DOCSLIB.ORG

Explaining K Ey C O Ncepts Fo R the C Ity O F to M O Rro W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Explaining K Ey C O Ncepts Fo R the C Ity O F to M O Rro W Smart Regulation Explaining Key Concepts for the City of Tomorrow Smart Regulation Explaining Key Concepts for the City of Tomorrow Discussion Paper 25, Grand Rue Case Postale 3200 CH 1211 Geneva 3 Switzerland Facebook: /NewCitiesFoundation Twitter: @newcitiesfound www.newcitiesfoundation.org Smart Regulation This work is commissioned and published by the New Cities Foundation. You can copy, download, or print this report for your own use, and you can include excerpts from New Cities Foundation publications, databases, and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations blogs, websites, and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of New Cities Foundation as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Request for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to New Cities Foundation at [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: New Cities Foundation (2012), Smart Regulation, ‘Explaining Key Concepts for the City of Tomorrow’ Series, Discussion Paper #1. http://www.newcitiesfoundation.org This project was led and co-ordinated by Naureen Kabir (Director, Urban Lab and New Cities Foundation USA). Berengère de Contenson (Researcher) supervised the project at an early stage. Cristian Santibanez (Program Associate, Urban Lab and Communications) contributed to the final editing. Claudio Altenhain, Arslan Bissembayev, Loik-André Bourgeois and Morgan Mouton (researchers from the Governing the Large Metropolis Master of Arts program at Sciences Po in Paris, France) contributed to the drafting under the supervision of Dr. Alvaro Artigas Pereira. The New Cities Foundation would also like to thank Anil Menon, President of Globalisation and Smart+Connected Communities, Nic Villa, Managing Director, Global Public Sector and Latif Horst, Sales Business Development Manager, Smart+Connected Communities – all from Cisco Systems for their thought leadership and suggestions on this project. Cover and back-cover picture by Cristian Santibanez under Creative Commons License. 3 Smart Regulation Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6 Part 1: Historical Background Genealogy of a concept ............................................................................................................................ 10 Looking for more efficient regulation models: the United Nations Development Program focus ......................... 10 From Better to Smart regulation: the European Union’s legal approach .................................................................. 12 Smart Regulation Strategy in Canada .......................................................................................................................... 17 Three key components of smart regulation: embedment, responsiveness, sustainability ................... 18 Embedment ...................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Responsiveness ................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Sustainability ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Smart Regulation and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) .......................................................... 28 Part 2: Case Studies Towards an operational model of smart regulation ................................................................................. 30 Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Spain ...................................................................................................................... 34 Torre Titanium La Portada, Santiago, Chile ................................................................................................................... 35 Lyon Confluence, Lyon, France ..................................................................................................................................... 36 Vauban, Freiburg, Germany ........................................................................................................................................... 37 CITE City, New Mexico, USA ............................................................................................................................................ 38 Putrajaya-Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia ..................................................................................................................... 39 Smart regulation applied ............................................................................................................................. 41 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 46 Literature Written Material ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Websites ........................................................................................................................................................ 54 4 Smart Regulation Executive Summary The absence of a viable definition of smart regulation gives rise to multiple interpretations, which are sometimes contradictory. Taking into account its different social, institutional, and economic dimensions, this paper, the first in a series by the New Cities Foundation, retraces the concept’s evolution, encompassing first attempts of good governance and co-regulation as well as the best practice objectives of better regulation. Smart regulation draws upon a broad range of policy designs and instrument mixes as it lays claim to be context-independent and able to efficiently implement optimal practices in any context. Based on the inclusion of third parties in a multiplicity of institutional fields, the main innovations of this type of regulation are the endorsement of co-regulation, systematic cooperation, the establishment of governmental feedback loops and a particular emphasis brought upon sustainability in terms of economic, environmental and social issues. Drawing from the existing literature, we propose an accessible conceptual framework based on three key components: embedment, responsiveness, and sustainability. With the new possibilities offered by Information and Communication Technologies, this powerful framework can be used to retrospectively-analyze existing real-estate projects and better understand their failures and successes. Drawing upon these criteria, six case studies in the real estate sector are examined to evaluate whether the proposed framework is consistent with empirical reality. Through this analysis, this paper aims to determine whether smart regulation is an operational concept that can be grounded in reality, or whether it is too a broad framework encompassing scattered elements that cannot be applied to a specific sector. 