Schuman Tour

Home , Bock (Luxembourg), Cercle Municipal, Frisange, Paul Eyschen, Vauban (train), Villa Vauban

SCHUMAN TOUR

30, Place Guillaume II L-1648 Luxembourg Tel.: (+352) 22 28 09 [email protected] luxembourg-city.com

“ON THE TRACES OF THE FATHER OF EUROPE”

Robert Schuman and Luxembourg

Robert Schuman was born on 29 June lawyer in Metz. Following the First World 1942), from where he escaped to join 1886 in Luxembourg-Clausen to a father War (in 1918), the annexed part of Lorraine the underground. In 1946, he became hailing from Evrange (a Lorraine village and the Alsace were returned to France, Minister of Finance and in 1947, President close to the Luxembourg border, opposite Robert Schuman thereby becoming a of the Council (Prime Minister). From July Frisange) and a Luxembourg mother born French citizen. He was elected to the 1948 until January 1953, he was Minister in Bettembourg. At home, they spoke Chamber of Deputies in Paris, and was of Foreign Affairs and then from 1958 until Luxembourgish, which thus became re-elected regularly thereafter. As a 1960, President of the European Parlia- Schuman’s mother tongue. It was at the Deputy, he voted full powers to Marshal mentary Assembly in Strasbourg. It was primary school and at the “Kolléisch” Philippe Pétain (July 1940), but imme- during those years that he promoted (Atheneum) that he learned German diately took a distant stance. He was the cause of European unity. He died on and French. After his secondary stud- arrested by the Gestapo (September 4 September 1963 in his house at ies, he studied Law at several universities 1940), and then placed under house Scy-Chazelles, near Metz. in Germany, and then practised as a arrest in Germany (April 1941 to August

SCHUMAN TOUR

Highlights This three-hour tour will see you follow in the footsteps of Robert Schuman, one of the founders of European unity. A walk that will deepen your knowledge of the history of Europe. A description of the tour is available at the Luxembourg City Tourist Office.

Tour On foot

Duration & length 3 hours. 7 km

Difficulty level Not suitable for wheelchair users. Height difference: +/- 200 m

On your own See this leaflet and on-site signage

Guided tours with your For individuals and groups up to 25 people personal guide Price: 150 € Bookings: Luxembourg City Tourist Office, tel.: (+352) 22 28 09 - 79, [email protected], as well as on luxembourg-city.com Robert Schuman was deeply affected by the education he Declaration received in Luxembourg. This is what he said of his days spent on 9 May 1950 (Robert Schuman at secondary school: “On this line of demarcation between together with Jean France and Germany, it was necessary for us to gain an in-depth Monnet, who were involved in in the knowledge of two languages and of two cultures: this was a founding of the European Coal and singularly complex task for our teachers and overburdened the Steel Community from curriculum. I have the feeling that at no stage in my life I have the very beginning) worked harder or as conscientiously as I did for the broaden- ing of my knowledge” (1953). Concerning the Schuman Plan, he said: “Et ass keen Zoufall, dass d’Idé vun enger Gemengschaft vun Stohl, Eisen a Kuelen grad engem Lëtzebuerger Jong kom ass, dem seng Elteren erlieft hun, wat et hescht Krich ze hun.” (It 1 Cercle Municipal is no accident that the idea of a Coal, Iron and Steel Community came from a Luxembourg youth, whose parents had seen what it was like to be at war). It is a well-known fact that the idea of the European Coal and Steel Community came from Jean Monnet. Perhaps Robert Schuman simply wanted to say that, with his Luxembourg origins, he was particularly well prepared to welcome it and to make it his own. On the Place d’Armes, the “drawing room of the City” finished in 1671, is located the Cercle Municipal 1 , an administrative 2 City Hall building with several reception rooms. Built between 1904 and 1909, the “Cercle Municipal” was chosen by the Luxembourg authorities to serve as the Court of Justice for the European Coal and Steel Community. The “Cercle” served as the chamber for public meetings before a more appropriate building could be made available to the European institution established in Lux- embourg in 1952. 4 Building of the The City Hall 2 was built between 1830 and 1839 in a neoclassi- Banque et Caisse d’Épargne de l’État cal style on the site of a former Franciscan convent. On 8 August (BCEE) 1952, a historic day, the City Hall in Luxembourg welcomed the Foreign Ministers of the member countries of the European Coal and Steel Community on the occasion of the formal inauguration of the High Authority of the Schuman Plan. Chaired by Jean Monnet, the High Authority was the independent exec-

