DOCSLIB.ORG

SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland COMMISSARIAAT-GENERAAL VOOR DE VLUCHTELINGEN EN DE STAATLOZEN COI Focus SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 18 juni 2017 (update) Cedoca Oorspronkelijke taal: Nederlands DISCLAIMER: Dit COI-product is geschreven door de documentatie- en researchdienst This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and Cedoca van het CGVS en geeft informatie voor de behandeling van Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the individuele asielaanvragen. Het document bevat geen beleidsrichtlijnen of processing of individual asylum applications. The document does not contain opinies en oordeelt niet over de waarde van de asielaanvraag. Het volgt de policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass judgment on the merits of richtlijnen van de Europese Unie voor de behandeling van informatie over the asylum application. It follows the Common EU Guidelines for processing herkomstlanden van april 2008 en is opgesteld conform de van kracht zijnde country of origin information (April 2008) and is written in accordance with wettelijke bepalingen. the statutory legal provisions. De auteur heeft de tekst gebaseerd op een zo ruim mogelijk aanbod aan The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected zorgvuldig geselecteerde publieke informatie en heeft de bronnen aan elkaar with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even getoetst. Het document probeert alle relevante aspecten van het onderwerp though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the te behandelen, maar is niet noodzakelijk exhaustief. Als bepaalde text is not necessarily exhaustive. If certain events, people or organisations gebeurtenissen, personen of organisaties niet vernoemd worden, betekent are not mentioned, this does not mean that they did not exist. dit niet dat ze niet bestaan hebben. All the sources used are briefly mentioned in a footnote and described in Alle gebruikte bronnen staan kort vermeld in een voetnoot en uitgebreid detail in a bibliography at the end of the document. Sources which have beschreven in een bibliografie achteraan het document. Bronnen die been consulted but which were not used are listed as consulted sources. In geconsulteerd maar niet gebruikt werden, staan in een lijst van exceptional cases, sources are not mentioned by name. When specific geraadpleegde bronnen. In uitzonderlijke gevallen worden bronnen niet bij information from this document is used, the user is asked to quote the naam genoemd. Wie specifieke informatie uit dit document gebruikt, moet de source mentioned in the bibliography. bronverwijzing uit de bibliografie vermelden. This document can only be published or distributed with the written consent Publicatie of verspreiding van dit document is alleen mogelijk na schriftelijke of the Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless toestemming van het Commissariaat-generaal voor de Vluchtelingen en de Persons. Staatlozen. WTC II, Koning Albert II-laan 26 A, 1000 BRUSSEL T 02 205 51 11 F 02 205 51 24 [email protected] www.cgvs.be SOMALIË. Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 18 juni 2017 Inhoudstafel Inleiding .............................................................................................................................. 3 1. Korte geschiedenis .......................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Somaliland .................................................................................................................. 6 1.2. Puntland ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Betwiste gebieden........................................................................................................ 8 2. Huidige toestand van het conflict .................................................................................. 10 2.1. Somaliland ................................................................................................................. 10 2.2. Puntland .................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Betwiste gebieden....................................................................................................... 12 3. Strijdende partijen ........................................................................................................ 15 3.1. Somaliland ................................................................................................................. 15 3.1.1. Veiligheidsdiensten ................................................................................................ 15 3.2. Puntland .................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1. Veiligheidsdiensten ................................................................................................ 17 3.2.2. Gewapende groeperingen ....................................................................................... 18 3.3. Betwiste gebieden....................................................................................................... 21 3.3.1. Gewapende groeperingen ....................................................................................... 22 4. Typologie van het geweld .............................................................................................. 23 4.1. Somaliland ................................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1. Clanconflicten ....................................................................................................... 24 4.1.2. Al Shabaab ........................................................................................................... 25 4.2. Puntland .................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.1. Al Shabaab ........................................................................................................... 26 4.2.2. IS-factie ............................................................................................................... 28 4.2.3. Clanconflicten ....................................................................................................... 30 4.2.4. Andere ................................................................................................................. 30 4.2.5. Galkayo ................................................................................................................ 31 4.3. Betwiste gebieden....................................................................................................... 36 4.3.1. District Buuhoodle ................................................................................................. 37 4.3.2. Sool ..................................................................................................................... 39 4.3.3. Sanaag ................................................................................................................ 40 5. Doelwitten van het geweld ............................................................................................ 42 5.1. Somaliland ................................................................................................................. 42 5.2. Puntland .................................................................................................................... 42 5.3. Betwiste gebieden....................................................................................................... 