5 Smart Regulation Introduction The absence of an established and consensus driven definition gives rise to multiple interpretations of the term smart regulation: it is a concept that encompasses so many different social dimensions that it loses meaning. Taking into account its different social, institutional, and economic dimensions, the aim of this short book is to shed light upon this concept so as to move from understanding to application. If the twentieth century established nation states as the fundamental scale for policy of its era, the twenty-first century is likely to shake and re-draw these lines. All forecasts and academic studies agree that the twenty-first century’s most important phenomenon will be urbanization. Cities are growing at an unprecedented pace, and we will have to build them faster and more effectively. Growing cities, however, are paradoxical spaces: while dense and relatively intense in terms of land-use, the much more diverse economic fabric and demographics of cities make them extremely complex political entities to govern. Contrary to nation states, where a city begins and where it ends is difficult to define, creating tensions between administrative boundaries and functional boundaries; decision-making processes involve multiple scale stakeholders; resources are exploited in intensive ways. While cities attract people because of supposed better living conditions than rural areas, they can often become polluted and congested with lines of grey buildings, extreme levels of poverty alongside the wealthiest neighborhoods, and high levels of distrust. Thus, as cities become the focal point of decision-making, this analysis is aimed at clarifying a new mode of governance – smart regulation – for the benefit of local authorities and regulators worldwide who play an increasingly central role in governing these ever more complex metropolitan areas. Historically, the industrial-age model of regulation – or traditional regulation – developed to a large extent on the premise of distrust between regulators and regulatees.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards Socially Integrative Cities
    Towards Socially Integrative Cities Bernhard Müller, Jian Liu, Jianming Cai, Paulina Schiappacasse, Hans-Martin Neumann and Baojun Yang (Eds.) Towards Socially Integrative Cities Perspectives on Urban Sustainability in Europe and China MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tianjin • Tokyo • Cluj EDITORS Bernhard Müller Jian Liu Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Tsinghua University, Dresden, Germany Beijing, China Jianming Cai Paulina Schiappacasse IGSNRR, Chinese Academy of Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Sciences (CAS), Dresden, Germany Beijing, China Hans-Martin Neumann Baojun Yang Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), China Academy of Urban Vienna, Austria Planning and Design (CAUPD), Beijing, China EDITORIAL OFFICE MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated below: Author 1, and Author 2. 2021. Chapter Title. In Towards Socially Integrative Cities. Perspectives on Urban Sustainability in Europe and China. Edited by Bernhard Müller, Jian Liu, Jianming Cai, Paulina Schiappacasse, Hans-Martin Neumann and Baojun Yang. Basel: MDPI, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-678-1 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-679-8 (PDF) doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03936-679-8 © 2021 by the authors. Chapters in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum
    [Show full text]
  • 20, Rue De Lille 59140 DUNKERQUE Tél. : 03 28 29 22 92
    Groupe EPID/VAUBAN 20, rue de Lille 59140 DUNKERQUE Tél. : 03 28 29 22 92 www.epid.fr 1, place Vauban 59140 DUNKERQUE Tél. : 03 28 29 26 40 www.lycee-vauban-dunkerque.com Editorial INNOVER : c’est l’un des thèmes de cette REFLECHIR : est l’autre thème qui mettra les année scolaire 2015 2016 pour le groupe équipes éducatives du groupe en réflexion. EPID/Vauban. Comment partir de 2 histoires, 2 entités Aller de l’avant, être force de proposition différentes pour écrire un projet d’é tablis­ pédagogique, innover… Et toujours au service sement commun, dans lequel chacun pourra du jeune. se reconnaître sans effacer ce qui s’est vécu Cette année, nous avons créé la 2nde Avenir, en avant et qui fait ce que sont l’EPID et le Lycée regroupant les 2ndes GT de l’EPID et de Vauban, Vauban aujourd’hui ? sur le site de Vauban. C’est un challenge passionnant, qui sera relevé Ce qui nous permet d’offrir un plus large choix d’en­ cette année. seignements d’exploration, d’options et de sections Chaque membre de l’équipe éducative : enseignant, sportives. L’objectif visé est de mieux accompagner les APEL, personnel OGEC sera mobilisé pour réfléchir jeunes durant cette année de transition entre le collège ensemble et écrire les valeurs que nous portons lors­ et le cycle terminal du lycée, et de leur permettre de qu’un jeune vient s’inscrire soit sur le site de l’EPID, soit préparer en toute sérénité leur orientation de fin de 2nde. sur le site de Vauban, quelle que soit la formation qu’il souhaite suivre.
