Indian Ocean Programme IOP /'rECH/77 /15
Technical Reports No. 15
REPORT OF THE JOINT MISSION TO PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE SARDINELLA F'ISHERIES IN THE BALI STRAIT
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Rome, December 1977 !!ibliographic entr,y_
Joint Mission to Plan Development of the Sardinella Fisheries in the Bali S·~rai t ( 1977) Tech.ReQ. Indian Ocean Programme, (15):51 p. Report of the •••
Artisanal fishing. Catch/effort. Exploitation. Fishery qevelopment. Fishery economics. Fishery products. Fishery resources. Fishery statistics. Fishing gear. Fishing harbours. Fishing vessels. Marketing. Processing fishery products. Quality control. Resource management. Sociological aspects. Sardinella longiceps. ISEW, Bali Strait. - iii
SUMMARY
This report has been prepared by an FAO/IOP Mission to East Java, Indonesia, as a result of its investigation of the development pro spects of the fisheries for Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) in the Bali Strait. The technical details of the present fishery are dealt with, including the economics of the various operations, landing facilities e.nd marketing and processing arrangements.
The fishery has expanded considerably in recent years through the introduction of a large number of purse seiners, a development which, given the limited nature of resources, now threaten the traditional fisheries which provide a living for a large number of fishermen.
The Mission recommends that no more purse seiners be brought in until investigation of the resource shows whether or not it can sus tain heavier fishing. Detailed proposals for the technical improve ment of the existing craft and gear are presented and recommendations made with respect to the development of the infrastructure and the improvement of marketing operations. Credit facilities and institu tional changes needed to facilitate these improvements are recommended. - iv -
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. FISHING VESSELS IN THE BALI STRAIT 2
A. Description 2 B. Construction 2 c. Present Engine Installation . . 3 III. DESCRIPTION OF FISHING GEAR IN THE BALI STRAIT 3
A. Purse Seine (pukat cincin) 3 B. Seine Net (payang) 4 c. Light-Fishing Equipment 4 IV. FISHING EFFORT AND RESOURCES IN THE BALI STRAIT 4 A. Fishing Effort 4 B. Estimated Catch 5 c. Fishing Season 5 D, Fishing Areas . . 6 E. Statistical Data of the Fishery 6 F, Resources as Related to Fishing Effort 7 v. ECONOMICS OF FISHING OPERATIONS 0 0 0 0 0 • • • 7 A. Purse Seine . . 7 B. Payang Oras 8 VI. LANDI.NG AND SHORE FACILITIES . . 9 A. Mun car . . 9 B. Bali 11
VII. MARKETING AND PROCESSING 11
A. Mun car 11 B. Bali 13 c. Prices . . 13 D. Ice 13
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS 14 A. Resources 14 B. Fishing Gear and Methods 14 c. Vessels 15 D. Landing - Shore Facilities 17 E. Economic Assessment 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont. d) Page
Annex I-1 References • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 Annex I-2 It inera..ry o o a o o o o o o o 0 o 0 o o o o o 0 o o o o o 21 Annex II-1 General Arran'gement • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Annex II-2 Lines and Table Offsets • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Annex II-3 Proposed Leeboard • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 Annex II-4 Construction Details • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 Annex II-5 Engine Installations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 Annex II-6 Proposed Inboard Engine Installation • • • • • • • 27 Annex II-7 Joints Details • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 