43 6. Geografische verdeling van het geweld ......................................................................... 44 6.1. Somaliland ................................................................................................................. 44 6.2. Puntland .................................................................................................................... 44 6.3. Betwiste Gebieden ...................................................................................................... 45 6.4. Overzicht van de dodelijke slachtoffers per kwartaal ....................................................... 46 7. Verplaatsingen van de bevolking ................................................................................... 48 7.1. Puntland .................................................................................................................... 51 7.2. Somaliland ................................................................................................................. 53 Samenvatting .................................................................................................................... 55 Bibliografie ........................................................................................................................ 56 Pagina 2 van 64 SOMALIË. Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 18 juni 2017 Inleiding Dit document beschrijft de veiligheidssituatie in de noordelijke gebieden van Somalië: Somaliland en Puntland van 1 januari 2016 tot en met 1 juni 2017. Het is een actualisering van de COI Focus Somalië. De actuele veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland van 15 juli 2015 en de COI Focus Somalië. Veiligheidsincidenten in Puntland in 2016 van 1 juni 2016. Cedoca heeft het onderzoek afgesloten op 12 juni 2017. De analyse bestaat uit zeven delen. Het eerste hoofdstuk
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Volume 3 Demography, Data Processing and Cartography
    VOLUME 3 DEMOGRAPHY, DATA PROCESSING AND CARTOGRAPHY M. Rahmi, E. Rabant, L. Cambrézy, M. Mohamed Abdi Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UNHCR – IRD October 1999 97/TF/KEN/LS/450(a$ Index MAJOR FINDINGS ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-1 : Demography ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-2 : Exploitation of the aerial mosaics …………………………………………..5 1 - Cartography of the refugee camps. …………………………………...……...5 2 - Estimation of the populations ………………………………………………..…6 I-3 – Conclusion : results of the integration of maps and data in a GIS … 10 II – Demography data processing ………………………………………………....13 Table 1. Number of households and family size …….....………………..….…....13 Graph 1 . Family size ..…………………………………….………………….14 Graph 2. Family size (percentage) …………………….…….……………. 15 Table 2 : Number of refugees by sex and by block …….……………...…... 15 Table 3 : number of households and family size by blocks ………………… 20 Table 4 : population by age and by sex. ……………………………...… 26 Graph 3. Pyramid of ages …………………………………………………29 Table 5 : Relationship by sex …………………………………………………38 Graph 4 : relationship …………………………………………………………39 Table 6 : Number of refugees by sex and nationality ………………….40 Table 7 : Number of refugees by sex and province of origin ………….41 Table 8 : UNHCR codes for districts and nationality ………………….43 Table 9 : Number of refugees by nationality, sex, and district of origin. ………………… 50 Table 10 : Principal districts of origin of somalian refugees (population by block and by sex). ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Table 11 : Principal
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing Paper
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso UNHCR Brussels E-mail : [email protected] August 2002 Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction The classical definition of refugee contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention was ill- suited to the majority of African refugees, who started fleeing in large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s. These refugees were by and large not the victims of state persecution, but of civil wars and the collapse of law and order. Hence the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention expanded the definition of “refugee” to include these reasons for flight. Furthermore, the refugee-dissidents of the 1950s fled mainly as individuals or in small family groups and underwent individual refugee status determination: in-depth interviews to determine their eligibility to refugee status according to the criteria set out in the Convention. The mass refugee movements that took place in Africa made this approach impractical. As a result, refugee status was granted on a prima facie basis, that is with only a very summary interview or often simply with registration - in its most basic form just the name of the head of family and the family size.1 In the Somali context the implementation of this approach has proved problematic.
    [Show full text]
  • Clan – Based Federalism in Somalia and Relationship Between The
    T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES CLAN – BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES MASTER THESIS HAMDİ ALİ MUSSE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ANKARA 2020 T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES CLAN – BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES MASTER THESIS HAMDİ ALİ MUSSE DEPARMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Supervisor Assistant Professor Selcen ÖZKAN ANKARA 2020 ACCEPTATION AND CONFIRMATION PAGE The thesis, prepared by HAMDI ALI MUSSE and titled “CLAN–BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES”, is accepted as a master thesis at Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration by unanimous vote/majority vote. Tittle Name Surname Institution Signature Ankara Yıldırım Assist. Prof. Dr. Selcen ÖZKAN Beyazıt University Ankara Yıldırım Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Çolpan YALDIZ Beyazıt University Assist. Prof. Dr. Feriha YILDIRIM Gazi University Thesis Defense Date: 11.11.2020 I approve that the thesis fulfills the necessities to be deemed a master thesis at Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration. Director of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Title Name Surname DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Master thesis titled Clan–based federalism in Somalia and relationship between the Federal government and Federal member states has been prepared in accordance with the thesis writing of manual of the graduate school of Social science.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia: Instability, Conflict, and Federalism
    THESIS CREDIT The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD program) and assignments. The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master program “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International Relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric Norwegian University of Life Sciences © Abdi Ibrahim Magan, February 2016 [email protected] Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås, Norway Tel.: +47 64 96 52 00 Fax: +47 64 96 52 01 Internet: http://www.nmbu.no/noragric STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, Abdi Ibrahim Magan, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signed: ______________________________ Abdi Ibrahim Magan Date: ________________________ ABSTRACT This study examines genesis of the Somali’s instability and causes of the protracted conflicts in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • S/2003/223 Security Council
