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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië Maart 2010

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië Maart 2010 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië Maart 2010 Directie Consulaire Zaken en Migratiebeleid Afdeling Asiel, Hervestiging en Terugkeer Den Haag (070) 348 5964 Maart 2010 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië | Maart 2010 1 Inleiding .............................................................................................3 2 Landeninformatie ..............................................................................4 2.1 Basisgegevens ......................................................................................4 2.1.1 Land en Volk....................................................................................4 2.1.2 Geschiedenis ....................................................................................5 2.1.2.1 Federale republiek Somalië......................................................5 2.1.2.2 Somaliland...............................................................................7 2.1.2.3 Puntland ..................................................................................8 2.1.2.4 Sool en Sanaag.........................................................................9 2.1.3 Staatsinrichting...............................................................................10 2.1.3.1 Zuid- en Centraal Somalië......................................................10 2.1.3.2 Somaliland.............................................................................11 2.1.3.3 Puntland ................................................................................11 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen...................................................................12 2.2.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................12 2.2.2 Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië..............................................................12 2.2.2.1 De voornaamste groeperingen................................................12 2.2.2.2 Ideologie van de voornaamste groeperingen...........................14 2.2.2.3 Ontwikkelingen binnen groeperingen......................................15 2.2.2.4 Ontwikkelingen tussen groeperingen ......................................22 2.2.2.5 Het Djibouti-akkoord .............................................................22 2.2.3 Noord-Somalië ...............................................................................23 2.2.3.1 Somaliland.............................................................................23 2.2.3.2 Puntland ................................................................................23 2.2.4 Regionale betrokkenheid ................................................................24 2.2.4.1 African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM)........................24 2.2.4.2 Arabische Liga.......................................................................24 2.2.4.3 Ethiopië .................................................................................25 2.2.4.4 Eritrea ...................................................................................25 2.2.4.5 Kenia .....................................................................................26 2.2.5 Internationale betrokkenheid...........................................................26 2.2.5.1 De Verenigde Naties (VN) ......................................................26 2.2.5.2 De Verenigde Staten...............................................................27 2.2.5.3 De Europese Unie ..................................................................27 2.3 Veiligheidssituatie.............................................................................27 2.3.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................27 2.3.2 Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië..............................................................29 2.3.3 Noord-Somalië ...............................................................................30 2.3.3.1 Somaliland.............................................................................30 2.3.3.2 Puntland ................................................................................31 2.3.3.3 Sool en Sanaag.......................................................................31 2.3.4 Clanbescherming, criminaliteit en rechtshandhaving.......................31 2.3.4.1 Clanbescherming ...................................................................31 2.3.4.2 Criminaliteit en rechtshandhaving..........................................33 2.3.5 Wapenhandel en kapingen ..............................................................36 2.3.6 Humanitaire omstandigheden..........................................................37 3 Mensenrechten.................................................................................39 3.1 Juridische context .............................................................................39 3.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen................................................................39 3.1.2 Nationale wetgeving .......................................................................40 3.2 Toezicht.............................................................................................41 3.2.1 Nationaal........................................................................................41 3.2.2 Internationaal..................................................................................41 1 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië | Maart 2010 3.3 Naleving en schendingen...................................................................42 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting (inclusief persvrijheid).........................42 3.3.1.1 Radio, televisie, internet en geschreven pers...........................43 3.3.1.2 Vervolging van journalisten....................................................44 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ..........................................45 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst ..................................................................46 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid..........................................................................47 3.3.4.1 Reisdocumenten .....................................................................48 3.3.5 Rechtsgang.....................................................................................50 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties ...................................................................52 3.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering ...............................................................54 3.3.8 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen ......................................................54 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden.......................................55 3.3.10 Doodstraf ...................................................................................55 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen ..........................................................55 3.4.1 Minderheden ..................................................................................55 3.4.2 De Saab..........................................................................................57 3.4.3 Niet-Somali minderheden ...............................................................57 3.4.4 Specifieke clans..............................................................................58 3.4.5 Vrouwen ........................................................................................59 3.4.5.1 Alleenstaande vrouwen...........................................................60 3.4.5.2 Huiselijk geweld en verkrachting............................................60 3.4.5.3 Genitale verminking bij vrouwen (vrouwenbesnijdenis) ..........62 3.4.6 Homoseksuelen ..............................................................................63 3.4.7 Minderjarigen.................................................................................64 3.4.7.1 Kinderarbeid..........................................................................64 3.4.7.2 Kindsoldaten..........................................................................64 3.4.7.3 Alleenstaande minderjarigen..................................................65 4 Migratie............................................................................................67 4.1 Migratiestromen en opvang..............................................................67 4.1.1 Vluchtelingen .................................................................................67 4.1.1.1 Kenia .....................................................................................67 4.1.1.2 Ethiopië .................................................................................68 4.1.1.3 Jemen.....................................................................................69 4.1.1.4 Overige landen.......................................................................70 4.1.1.5 Vluchtelingen en asielzoekers in Somalië................................71 4.1.2 Ontheemden ...................................................................................71 4.1.2.1 Zuid- en Centraal- Somalië ....................................................72 4.1.2.2 Noord-Somalië.......................................................................73 4.2 Terugkeer..........................................................................................75 4.2.1 Vluchtelingen .................................................................................75 4.2.2 Ontheemden ...................................................................................75 4.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties.....................................76 Bijlage I LANDKAART (ADMINISTRATIEF) ...............................78
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