Annex III-1 Types of Fishing Gear in Use in the Bali Strait •••••• 29 Annex III-2 Present Design of Purse Seine (No. 1) • • • • • • ••• 30 Annex III-3 Present Design of Purse Seine (No. 2) •••••••••••• 31 Annex III-4 Specifications of a Typical Purse Seine in the Bali Strait •••• 32 Annex III-5 Small Seine (Payang Oras) Design) • • • • • • • • 33 Annex III-6 Construction Specifications of Small Seine Net • • • • • • 34 Annex III-7 Minnow Seine Net • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 Annex III-8 Proposed Purse Seine for Light Fishing in the Bali Strait •••• 36 Annex III-9 New Design Made by BUUD Technician for Sa:rdinella Longioeps • • • 37 Annex III-10 Proposed Surrounding Ring Net for Light Fishing • • • • • • 38 Annex IV-1 Phased In Production of Fifty Purse Seine Units ••••••••• 39 Annex IV-2 Strait of Bali • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••• 41 Annex V-1 Itemized Cost of Purse Seine Number 1 • • • • • • • • • • 42 Annex V-2 Itemized Cost of Purse Seine Number 2 • • • • G G O 0 43 Annex V-3 I·temized Cost of Proposed Purse Seine • • • • • • • • • ••• 44 Annex V-4 Itemized Cost of Proposed Purse Ring Net • • • • • • 45 Annex V-5 Capital Expenditures, Costs and Earnings of a Purse Seine Unit in the Bali Strait • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••• 46 Annex V-6 Capital Expenditures, Costs and Earnings of a Payang Oras without Engine in the Bali Strait • • • • • • • •••••••••• 48 Annex V-7 Capi ta.l E:x:pendHures, Costs and Earnings of a Payang Oras with Engine in the Bali Strait • • • • • • • •••••••••••• 49 ~ 1
I@ INTRODUCTION
of' tho fishoriQ1!s for Indbn oil sardindla in the Bali :S"Grai't originatad through a, ro- t~ of Indoi1ol'lia 'to the Indian Ocoa:n Fishory Su.:rv®y a:nd called for tho sorvicos of two FAO Consulta:nts in small~calo fishing end voss®l mochanizationw r®spoctively~ ®specially for pelagic fishingo Tho approv
ThMro JoL" D:iJibi:i 9 F'AO Pro (Marbrt:ing) 1 Mr,, So Comitini 9 Il AO Pro Eoonomit:it (Economics) Mro SoOo Jonsscm, FAO Commltarrt (V
It wa,s ·that conl3id®rabb info:I'!'IW,tion was e,vailabl® on the sa:rdinella resources of the Bali from the siu;veys by the 'QNJJP/FAO vesse;t LEMURU and the captain's and biolo- gist 0 s reports,,, Some baokerrotmd information m} the marketing of the sardinella and the socio economic aspects of the Munoar fishing community area was also available from recent reports pited in -Annex I~l"
Before departing to the Bali stra,it area9 the Mission members W19re bri®fed by the DGF staff in Jakarta, on th1,, To di'aW up a phased development plall for the rational exploitation of the Sl:);rdinella, :t'eSOU1'CCH~ of Bl'l~li strait, taking into consideration that, aa far IMil is known, this is a, stock confined to the Strait 9 with the involve- ment of a very oommuni ty based in Be-_nyuwangi and Mun.car on the eas"i:; coast of Java 1:JJ1d from the Bali coast who traditionally fish the resource ufiling l'Jmall sail11oats and prir11itive gll!lar;
2 0 Major wa,s to 'bi!l placed on 'technolog'ical a,specta, such as improvll!ld fishing &i1d mechanization of e:idf:Jting :fi.shing craft to improve their rangll!l efficiency of without upsetting the present aooio- economic atatus of the community, to tha semdtivity of ~che fishermen to introduction of new and vessalB into the axea; and
rro take into Mcount and economic facto1's which would arise with increa,sed prodmYt ion, rela,tE:Jd to quality of ·the fish landed a:nd i t!!J u:l timate ·two ,1,"'·"""•"I"> 'boe:h1 in 'thG :Bali Strai't F:b:•st ·there var'imrn d:t':i'i.r®n scdl and a. ha.VE! 'Gh9 cJe are on thGre ho at a rrne ~ altmg the 1 r.fu.dura.o~k~~~ no bontye.:i:•ds in the :Bali Stre,it aree, and ·the in Madut'a0 '.Phe tUJd mainti:dn 'the 'bcn:d;B on thE! beaolH'IS@