    United Nations S/2003/223 Security Council Distr.: General 25 March 2003 Original: English Letter dated 25 March 2003 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia, and in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Panel of Experts mandated to collect independent information on violations of the arms embargo on Somalia and to provide recommendations on possible practical steps and measures for implementing it. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if this letter together with its enclosure were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Stefan Tafrov Chairman Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia 03-25925 (E) 210303 *0325925* S/2003/223 Letter dated 24 February 2003 from the Panel of Experts to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia We have the honour to enclose the report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia, in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002). (Signed) Ernst Jan Hogendoorn (Signed) Mohamed Abdoulaye M’Backe (Signed) Brynjulf Mugaas 2 S/2003/223 Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1425 (2002) Contents Paragraphs Page Abbreviations ................................................................. 5 Summary ..................................................................... 6 Introduction ......................................................... 1–13 11 Background to the current instability in Somalia ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Boswellia Sacra Flueck. SCORE:-3.0 RATING
    TAXON: Boswellia sacra Flueck. SCORE: -3.0 RATING: Low Risk Taxon: Boswellia sacra Flueck. Family: Burseraceae Common Name(s): frankincense Synonym(s): Boswellia carteri Birdw. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 14 Jan 2021 WRA Score: -3.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Tree, Unarmed, Palatable, Self-Fertile, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) Creation Date: 14 Jan 2021 (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Boswellia sacra Flueck.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcript of Oral History Interview with Ali K. Galaydh
    Ali Khalif Galaydh Narrator Ahmed Ismail Yusuf Interviewer February 10, 2014 Shoreview, Minnesota Ali Khalif Galaydh -AG Ahmed Ismail Yusuf -AY AY: I am Ahmed Ismail Yusuf. This is an interview for the Minnesota Historical Society Somali Oral History Project. I am with Ali Khalif Galaydh. We are in Shoreview, Minnesota. It is February 10, 2014. Ali Khalif Galaydh is a talented Somali politician, educator on a professorial level, and at times even a businessman. As a professor he taught at the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota and the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. He was a fellow at Weatherhead Center of International Affairs and Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University. In Somalia he had several titles, but the highest office was when he became the fourth-ever Somali prime minister in 2000. In Somali circles Ali is also known for his intellectual prowess and political versatility. Ali, welcome to the interview—third time again. AG: Thank you very much, Ahmed. AY: Okay, I want to start from where were you born and when were you born, even though we don’t actually acknowledge that at all. AG: Somalis normally don’t celebrate birthdays, so there is now quite an always heated discussion about who is older than who. But in my case, my father was in the British Merchant Marine, and he therefore recorded when I was born. There was no birth certificate, but I was born October 15, 1941. AY: Wow, so you do have the recorded date, at least.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Capital Development Strategy for Somalia.Pdf
    1 Heritage Institute City University Access all Human Capital Development (HCD) Studies from our website: www.heritageinstitute.org Or via the dedicated Human Capital Development For Somalia website: www.humancapital.so Follow Us: https://www.facebook.com/HIPSINSTITUTE/ https://twitter.com/HIPSINSTITUTE Contact Us: [email protected] 2 Heritage Institute City University Copyright © 2020 | The Heritage Institute for Policy Studies and City University of Mogadishu All Rights Reserved. Readers are encouraged to reproduce material for their own publications, as long as they are not being sold commercially. As copyright holder, the Heritage Institute for Policy Studies and City University of Mogadishu requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. For online use, we ask readers to link to the original resource on the HIPS website. © Heritage Institute for Policy Studies and City University of Mogadishu 2020. 3 Heritage Institute City University Contents Foreword 5 Acknowledgements 6 Executive Summary 9 Research Objectives 9 Guiding Principles of the Research 10 Human Capital Development Core Values 10 Research Design 11 Definition of Human Capital 11 Key Baseline Findings 13 Education 13 Health 13 Labor 14 Agriculture and Livestock 15 Fisheries 16 Highlights of Human Capital Development Strategy 17 Crosscutting Strategies 18 Profile of The Human Capital Development Researchers and Contributors 20 Introduction 24 What Is Human Capital? 25 The Human Capital Development Initiative 27 Methodology 29 Data Sources, Procedures
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia Unsom
    UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSION IN SOMALIA UNSOM Briefing to the Security Council by Ambassador Nicholas Kay, Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) for Somalia 11 March 2014 [AS DELIVERED] Madam President, Members of the Council, Thank you for giving me the opportunity to brief the Council from Mogadishu today and for your continued support to Somalia’s peace-building and state-building. I am on the ground in Mogadishu and not with you in New York due to the intensity of events at this moment. I hope you understand. Madam President The best hope for peace and stability in Somalia, the Horn of Africa and beyond remains a united, secure and federal Somalia. This is achievable. Somalia can reach its goal of an agreed constitution, a nation-wide electoral process and increased security by 2016. But times are tough, and in the short term may get tougher. Insecurity in Mogadishu poses challenges for Somalis, the UN and the international community. 2014 is a crucial year. It is marked, I would say, by security and political challenges, which will be overcome if the Federal Government of Somalia and international partners remain united and if both accelerate delivery of their mutual commitments. Madam President As I speak, an expanded AMISOM and the Somali National Army (SNA) are prosecuting a renewed offensive against Al Shabaab, made possible by UN Security Council Resolution 2124. It will be the most significant and geographically extensive military advance since AMISOM started, and there have already been notable successes. I pay tribute to the commitment and sacrifices made by AMISOM and its police and troop contributing states.