5 Villa Vauban utive body consisting of nine members from the six participat- ing countries. With the inaugural meeting of the High Authority taking place in the City of Luxembourg, it was able to claim the title of “Capital of Europe”. The college of the Jesuit fathers was founded in 1603 under Governor Peter Ernst von Mansfeld, who incidentally had a magnificent chateau built in a park in Clausen, not far from Robert Schuman’s birthplace. The college was built between 1606 and 1611, in the Upper City, its chapel being identical to the oldest part of the cathedral “Notre-Dame 8 Robert Schuman Monument de Luxembourg”. From 1970 to 2019, the building, which formerly housed the Luxembourg Atheneum 3 , accommodated the National Library of Luxembourg, which has since relocated to the Kirchberg Plateau. Becoming the Royal High School and then the Grand Ducal High School in the 19th century, it was for a long time the breeding ground for Luxembourg’s intellectual life. Robert Schuman, admitted to the school in 1896, learned two foreign languages there, German and French, like all Luxembourg 9 Bock Promontory pupils on top of Latin and Greek, of course. Schuman retained fond memories of his secondary education in Luxembourg. He was an excellent student, as his academic results demonstrate. In 1903, he obtained his High School Diploma and went on to study Law at university in Germany. The offices of the National Savings Bank (Banque et Caisse d’Épargne de l’État (BCEE) 4 ), flanked by its tower, and those of the Guillaume-Luxembourg Railway, opposite, represent one 11 Robert Schuman’s Birthplace of the best known aspects of the City of Luxembourg. Minister of State Paul Eyschen was eager to respect the balance of the 12 St. Cunégonde Church two powerful neighbours in Luxembourg, for the two buildings located on the Place de Metz. While the BCEE building rather recalls the architecture of Germany, the architecture of the railway building instead resembles the classic French. The railway administration, which occupied the building from its construc- always of major strategic importance. Over time, it proved easy tion in 1913 onwards, had to abruptly quit the premises at the to defend, because it was surrounded on two sides by the deep end of July 1952, when the City of Luxembourg welcomed the valley of the river Alzette. It was only accessible from the West. High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. On From the Bock Promontory, we have a magnificent view over the 10 August 1952, Jean Monnet and his team began their work lower suburbs of Grund, Clausen and Pfaffenthal. The wooded there. Today, the headquarters of the BCEE make full use of both Kirchberg Plateau opposite is home to one of the three seats buildings. of the European Union. At the foot of the Plateau, surrounded The municipal park in Luxembourg, created after the disman- by greenery, can be seen the birthplace of Robert Schuman, tling of the fortress in 1867, enabled some extremely rich bour- in Clausen. The auditorium built on the redoubt where we geois families to build beautiful villas on the site of the former are standing presents us with a recording of Robert Schuman ramparts. When the Government had to find offices for the addressing visitors to this interesting and symbolic site in French Judges of the European Coal and Steel Community, it suggested and Luxembourgish. the Court be installed in the Villa Vauban 5 (Vauban, the Robert Schuman attended the Primary School in Clausen 10 celebrated Marshal and military engineer of Louis XIV, largely from 1892 until 1896, like all the other children of his age. He contributed to making the fortress City of Luxembourg into a learned both German and French. Indeed he claimed later veritable “Gibraltar of the North”). The Villa Vauban formerly that he sang the “Feierwon” (a popular patriotic song) at belonged to a rich Luxembourg family before being acquired by this school well before he ever learned the “Marseillaise”. the City to serve as a municipal art gallery. Public hearings were Robert Schuman was not only a very industrious pupil, but also held in the “Cercle Municipal” (1). Today, the Court of Justice of extremely devout. the European Union is housed on the Kirchberg Plateau. The Robert Schuman’s Birthplace 11 is situated in the suburb of Villa Vauban has rediscovered its former destiny, as a municipal Clausen, one of the lower suburbs of the City of Luxembourg. art gallery. Clausen saw glorious times under Governor Peter Ernst von The Robert Schuman Roundabout 6 – with the Millennium Mansfeld, who built a magnificent Renaissance chateau there Theatre (Grand Théâtre de la Ville de Luxembourg) built in 1963, during the second half of the 16th century. It was surrounded the Pescatore Foundation, a rest home for the elderly, the Gla- by a sumptuous park, but sadly fell into ruins through lack of cis fairground and the municipal park – is one of the busiest maintenance after the death of its creator. The inhabitants of junctions in the Northern part of the city. That is why a road Clausen recycled the remains in building their own houses. The tunnel was constructed to ease the flow of traffic: one of the young Robert Schuman grew up in this quarter, occupied as it roads leads to the Kirchberg Plateau, where almost all the was