    [Show full text]
  • Quilvest Annual Report 2017
    Annual Report 2017 Annual Report 2017 Table of Contents General Section Part One List of Directors and Group Management 7 Chairman’s Statement 8 Executive Management’s Statement 9 Group Highlights 13 Financial Section Part Two Director’s report 25 Auditor’s report 28 Consolidated Financial Statements 32 ANNUAL REPORT | 3 General Section is a financial holding company whose activities are in the wealth management QUILVEST and private equity & real estate business. was incorporated in Paris on 20 September 1888. The Group established in Luxembourg in 1960. Since the spin-off of the industrial activities QUILVEST in 1991, it has solely focused on managing financial assets with private banks -in Switzerland established in 1932 - in France established in 1917 and -in Luxembourg which combined its activities in 2011. QUILVEST’s global Private Equity activities date back to 1972. consists of almost 400 professionals with offices in Luxembourg, New York, Zurich, Geneva, Paris, Dubai, London, Montevideo, Hong Kong, Singapore, QUILVEST Ghent, Brussels and Santiago de Chile. 6 | ANNUAL REPORT List of Directors and Group Management Board of Directors Chairman Christian Baillet Directors Robin Filmer-Wilson Philippe Hoss Robert Kneip François Manset Stanislas Poniatowski Alvaro Sainz de Vicuña Jean-Louis Schiltz Gonzalo Tanoira International Advisory Services (until 6 December 2017) (represented by Christian Baillet) Vauban Participations S.A. (represented by Norbert Becker) Audit Committee François Manset, President Christian Baillet Norbert Becker
    [Show full text]
  • European Train Names: a Historic Outline Christian Weyers
    ONOMÀSTICA BIBLIOTECA TÈCNICA DE POLÍTICA LINGÜÍSTICA European Train Names: a Historic Outline* Christian Weyers DOI: 10.2436/15.8040.01.201 Abstract This paper gives a first overview of the onomastic category of train names, searches to classify the corpus and reviews different stages of their productivity. Apart from geographical names (toponyms, choronyms, compass directions) generally indicating points of origin and destination of the trains in question, a considerable number of personal names have entered this category, of classical literary authors, musicians and scientists, but also of many fictional or non-fictional characters taken from literature or legendary traditions. In some cases also certain symbolic attributes of these persons and finally even heraldic figures have given their names to trains. In terms of their functionality, train names originally were an indicator of exclusiveness and high grade of travel quality, but they developed gradually, as they dispersed over the European continent, into a rather unspecific, generalized appellation, also for regional and local trains. After two periods of prosperity after 1950, the privatisation of railway companies starting in the 1990s had again a very positive effect on the category, as the number of named trains initially reached a new record in this decade. ***** The first train names appeared in England in the 1860s in addition to names for steam locomotives, and on two different levels. The Special Scotch Express between London King’s Cross and Edinburgh (inaugurated in 1862) was called by the public The Flying Scotsman from the 1870s, but it succeeded as the official name not before 1924. Also the names of the German diesel trainsets Der Fliegende Hamburger and Der Fliegende Kölner were colloquial name creations, as were the Train Bleu and the Settebello operated from 1922 and 1953 but officially named in 1947 and 1958, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Vauban!S Siege Legacy In
    VAUBAN’S SIEGE LEGACY IN THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1702-1712 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jamel M. Ostwald, M.A. The Ohio State University 2002 Approved by Dissertation Committee: Professor John Rule, Co-Adviser Co-Adviser Professor John Guilmartin, Jr., Co-Adviser Department of History Professor Geoffrey Parker Professor John Lynn Co-Adviser Department of History UMI Number: 3081952 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081952 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Over the course of Louis XIV’s fifty-four year reign (1661-1715), Western Europe witnessed thirty-six years of conflict. Siege warfare figures significantly in this accounting, for extended sieges quickly consumed short campaign seasons and prevented decisive victory. The resulting prolongation of wars and the cost of besieging dozens of fortresses with tens of thousands of men forced “fiscal- military” states to continue to elevate short-term financial considerations above long-term political reforms; Louis’s wars consumed 75% or more of the annual royal budget. Historians of 17th century Europe credit one French engineer – Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban – with significantly reducing these costs by toppling the impregnability of 16th century artillery fortresses. Vauban perfected and promoted an efficient siege, a “scientific” method of capturing towns that minimized a besieger’s casualties, delays and expenses, while also sparing the town’s civilian populace.
