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TAXON:Boswellia Sacra Flueck. SCORE:-3.0 RATING

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TAXON:Boswellia Sacra Flueck. SCORE:-3.0 RATING TAXON: Boswellia sacra Flueck. SCORE: -3.0 RATING: Low Risk Taxon: Boswellia sacra Flueck. Family: Burseraceae Common Name(s): frankincense Synonym(s): Boswellia carteri Birdw. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 14 Jan 2021 WRA Score: -3.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Tree, Unarmed, Palatable, Self-Fertile, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) Creation Date: 14 Jan 2021 (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Boswellia sacra Flueck. SCORE: -3.0 RATING: Low Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 y habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 14 Jan 2021 (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Boswellia sacra Flueck. SCORE: -3.0 RATING: Low Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Bred to improve seed viability, but not highly domesticated] "Various researchers have tried to increase the germination rate of Boswellia sacra. However, Eslamieh (2017) reported that no significant improvement was found to increase the germination rate Al-Harrasi, A., Khan, A. L., Asaf, S., & Al-Rawahi, A. (2019). of B. sacra from 10% under different techniques. Jason reported that Biology of Genus Boswellia. Springer Nature, Cham, the reason for a lower germination rate is empty pyrenes with no Switzerland embryos, and genetic aberration plays more of role than sowing techniques. Furthermore, he cross-pollinated various B. sacra clones and observed better results (Eslamieh, 2017). The most prominent super sacra clone produced seeds with ϰϬʹϲϬйgermination rates following the cross-pollination of three generations." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Africa Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Somalia Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Asia-Temperate Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. ARABIAN PENINSULA: Oman, Yemen https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 11 Jan 2021] Cultivated (also cult.)" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 11 Jan 2021] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Creation Date: 14 Jan 2021 (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Boswellia sacra Flueck. SCORE: -3.0 RATING: Low Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes "The propagation of Boswellia sacra trees is difficult, although the Iwu, M.M. 2014. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, plant can adapt to extremely harsh environments. Their ability to Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL grow in environments so unforgiving is considered unusual; they sometimes grow directly out of solid rock." [Broad elevation range] "DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT. Known from N Somalia, South Yemen (Hadhramaut) and Oman (Dhofar) (Map I). It may occur just above sea-level' in places where the coast-line is steep and rocky like E of Bereda in NE Somalia or at Ras Fartak in Thulin, M., & Warfa, A. M. (1987). The frankincense trees Hadhramaut. The upper known limit in Somalia is 1230 m (measured (Boswellia spp., Burseraceae) of northern Somalia and S of Mait) and the upper limit in Arabia seems to be at about the southern Arabia. Kew Bulletin, 42(3): 487-500 same level (1800 m in Somalia as given by Hildebrandt (1878: 195) is certainly incorrect). Usually in rocky slopes and gullies, often on limestone boulders, more rarely on vertical rock-faces (Fig. IB) like B. frereana. In Somalia in Acacia-Commiphora woodland in subcoastal zone (Hemming I 966: 201)." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes [Grows in desert climates in tropical regions] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant "Native Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Africa Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Somalia Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Asia-Temperate https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 14 Jan 2021] ARABIAN PENINSULA: Oman, Yemen Cultivated (also cult.)" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 ? introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Regional Dave's Garden. (2021). Arabian Frankincense - Boswellia This plant is said to grow outdoors in the following regions: sacra. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/136756/. Phoenix, Arizona [Accessed 14 Jan 2021] San Francisco, California Miami, Florida" 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Al-Harrasi, A., Khan, A. L., Asaf, S., & Al-Rawahi, A. (2019). Biology of Genus Boswellia. Springer Nature, Cham, No evidence Switzerland Imada, C. (2019). Hawaiian Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist (February 2019 update). Bishop Museum No evidence Technical Report 69. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Creation Date: 14 Jan 2021 (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Boswellia sacra Flueck. SCORE: -3.0 RATING: Low Risk Qsn # Question Answer 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes "Unarmed tree, 1.5-8 m tall, branching from the base or with a Thulin, M., & Warfa, A. M. (1987). The frankincense trees distinct trunk; base of trunk sometimes ± swollen; bark pale brown (Boswellia spp., Burseraceae) of northern Somalia and with some outer flaking papery layers and a thick reddish brown southern Arabia. Kew Bulletin, 42(3): 487-500 inner resiniferous layer; young shoots tomentose or rarely glabrous; resin copious, milky, drying yellowish brown." 402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes [Possibly Yes.
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