    [Show full text]
  • SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland
    COMMISSARIAAT-GENERAAL VOOR DE VLUCHTELINGEN EN DE STAATLOZEN COI Focus SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 30 juni 2020 (update) Cedoca Oorspronkelijke taal: Nederlands DISCLAIMER: Dit COI-product is geschreven door de documentatie- en researchdienst This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and Cedoca van het CGVS en geeft informatie voor de behandeling van Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the individuele verzoeken om internationale bescherming. Het document bevat processing of individual applications for international protection. The geen beleidsrichtlijnen of opinies en oordeelt niet over de waarde van het document does not contain policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass verzoek om internationale bescherming. Het volgt de richtlijnen van de judgment on the merits of the application for international protection. It follows Europese Unie voor de behandeling van informatie over herkomstlanden van the Common EU Guidelines for processing country of origin information (April april 2008 en is opgesteld conform de van kracht zijnde wettelijke bepalingen. 2008) and is written in accordance with the statutory legal provisions. De auteur heeft de tekst gebaseerd op een zo ruim mogelijk aanbod aan The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected zorgvuldig geselecteerde publieke informatie en heeft de bronnen aan elkaar with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even getoetst. Het document probeert alle relevante aspecten van het onderwerp though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the te behandelen, maar is niet noodzakelijk exhaustief. Als bepaalde text is not necessarily exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia: Al-Shabaab – It Will Be a Long War
    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°99 Nairobi/Brussels, 26 June 2014 Somalia: Al-Shabaab – It Will Be a Long War I. Overview Despite the recent military surge against Somalia’s armed Islamist extremist and self- declared al-Qaeda affiliate, Al-Shabaab, its conclusive “defeat” remains elusive. The most likely scenario – already in evidence – is that its armed units will retreat to small- er, remote and rural enclaves, exploiting entrenched and ever-changing clan-based competition; at the same time, other groups of radicalised and well-trained individ- uals will continue to carry out assassinations and terrorist attacks in urban areas, in- cluding increasingly in neighbouring countries, especially Kenya. The long connec- tion between Al-Shabaab’s current leadership and al-Qaeda is likely to strengthen. A critical breakthrough in the fight against the group cannot, therefore, be achieved by force of arms, even less so when it is foreign militaries, not the Somali National Army (SNA), that are in the lead. A more politically-focused approach is required. Even as its territory is squeezed in the medium term, Al-Shabaab will continue to control both money and minds. It has the advantage of at least three decades of Salafi-Wahhabi proselytisation (daawa) in Somalia; social conservatism is already strongly entrenched – including in Somaliland and among Somali minorities in neigh- bouring states – giving it deep reservoirs of fiscal and ideological support, even with- out the intimidation it routinely employs. An additional factor is the group’s proven ability to adapt, militarily and politically – flexibility that is assisted by its leadership’s freedom from direct accountability to any single constituency.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland)
    IUCN Eastern Africa Programme Somali Natural Resources Management Programme An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland) Malte Sommerlatte and Abdi Umar May 2000 IUCN Eastern Africa Programme Somali Natural Resources Management Programme An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland) By: Malte Sommerlatte and Abdi Umar IUCN CONSULTANTS May 2000 Table of Contents SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ iii 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 SOCIAL STRUCTURES OF THE SOMALILAND COASTAL PLAINS PASTORALISTS ............... 3 1.4 LOCAL REGULATIONS CONTROLLING LAND USE AND NATURAL RESOURCES .............. 4 1.5 THE PRESENT POLITICAL SITUATION IN SOMALILAND..................................................... 6 2. SURVEY METHODS.................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. VEGETATION TRANSECTS..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]