    [Show full text]
  • “[America] May Be Conquered with More Ease Than Governed”: the Evolution of British Occupation Policy During the American Revolution
    “[AMERICA] MAY BE CONQUERED WITH MORE EASE THAN GOVERNED”: THE EVOLUTION OF BRITISH OCCUPATION POLICY DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION John D. Roche A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Wayne E. Lee Kathleen DuVal Joseph T. Glatthaar Richard H. Kohn Jay M. Smith ©2015 John D. Roche ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT John D. Roche: “[America] may be conquered with more Ease than governed”: The Evolution of British Occupation Policy during the American Revolution (Under the Direction of Wayne E. Lee) The Military Enlightenment had a profound influence upon the British army’s strategic culture regarding military occupation policy. The pan-European military treatises most popular with British officers during the eighteenth century encouraged them to use a carrot-and-stick approach when governing conquered or rebellious populations. To implement this policy European armies created the position of commandant. The treatises also transmitted a spectrum of violence to the British officers for understanding civil discord. The spectrum ran from simple riot, to insurrection, followed by rebellion, and culminated in civil war. Out of legal concerns and their own notions of honor, British officers refused to employ military force on their own initiative against British subjects until the mob crossed the threshold into open rebellion. However, once the people rebelled the British army sought decisive battle, unhindered by legal interference, to rapidly crush the rebellion. The British army’s bifurcated strategic culture for suppressing civil violence, coupled with its practical experiences from the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715 to the Regulator Movement in 1771, inculcated an overwhelming preference for martial law during military campaigns.
    [Show full text]
  • CDSG Newsletter
    CDSGThe Newsletter The Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. — Fall 2018 Chairman’s Message CDSG Meeting and Tour Calendar Thomas D. Batha Please advise Terry McGovern of any additions or changes at [email protected] I would like to welcome long-time CDSG member Richard Wong to the Board of Directors. He is replacing Alex Hall who has 2019 CDSG Conference served ably for the past three years. Alex will continue to serve on April 10 - 14, 2019 various committees as nearly all “emeritus” directors do. Chesapeake Bay, VA The board members have decided to select me to remain as Terry McGovern, [email protected] Chairman for another year. I thank them for their faith in me to continue in this role. 2020 CDSG Conference After much analysis and debate, the board has voted to raise the March annual dues by $5.00 to $45.00. This is the first dues increase in ten New Orleans, Louisiana years. Rising postal rates and production costs drove the increase. Quentin Shillare, [email protected] Other steps were taken to offer relief to our overseas subscribers/ members by offering an electronic delivery option. This is an 2020 CDSG & FSG Special Tour experimental program for one year. The publications and finance June 6- 26, 2020 committees will closely monitor this program to determine if it Sydney, Australia may be expanded or retired after the trial year. Ian Wolfe, [email protected] Work on the upcoming conferences to Chesapeake Bay (2019) and New Orleans (2020) are progressing well. We are still looking Other Meetings and Tours for a conference organizer for the 2021 conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Daylight & Architecture