'[1!0 lnJc;;t n of v;:;;rious but th\'1 tll(H3t 3 m beam~ , mul 0 ·ro 0,, m moulded depth@ i'hesei are ·11i:Jc>d for ·!;he 11 net boa;t 11 in ~~~- purm°l !'ieine :Bocrtf"j of 11.,5 m LOA 9 3"0 m 11ncl 'lxni:tKJ of 12 m LOA~ 3"1 m beam, of nets Bea nex'l'J seo'don)
in :i:~econdi,d~cmed onto th~J of' a few ~~;;~
Mecl11m:l.;;,od purse r'1eine u11i'l;s owned by canmiries in Mmice.r in July 19740 'l'hif! rorml·t;od in rJEn'tour3 diso:t•de:r-B b•rtween and ·the vessels and nets 19'(4o in July 1975 Clovet'n!llont esta,blished a ... ~~~~ (BmJJJ) an to fonua:tion of Mni:H:J£rt' to f!lem1)®X' and pu.:i:•1:m iaeim~fJ through et loru1 scheme" Wi'f;htn 10 mont:hr'lv 54 i:rrtroduc e, similar on the Bali coailrt i:n the Jembrai:1a thll'lre tu1its0 Thus 9 thore are 99 the Ba,li consis'Ging· of two boa'hl and one li add:i'tionv 30 ·~~Jlil 'CW'~~~ a,."ld 50 · boci,tl'l workin.g in Mnnoe}:o 1J:h0 ·iwtaJ. :mr.m1J~ir of boa'ts ·f;he outrigger eanmm wi'ilh out1Joa'l:'d. in ,~he BeJ.i e,'t 2780 tlrn:!; zo,tion in St1'ait 11tarlt~d just ju~r'c w thin is o, oonr~iderabl.e o,chievm11ent0 J),,
'I'lw 'bmi:hi 1mi.'!:1~ of a local (poBedbly ~~~~~,.~~~-:;! In tiw ooxiffb'\Wt:l.onq VGJ:cy few iron are ·to fa,s·ter1 bcrn;1; bu.:i.lde:i:•rJ do :not lwe 9 and build the boat tlrn ln1~i1 nnfl lowor <>f the stem and }),re fi'tt while hoa/Ging1 mnall of wood nail@d ewross the plcu1k a"t a,f)OH.t :z ThhJ il?J usually done wii;h wire ua,ils0 If 'the plank f':lpli·h, ·~h<'3 o:•.>aok and oaullted"
and ic.'I of
:i..t;; VOl"ij' 'brn:i;ts hi olai!:ded ·to dne to au (1enor<1.l r:ihmm in Acrof'!ls the l)O!ltt 9 aft of station 7 9 a strong wooden beam is mounted with a ateel-bushed hole in ·the otrler 1:md to receive a, peg from th<:i frame 0
T'ne engine rru:nu1ted il'I eithm' a Yanmar (5-6 hp, 2 000/2 400 RPM) stationary diesel engine, or a a.nd 5'tratton stationary petrol/parafin engine.. The latter are reconditioned engines since importing new ®ngines if3 ncr'G a,llowed" A fraJne of angle iron is fabricated with a peg (to fit the hole in the beam) and a pivot so the engine can be til't0d., The engine is bolted on this moveable frame .. A 3 m propeller shaft is fastened directly to the flywheel end of the crankshaft, or a 16 mm V-belt ptLJ.ley of 135 mm diameter is fal!!tened to the crankshaft and anothe1• pulley of 108 mm diameter is fastened cm ·the end of the propeller sha,ft and connected with two belhe
111he propelle:t' h ti'fo-bladed (7! in - 8 in diam~1;er) a11d the _engine is tilted until tbe propelle:t' is underwater. A sketch of a typical engine installation is shown in Annex II-5., III. DESCRIPTION OF FISHING GEAR IN TliE BALI STRAIT The main of fishing gear used in the Bali strait, including the eastern coast of Java and the coa£3t of Bali, are listed with I11doneaia:n names in pare·ntherses in Annex III-1,, Since ·this report iii! concerned specifically with the sardin®lla, fishery in the Bali strait, only the significant fishing geai• related to that fishery will be disoussede
Although purse seine nets used in Bali st1•ait are of similar design, due to the lack of 11 know-how 11 in gear design, no two nets have similar construction specifica,tions,,
The designs of two pa1vticular nets presently used in the Bali strait are shown in Annexes III-2 and III-3a Based on measurements of the two nets, specifications for a typical pm'se seine net are given in Annroc III-4,, These observations disclosed various shortcomings ill design, aelection of materials and rigging and construction:
1 ..
