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Acculturation and Transition in Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Bodos
International Journal of Advanced and Innovative Research (2278-7844) / # 1/ Volume 6 Issue 11 Acculturation and Transition in Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Bodos Dinanath Basumatary1, AlakaBasumatary*2 1Department of Bodo, Bodoland University Kokrajhar, 783370, Assam, India *Department of Bodo, Bodoland University Kokrajhar, 783370, Assam, India [email protected] Abstract:The traditional religion of the Bodos, a tribe of north- these changes take place due to the internal dynamics of the east India, has been under massive transition due to its concerned societies, whereas many are seemed to be governed increasing contact with the religion and culture of more by dynamics external to them. With the world becoming one advanced group of people of the country and abroad. It has been "global village," it has become easier for different cultures to under constant pressure from the major organized religions that come in contact with each other, yielding an evolution in a comes from the process of integration within a national political culture. Acculturation has become an inevitable process for and economic system. The religion, called Bathouism, that can be placed under naturalism category, after passing through societies, more and more people are experiencing different stages, is now under threat of losing its principal acculturation nowadays. philosophy. The en masse accommodation of religious beliefs and Bodo is one of the oldest aboriginal tribes of the state practices of more organised religions into it through of Assam in India, possessing distinct language, culture and acculturation has started to pose a question on its distinctiveness. religion. Although Bodos are mainly concentrated in the The religion has split into many branches, its new versions northern part of the Brahmaputra Valley along the foothills of becoming more popular than original version, indicating that Bhutan kingdom, they are distributed over all parts ofAssam, people want reformation of their traditional religion. -
Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis
the national bureau of asian research nbr project report | may 2010 russia’s peacetime demographic crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications By Nicholas Eberstadt ++ The NBR Project Report provides access to current research on special topics conducted by the world’s leading experts in Asian affairs. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other NBR research associates or institutions that support NBR. The National Bureau of Asian Research is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution dedicated to informing and strengthening policy. NBR conducts advanced independent research on strategic, political, economic, globalization, health, and energy issues affecting U.S. relations with Asia. Drawing upon an extensive network of the world’s leading specialists and leveraging the latest technology, NBR bridges the academic, business, and policy arenas. The institution disseminates its research through briefings, publications, conferences, Congressional testimony, and email forums, and by collaborating with leading institutions worldwide. NBR also provides exceptional internship opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students for the purpose of attracting and training the next generation of Asia specialists. NBR was started in 1989 with a major grant from the Henry M. Jackson Foundation. Funding for NBR’s research and publications comes from foundations, corporations, individuals, the U.S. government, and from NBR itself. NBR does not conduct proprietary or classified research. The organization undertakes contract work for government and private-sector organizations only when NBR can maintain the right to publish findings from such work. To download issues of the NBR publications, please visit the NBR website http://www.nbr.org. -
Circassian Customs & Traditions
Circassian Customs & Traditions АДЫГЭ ХАБЗЭ 1 Circassian Customs & Traditions Amjad M. Jaimoukha [compiler, editor, translator] АДЫГЭ ХАБЗЭ Жэмыхъуэ Амджэд (Амыщ) In English and Circassian (supplementary) Centre for Circassian Studies 2014 2 Circassian Customs & Traditions Circassian Culture & Folklore Second edition 2014 First published 2009 © 2014 Amjad Jaimoukha All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 3 Contents Introduction 5 1. Birth 10 2. Christening 15 3. Upbringing 17 4. Courtship and Marriage 28 5. Divorce and Bigamy 62 6. ‘In sickness and in health’ 63 7. Death and Obsequies 70 8. Greetings and Salutes 80 9. The Circassian Code of Chivalry 83 • Respect for Women and Elders 84 • Blood-revenge 86 • Hospitality and Feasts 89 Appendices 1. Proverbs and Sayings on Circassian Customs and Traditions 115 2. Proverbs and Sayings Associated with Hospitality Traditions 141 References and Bibliography 162 4 Introduction IRCASSIAN customs and social norms are enshrined in an orally- C transmitted code called ‘Adige Xabze’—‘Circassian Etiquette’ [«адыгэ хабзэ»]. This rigid and complex system of morals had evolved to ensure that strict militaristic discipline was maintained at all times to defend the country against the many invaders who coveted Circassian lands. In addition, social niceties and graces greased the wheels of social interaction, and a person’s good conduct ensured his survival and prosperity. The Xabze served as the law for ad hoc courts and councils set up to resolve contentious cases and other moot issues, and pronounce binding judgements. -