    LUX E DAYLIGHT & DAYLIGHT ARCHITECTURE BY MAGAZINE V SPRING 2006 ISSUE 05 TEXTURE & LIGHT 10 EURO SPRING 2006 ISSUE 05 TEXTURE & LIGHT 10 EURO DAYLIGHT & ARCHITECTURE MAGAZINE BY VELUX Light’s touch changes everything. What lay shrouded in darkness DISCOURSE is revealed, and hidden spaces suddenly open wide under light’s dance. In itself, unseen, we see by means of light’s selfless activ- ity. In physics, the refinement of light’s touch is measured by its BY wavelength. The very smallness of visible light’s internal patterned movement guarantees that the tiniest detail, the most subtle tex- ARTHUR ture, remains visible. The brushed surface of metal and the filam- entary strands of the spider’s web would both fade into invisibility if light were larger, its wavelength longer. Z AJONC Einstein alerted us to the unique role played by the speed of light, which is a universal absolute in a relative universe, an ulti- mate limit in a limitless cosmos. He and Max Planck discovered that, although massless, even light has its least part – the quan- tum or photon. And yet that quantum, like light itself, eludes our conceptual grasp, maintaining its subtle ambiguity and whole- ness through all attempts to confine and define it. Over count- less years, starlight travels from the most distance reaches of space and from the beginnings of time to reach our eyes. In a mir- acle of reciprocity, our eyes are so perfectly adapted to light that only a few light quanta are needed for sight. What to our sensi- bilities is the long journey of light through the cosmos lasting ten billion years, is to the photon a mere instant – such are the mys- teries of relativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Hands-On Training
    European Space Agency SENTINEL FOR COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY: HANDS-ON TRAINING Information Guide Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 1. Introduction Dear Participant, Welcome to the Hands-On Training of the Sen4CAP project. This training is hosted, from the 22 to 23 January 2020, by the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) in Louvain-la- Neuve, at 25 km from Brussels in Belgium. In order to make your venue to Belgium and your stay in Louvain-la-Neuve as easy as possible, we would like to provide you with some logistic information. Should you require an invitation letter or any additional logistic information, don’t hesitate to ask Sophie Bontemps or Pascale Thiran ([email protected], [email protected]). We will try to help you. Sen4CAP Hands-on Training UCLouvain – 22-23 January 2020 European Space Agency 2. Training venue The Hands-On Training of the Sen4CAP project will take place on 22-23 January 2020 in Louvain-la-Neuve, located 20 km south-east of Brussels, in Belgium. All training activities will be located at the Croix du Sud square: The registration and welcome of the participants will take place in the hall of the Auditorium SUD 01 located in the Croix du Sud square; The theoretical courses organized in the mornings will be hold in the Auditorium SUD 09 (in front of the Auditorium SUD01); The practical hands hands-on training sessions will take place in the Ulysse and Cérès computing rooms in the ground floor of the Mendel Building located in the Croix du Sud square. Directions and road signs will be available from the train station located in the center of Louvain-la-Neuve to reach the Croix du Sud.