by market gardeners and brewers. The Schuman family European institutions based in Luxembourg are to be found. home is isolated and surrounded by greenery, at the foot of the Before taking the Grand Duchess Charlotte Bridge, known in slope beneath the European Parliament building. In fact it never the vernacular as the “Roud Bréck” (the “Red Bridge”), towards belonged to Robert Schuman’s parents, who were tenants in the the Kirchberg Plateau, one must first of all pass the Schuman house. They owned another house located in the Grand-Rue in Monument. the Upper City. The house in Clausen was built in 1872/73 by the The famous “father or Europe” never attended the Robert Schu- lawyer Jean-Nicolas Feyen, who sold it in 1899 to the teacher Jules man High School 7 (“Lycée Robert Schuman”). It is situated to Wilhelm. Today, the street bears his name. In Robert Schuman’s the North of the Robert Schuman Roundabout. The manage- time, the place was called “Parc Mansfeld”. On his daily journey ment and staff of the former “Lycée des Jeunes Filles”, were to school, Robert Schuman passed the German military ceme- agreeable to the change of name in 1972, when it became a tery, a reminder of the time of the federal fortress (1815-1867), mixed school. It was in fact founded in 1909, on the initiative of when a Prussian garrison held the city. After the departure of the Aline Mayrisch-de Saint-Hubert, wife of the great steel-maker Schuman family, different tenants occupied the house. Edmond Emile Mayrisch, to offer young girls at the beginning of the Dune, a French speaking Luxembourgish journalist and novelist century a chance to receive a secular secondary education. living in Clausen, turned up many times in this meeting place The Mayrisch couple served Europe well, making a considera- of the local cultural life. The Luxembourg government bought ble contribution to the Franco-German reconciliation, during the the house in 1985, when the Luxembourgish historian Professor Twenties, within the context of the International Steel Entente Gilbert Trausch founded the “Robert Schuman Center for Euro- (1926), and the various international gatherings at their home pean Studies and research” as well as a scientific library in 1991. in Colpach. They prepared the way for those who initiated the Since the final take over by the “Center for Contemporary and European Coal and Steel Community. Digital History” in 2019, the house has been used as an office On the same day as the formal inauguration of the Grand Duch- and meeting room without public access. ess Charlotte Bridge, a monument in honour of the “Father of The parish church of Clausen, also called St. Cunégonde Europe” was unveiled at the city end of the bridge leading to Church 12 , certainly marked the life of the young Robert the Kirchberg “European Quarter”. The Robert Schuman Mon- Schuman. First of all from a spiritual point of view, since his ument 8 consists of three steel girders ending in six points. mother had brought him up to be extremely devout (he never These symbolise the six founding members of the European missed Sunday mass), and even more from a topographical Coal and Steel Community: Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, the point of view, because the building was situated only a stone’s Netherlands and Luxembourg. The monument recalls Robert throw from his home. It was built in the 19th century, with remains Schuman’s famous declaration made on 9 May 1950, who was going back to the Middle Ages. It has been rebuilt several times involved in the founding of the European Coal and Steel Com- over the course of its history. You can extend your journey by munity from the very beginning. following the rue de la Tour Jacob and the rue de Trèves. The Bock Promontory 9 is the cradle of the City of Robert Schuman’s parents, who lie at rest in the Cimetière Luxembourg. It was in the year 963 that Count Siegfried acquired du Fetschenhof 13 (ground 1, row 19, plot 14), are often put it through an exchange with the Saint Maximin’s Abbey in Trier. forward as proof of the Luxembourg origins of the “father of This promontory, upon which Siegfried built his castle, was Europe”. Robert Schuman’s father, Jean-Pierre, born French (in 1837), became a German citizen when Germany annexed he came to Luxembourg to visit their grave in the Fetschenhof a part of his Lorraine homeland (1871). Robert’s mother, Cemetery. If you have finished your walk, you can return to the Elisabeth Duren, became German by marriage. Legally city centre via the Montée de Clausen (bus line 14). therefore, Robert Schuman was German, but three of his four grandparents were of Luxembourg nationality. Robert

Schuman revered his parents, and took the opportunity every time

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General concept: Roland Pinnel / Text written by: Jean-Marie Majerus, Gilbert Trausch (Robert Schuman Centre for European Study and Research) & Luxembourg City Tourist Office / Photo credits:J Charles Soubry,

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R v a F Pol Aschmann, François Buny, Marc Lazzarini - standart/LCTO / Layout: binsfeldt / Editor: Luxembourg City Tourist Office a.s.b.l. VAT no.: LU15621823 – R.C.S. Luxembourg F 754 / Version: 06/2020G

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