Circassians, Apkhazians, Georgians, Vainakhs, Dagestanians – Peoples of Old Civilization in the Caucasus
Circassians, Apkhazians, Georgians, Vainakhs, Dagestanians – peoples of old civilization in the Caucasus Merab Chukhua The general title of this paper reflects a desire to present the great historical past of the indigenous (autochthonous) peoples of the Caucasus, which in most cases is misrepresented in early Russian historiography when the Caucasians were considered to be peoples without culture and history. It was not just about the North Caucasians, it was also relevant to Georgians in the 19th century (and later) [EGH 1970: 5–6]. It may be recalled that the second half of the 20th century is the time when the progressive circles of the Georgian-Caucasian community strengthened their interest towards the historical past of their peoples, native languages, literature and culture. And naturally the tsarism, which aimed at Russifying all the peoples of the Russian empire, at liquidating their national features, did not welcome the process of national self-consciousness in the Caucasus. Articles were published where the national pride of the Georgians and Caucasians was insulted, claiming that these peoples had neither history nor culture, and that they had acquired their culture and script from others later. For a long-time tsarism and Soviet ideology (on which the official ideology of modern Russia is still based and still continues aggressively) proved that the conquest and subjugation of the Caucasian peoples had been implemented for their well-being, that Russia had introduced these chuzezemtsy (‘uncultured peoples’) to the Russian culture and integration with Russia as a voluntary act (though it was, in fact, an occupation/annexation). It is a well-known fact that when the great Czech scholar, the first decipherer of the Hittite inscriptions, Bedřich Hrozný visited Tbilisi University in 1936, he remarked that the issue of his research – the problem of Hittites – was attracting direct patriotic interest in Tbilisi. -
Tales of the Narts: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Ossetians
IntRODUctION THE OSSETIAN EpIC “TALES OF THE NARTS” VASILY IvANOVICH ABAEV 1 w CYCLES, SubjECTS, HEROES In literary studies it is established that the epic poem passes through sev- eral stages in its formation. To begin we have an incomplete collection of stories with no connections between them, arising in various centers, at various times, for various reasons. That is the first stage in the formation of the epic. We cannot as yet name it such. But material is in the process of preparation that, given favorable conditions, begins to take on the out- lines of an epic poem. From the mass of heroes and subjects a few favorite names, events, and motifs stand out, and stories begin to crystallize around them, as centers of gravity. A few epic centers or cycles are formed. The epic enters the second stage of cycle formation. In a few instances, not all by any means, it may then attain a third stage. Cycles up to now unconnected may be, more or less artificially, united in one thematic thread, and are brought together in one consistent story, forming one epic poem. A hyper- cyclic formation, if one can use such a term, takes place. It may appear as the result of not only uniting several cycles, but as the expansion of one favorite cycle, at the expense of others less popular. This is the concluding epic phase. The transformation to this phase is frequently the result of individual creative efforts. For instance, the creation of the Iliad and the Odyssey Opposite page: A beehive tomb from the highlands of North Ossetia. -
Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-Years After the Fall of the Soviet Union
Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 11, No 2, 2012, 103-135 Copyright © ECMI 21 December 2012 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/publications/detail/issue-22012-vol-11-254/ Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-years after the Fall of the Soviet Union Lars Funch Hansen* University of Copenhagen The renewed ethnic mobilization among Circassians in the North Caucasus region in Russia that has unfolded since the latter half of the 2000s is illustrated by the establishment of new civil society organizations and a substantially increased number of internet-based initiatives. All of this reflects a new and increased form of agency and unity among the Circassians in which youth activism has played key role. It also illustrates how Circassian civil society actors and cyber-activists have not only been able to establish a counter-public sphere or develop a new space for action, but also increasingly have been able to move key issues from Circassian spheres into the wider public sphere of mainstream Russian media and politics. The upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, in particular, has functioned as a lever in this process, which has also resulted in increasing support among Circassians for calls for recognition of the nineteenth century forced expulsion of the majority of the Circassians from the Caucasus as an act of genocide. In this manner, a mega-event such as the Sochi Olympics has contributed to generating a more radical or politicized understanding or framing of the Caucasian exodus that, since the fall of the Soviet Union, has generally been known as “our national tragedy”. -