    [Show full text]
  • Schuman Tour
    SCHUMAN TOUR 30, Place Guillaume II L-1648 Luxembourg Tel.: (+352) 22 28 09 [email protected] luxembourg-city.com “ON THE TRACES OF THE FATHER OF EUROPE” Robert Schuman and Luxembourg Robert Schuman was born on 29 June lawyer in Metz. Following the First World 1942), from where he escaped to join 1886 in Luxembourg-Clausen to a father War (in 1918), the annexed part of Lorraine the underground. In 1946, he became hailing from Evrange (a Lorraine village and the Alsace were returned to France, Minister of Finance and in 1947, President close to the Luxembourg border, opposite Robert Schuman thereby becoming a of the Council (Prime Minister). From July Frisange) and a Luxembourg mother born French citizen. He was elected to the 1948 until January 1953, he was Minister in Bettembourg. At home, they spoke Chamber of Deputies in Paris, and was of Foreign Affairs and then from 1958 until Luxembourgish, which thus became re-elected regularly thereafter. As a 1960, President of the European Parlia- Schuman’s mother tongue. It was at the Deputy, he voted full powers to Marshal mentary Assembly in Strasbourg. It was primary school and at the “Kolléisch” Philippe Pétain (July 1940), but imme- during those years that he promoted (Atheneum) that he learned German diately took a distant stance. He was the cause of European unity. He died on and French. After his secondary stud- arrested by the Gestapo (September 4 September 1963 in his house at ies, he studied Law at several universities 1940), and then placed under house Scy-Chazelles, near Metz.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction | 2018
    INTRODUCTION 2018 | Mario Losasso, Department of Architecture, University Federico II of Naples, Italy [email protected] The opportunity offered by the dialogue with prestigious re- information technology and the built environment. Digital tech- search structures such as the European Energy Research Alli- nologies lead directly to the definition of a new intangible urban Special issue 01 TECHNE ance (EERA) is an opportunity to set up common scientific infrastructure composed of data and information, intangible ele- activities forJournal SITdA, the of Italian Technology Society of Architectural for Architecture Tech- ments and that Environmentheavily affect the urban physical system. It is a subject nology. Important public organizations, research centres and universities are affiliated to EERA and set their own scientific focus on policies and practices related to the development of in- novative technologies for energy efficiency. In the presentation of the Special Issue on the theme of smart cities, the presence of the contributions related to the EERA research activity, includes scenarios of great interest for scientific cooperation within the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan and aimed at reduc- ing emissions of greenhouse gases and the promotion of new energy technologies. Special Series Both EERA and SITdA are related to scientific communities oriented to complementary research fields as well as to sustain- able urban and territorial strategies, in which the energy factor is linked to the urbanistic field and to the climate responsive and energetically efficient settlement principles, identified as qualify- ing elements for resilient cities and characterized by a reduced degree of environmental vulnerability. One of SITdA most important mission is to promote scientific dialogue in the field of technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Marx/Engels Letters Marx/Engels Letters
    Marx/Engels Letters Marx/Engels Letters Collections of Correspondence Engels to Marx 1844-82 Marx to Engels 1859-77 Engels to August Bebel 1873-91 Marx to Ruge 1843 Heinrich Marx to son Karl Marx 1836-38 Jenny Von Westphalen to Karl Marx 1839-43 Engels to Nikolai-on Danielson 1879-93 Marx to Dr. Kugelmann 1868-71 Marx or Engels to Sorge 1870-94 Miscellaneous Documents 1818-41 Individual Correspondence 1830s Marx to father in Trier http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/index.htm (1 of 5) [26/08/2000 00:28:15] Marx/Engels Letters November 10, 1837 1840s Marx to Carl Friedrich Bachman April 6, 1841 Marx to Oscar Ludwig Bernhard Wolf April 7, 1841 Marx to Dagobert Oppenheim August 25, 1841 Marx To Ludwig Feuerbach Oct 3, 1843 Marx To Julius Fröbel Nov 21, 1843 Marx and Arnold Ruge to the editor of the Démocratie Pacifique Dec 12, 1843 Marx to the editor of the Allegemeine Zeitung (Augsburg) Apr 14, 1844 Marx to Heinrich Bornstein Dec 30, 1844 Marx to Heinrich Heine Feb 02, 1845 Engels to the communist correspondence committee in Brussels Sep 19, 1846 Engels to the communist correspondence committee in Brussels Oct 23, 1846 Marx to Pavel Annenkov Dec 28, 1846 1850s Marx to J. Weydemeyer in New York (Abstract) March 5, 1852 1860s http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/index.htm (2 of 5) [26/08/2000 00:28:15] Marx/Engels Letters Marx to Lasalle January 16, 1861 Marx to S. Meyer April 30, 1867 Marx to Schweitzer On Lassalleanism October 13, 1868 1870s Marx to Beesly On Lyons October 19, 1870 Marx to Leo Frankel and Louis Varlin On the Paris Commune May 13, 1871 Marx to Beesly On the Commune June 12, 1871 Marx to Bolte On struggles witht sects in The International November 23, 1871 Engels to Theodore Cuno On Bakunin and The International January 24, 1872 Marx to Bracke On the Critique to the Gotha Programme written by Marx and Engels May 5, 1875 Engels to P.
    [Show full text]