also obtained from the City of London a 99 year later a Commissioner of Excise, and was on the market following the lease from 1668 on a substantial block of land (the Conduit Mead death of John Mellish, one of William’s sons. He had lived there estate) immediately to the north of his freehold, intended to provide since his father died and had been killed by a highwayman on a park worthy of his mansion. The boundary between his freehold 2 3 and leasehold holdings was a medieval field boundary between across Albemarle Street. Fortunately for Grantham and other Conduit Mead and a field called Penniless Bench upon which his freeholders in the vicinity, four acres forming part of the old house had been built. Figure 1 shows that boundary superimposed Clarendon lease which lay west of Bond Street, immediately north of upon the modern street pattern. and adjacent to their properties, came up for sale in 1707. A group formed from Grantham and his neighbours bought it and then Sadly for Clarendon, he lost favour with Charles II (1630-1685), was divided it among themselves. In 1709 the group obtained a writ dismissed from office, fled to France at the end of 1667 to avoid permitting the road built by the developers to be moved northward, imprisonment and first by about 90 feet and then, with a second writ in 1723, up to the never returned. present line of Grafton Street with the consequent extension of After his death his Albemarle Street to the north. Therefore, No. 20 ceased to be a son Henry Hyde, corner house after 1709 and Grantham, with his own share of the the 2nd Earl (1638- leasehold land, was able to build the extension shown in Rocque’s 1709), sold the 1746 map of London with a frontage of 76 feet along the extended house and the lease Albemarle Street. That distance from the party wall between Nos. 20 to Christopher and 21 extends to the North wall of the present Grand Staircase and Monck, 2nd Duke of we can therefore easily recognise the original core of what became 21 Albemarle (1653- Albemarle Street. The extension to No. 20 was certainly constructed 1688), who later sold after 1709 and before 1746 but it may have existed, at least in part, the whole estate to the syndicate. As part of the overall development plan the developers had also constructed a road connecting Figure 1. Street plan with field boundaries superimposed. Bond Street with Hay Hill along the boundary of the freehold land on the leasehold property to the north. This road was to be the southern boundary of a planned Albemarle Square, never to be realised because of the financial failure of the developers. Their failure meant that, when the young Henry d’Auverquerque, Earl of Grantham (c.1672-1754), the first owner of No. 20, took up residence in his new house it faced towards open country to the north across the "new" road and west Figure 2. Plan showing the complex subdivision of Roberts’s lease. 4 5 before 1723, the date when Grantham and his fellow lessees obtained could be established. In particular, there would have been no need the writ which allowed them to move Grafton Street to its present for a main stair in Grantham’s original extension since a particularly position. Figures 2 and 3 show, respectively, the outline and splendid cantilevered one, which still exists although currently in a dimensions of Grantham’s leasehold, and the built-up part of sadly decayed setting, was already present in the main house. The Grantham’s property in about 1760 soon after Grantham’s death in present Grand Staircase in No. 21 is dated stylistically at around 1754 and the subsequent separation of Nos. 20 and 21 into separate 1756, a date which fits perfectly with the known period of separation private residences. of the two houses, and was presumably inserted into a space occupied by rooms on the ground and first floors at that end of the Grantham left no heir and his executors disposed of the property to existing building. To reach the second and third floors it would have John Roberts (d.1772), of whom little is known, and William Mellish. been necessary to utilise the service stair, shown on the ground plan The process of separation seems to have taken place during 1756 and in Figure 3, which ran from the basement up to the third floor; most 1757 and clearly a good deal of internal reorganisation was of this stair was moved eastward towards the rear of the site after the necessary, especially in No. 21, before two independent households Royal Institution began to modify the private house for its own purposes but the original section connecting the second and third floors remains to this day. As can be seen from Figure 3, Mellish, a married man with four children, lived in the more spacious No. 20 as Roberts’s tenant while Roberts, apparently a bachelor, took over No. 21. It is likely that the basement kitchen and other domestic facilities, which existed in the rear garden area when the Royal Institution took over the house, also date from this period of separation. Roberts as the recorded owner of the residue of the original lease was faced, as were other owners, with its imminent expiry in 1767.