Conflicts in the North Caucasus
Central Asian Survey, (1998), 17(3), 409-441. Conflicts in the North Caucasus SVANTE E. CORNELL* Although the conflicts that have attracted most international attention in the post- cold war era have been those of the Transcaucasus, another area of both potential and actual turmoil is the North Caucasus. The first example of serious conflicts in the area, naturally, is the war in Chechnia. However, the existence of this war, and its astonishing cruelty and devastation, has been instrumental in obscuring the other grievances that exist in the area, and that have the potential to escalate into open conflict. These can be divided into two main categories, which however spill over into one another. The first type of conflicts are those among the peoples of the region; the second type is conflicts between these peoples and Russia. Doubtlessly, the main example of the unrest in the North Caucasus has been the short but bloody war between the Ingush and the Ossetians. However, this war distinguishes itself only by being the only one of the conflicts in the region that has escalated into war. Among the other known problems, three issues call for special attention: First and perhaps most pressingly, the bid for unity of the Lezgian people in Dagestan and Azerbaijan; Second, the latent problem between the Turkic Karachai and the Circasssian peoples in the two neighbour republics of Karachaevo-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria; and thirdly the condition of the most complex of all the North Caucasian republics: Dagestan. It seems logical in this study to start with the most well-known of these issues: the war that raged in November 1992 in the Prigorodniy raion between the Ingush and the North Ossetians. -
Circassian Bibliographies & Periodicals
Circassian Bibliographies & Periodicals (Collected by Amjad Jaimoukha) Bibliographies ‘Bibliograficheski ukazatel literaturi o Kubanskoi Oblasti, Kubanskomkazakhem voiske i Chernomorskoi Guberni’, E. D. Felitsyn, in Kubanski sbornik, Ekaterinodar, 5-6, 1899-1900. Bibliografiya Caucasica et Transcaucasica, M. M. Miansarov, 1874-76, vol. 1, parts 1, 2. St Petersburg; reprinted: Amsterdam: Meridian Publishing Company, 1967. [Not published anymore, but still a fundamental bibliography. The volume published covers geography, ethnography, travels, antiquities, numismatics and history – B. Geiger et al, 1959, p72. 848 pages] Bibliografiya Kabardino-Balkari, Karachaevo-Cherkesi i Adigei, Nalchik, 1967. ‘Bibliografiya Kubanskogo Kraya’, B. M. Gorodetski, in Sistematicheski ukazatel literaturi o Kubanskoi Oblasti s retsenziyami i referatami, Ekaterinodar, issues 1-4, 1918- 19. ‘Bibliografiya po ètnografii i lingvistike Kavkaza [Bibliography! of the Ethnography and Linguistics of the Caucasus]’, Belyaev in Kultura i pismennost gorskikh narodov Severnogo Kavkaza [The Culture and Literature of the Mountain Peoples of the Northern Caucasus], Rostov, 1931, pp 71-145.! [Not all Russian and other authors are indicated - R. Traho] Bibliografiya yazikovedcheskoi literaturi ob iberisko-kavkazskikh yazikakh, I [Bibliography of Linguistic Literature on the Ibero-Caucasian Languages, I], Tbilisi State University, 1958. 1 !! ‘Bibliographie (Monographien)’, in Neue Kaukasische Post, no. 4, August 1997. Bibliographie de la Caucase, par le Comité des Émigrés Circassiens en Turquie, vol. 1, Constantinople, 1919. [Not all Russian authors are indicated] Circassian Bibliography, collected by Amjad Jaimoukha, Sanjalay Press, 2009. Online. Available HTTP: <http://www.geocities.com/jaimoukha/Circbiblio.html> (accessed 7 November 2008). [2,000 entries, including more than one hundred online books, articles and dissertations] Der Kaukasus in der Deutschen wissenschaftlichen literature, Heraugegeben von B. -
Gods, Heroes, and Mythologists: Romantic Scholars and the Pagan Roots of Europe's Nations
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Gods, Heroes, and Mythologists Romantic Scholars and the Pagan Roots of Europe’s Nations Leerssen, J. DOI 10.1086/685061 Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Published in History of Humanities Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Leerssen, J. (2016). Gods, Heroes, and Mythologists: Romantic Scholars and the Pagan Roots of Europe’s Nations. History of Humanities, 1(1), 71-100. https://doi.org/10.1086/685061 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 Gods, Heroes, and Mythologists: Romantic Scholars and the Pagan Roots of Europe’s Nations Joep Leerssen, University of Amsterdam ABSTRACT This article traces the scholarly interest in Europe’s non-Classical mythologies, from the rise of Edda studies in late eighteenth-century Denmark to the appropriation of Celtic origin myths in Spanish Galicia, and the flourish of overlapping Baltic mythol- ogies between Tallinn and Vilnius, in the decades before 1900. -
Slavic Pagan World
Slavic Pagan World 1 Slavic Pagan World Compilation by Garry Green Welcome to Slavic Pagan World: Slavic Pagan Beliefs, Gods, Myths, Recipes, Magic, Spells, Divinations, Remedies, Songs. 2 Table of Content Slavic Pagan Beliefs 5 Slavic neighbors. 5 Dualism & The Origins of Slavic Belief 6 The Elements 6 Totems 7 Creation Myths 8 The World Tree. 10 Origin of Witchcraft - a story 11 Slavic pagan calendar and festivals 11 A small dictionary of slavic pagan gods & goddesses 15 Slavic Ritual Recipes 20 An Ancient Slavic Herbal 23 Slavic Magick & Folk Medicine 29 Divinations 34 Remedies 39 Slavic Pagan Holidays 45 Slavic Gods & Goddesses 58 Slavic Pagan Songs 82 Organised pagan cult in Kievan Rus' 89 Introduction 89 Selected deities and concepts in slavic religion 92 Personification and anthropomorphisation 108 "Core" concepts and gods in slavonic cosmology 110 3 Evolution of the eastern slavic beliefs 111 Foreign influence on slavic religion 112 Conclusion 119 Pagan ages in Poland 120 Polish Supernatural Spirits 120 Polish Folk Magic 125 Polish Pagan Pantheon 131 4 Slavic Pagan Beliefs The Slavic peoples are not a "race". Like the Romance and Germanic peoples, they are related by area and culture, not so much by blood. Today there are thirteen different Slavic groups divided into three blocs, Eastern, Southern and Western. These include the Russians, Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Serbians,Croatians, Macedonians, Slovenians, Bulgarians, Kashubians, Albanians and Slovakians. Although the Lithuanians, Estonians and Latvians are of Baltic tribes, we are including some of their customs as they are similar to those of their Slavic neighbors. Slavic Runes were called "Runitsa", "Cherty y Rezy" ("Strokes and Cuts") and later, "Vlesovitsa". -
90 Features of Traditions and Customs of the Circassian
ISSN 2414-1143 Научный альманах стран Причерноморья. 2020. Том 24. № 4 DOI 10.23947/2414-1143-2020-24-4-90-95 UDC 39(470) FEATURES OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS OF THE CIRCASSIAN PEOPLE LIVING IN THE BLACK SEA REGIONS Angelika D. Kunupova, Yulia A. Petrova Rostov State University of Economics, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation [email protected] There are peoples whose history reads like an exciting novel - there are so many dizzying twists and turns, vivid episodes and amazing events, unusual and interesting traditions. One of these peoples is the Circassians, the indigenous population mainly of the Northern Black Sea region: Karachay-Cherkessia, Ady- gea, Kabardino-Balkaria, as well as the Southern Black Sea region: Krasnodar and Stavropol regions. The lands where the Circassians lived were some of the best. These places are still incredibly good. They are resort areas. This people has a rather distinctive culture. Despite the tragic pages of history, this nation has fully retained its vividly expressed individuality. Circassian women have always embodied the ideals of beau- ty, and men have been the standard of masculinity. The public life of the Circassians is usually filled with rit- uals. Life is a whole chain of ceremonies for the Circassian people. This article examines the history, linguis- tic habits, peculiarities of traditions, as well as the customs and norms of the Circassians, which are en- shrined in the unwritten code of Adyghe Khabze. Such vital topics of the Circassian people as courtship, marriage, death and burial are reflected in this study. Key words: Circassians, traditions, customs, culture, language, norms. -
Varying Reception of Migrants in Russian Cities
A WARY WELCOME: Varying Reception of Migrants in Russian Cities Mary Elizabeth Malinkin WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memo- rial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholar- ship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institution engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center pub- lications and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. The Center is the publisher of The Wilson Quarterly and home of Woodrow Wilson Center Press, dialogue radio and television. For more information about the Center’s activities and publications, please visit us on the web at www.wilsoncenter.org. Jane Harman, Director, President and CEO Board of Trustees Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chairman of the Board Sander R. Gerber, Vice Chairman Public Board Members: James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; John Kerry, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; G. Wayne Clough, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Arne Dun- can, Secretary, U.S.