The present design uaee relatively too much netting, resulting in unnecessary extra cost., 'I'he dep'Gh l'Jhould reduce from the centre towards bo·th ends.. The ends should be tapered to ease gear and fish handling at the bag end and reduce construction cost.,
2 ..
The netting presently used is of various meshes and twine sizes withotrl technical justification., Mo:t'e ra:tional choice of material would result in lower coat of the gear., For further coBt reduction, knotlesa netting should be used for the main bodyo Thie is recommended whenever available,, The netting on ·the proposed new design in Annex III-8 should rer:i,d knotted emd/or lmotlei:;is" 3.,
A high di13creps.ncy was obse:r"Ved in the hanging netting which wa,s uneven along the float a.nd le!'?,d lines 9 resulting in diatortion and tears of gear., The above-deso,ribed net is a one-bo21,t design., In this instance, however, the fishing operation differa alightly, ainoe the assie-ting "fish carrier" b·oa,t is also used for pursing ·the net" When the seine boat has completed setting the net, one end of the purse line is tied to the mast and the loose end, which goes through an iron ring fastened to the same mast, is passed fo the fhh can·ier which 1:1tarts pulHng the puraing rope,, This type of operation has the combined effect of pursing and holding the Beine boat out from the net at the same time,, ~· 4
'I'hi~~ seine is 'by fru' 01xtrnrnib®:i:'i'll thr~ crl;heI'IB,. tr1:otmaLu1.1t. nl'rl; wiJ~h cod w ifj Am1a.11: III""'5 ~ d•iiiadl13 of constx·ucrt ion not h ill urertr.f!:ted in .Am:iex III~lO"
is u.sed. only ilJ. ·bhe area@ Althoug'.a of oitnilex· ·the same type \Joat 9 thh ~al" difforl':l 'by 'being slightly d:iff«'u:ence is in ·tha of maJGcirial used; mim1ow cloth (~all r:ie,ck woven :t&l the gee;r,, Allfilo for only natural fibre rope irJ tmod" i!'he minnow seine net :h eiho1'm rn Annex III-'7.,
than ·the othe1' ·two; ita ll'l:ngth 01:1n re~wh 350 m., It is boa:t (10~12 m) using se.il 1)l1d engine conibined.. 'l1he design othel" seines,, Ma~1erials involved in ccmstr11ction are mai:nly ne;f;u:r1 al f'ibre; w lei~;velf!l of t:reetJ " Milmow netting is alE.Jo commonly mied for th!;l cod emd0
f(lhe ·i;h!'ee seine netl['J (erJ1)cacially the snd medium lfilize 11ets) are used in conjunction with preflt:'illl:'l!l lamp) du.rLng ,~he nigh'G and during da;y·time on lfilighting a school o:f fisho
All over Bali strait 9 when.ever light e;ttre,<:rGion ia used for fishing 9 kerosene presfJm'e of 300c~400 candl<:J powe:r are used,,
up ·to e:L'lt lamps are lit '9,t ·the same time@ Four e;re fitted to a. c&noe 9 post:1ible from the l)oa,t" Two e:t'e occatc1ionelly fitted on the tradi'tional ~I1hif1 me·thod hafk1 been uaed from the inception of light fishing in ·the a:t'e used ·to add more light@
I:n the m11:lne :U(clt (.~~~) fishe:r·y9 usually only two kerosene pres•n1re are used with ·the timber raft@ The t is held into position while sett the net with the help of a, rope and 1n1!Jlboo
o:f:fo:r•t o:f' the purae fJeit'1e fishing fleet, i·eference we,s made to mg ·the mnm. Production cle;ta from "~he inception of the pur1&e ave,i11:1.ble from ·this However 11 Catch Perfo:nna:nce of 2 Selected Purse Seine Uni ta (a and b)
~toh (tons) Catch ~tonslL~ Fishin& D~s a b a b a b December 1975 84 20 305 0.,9 24 21 January 1976 70 43 2@9 1 .. 8 24 24 February 1976 58 34 2 .. 5 1~7 23 21 March 1976 80 47 3.,7 109 21 25 April 1976 54 4 2.,5 o.. 3 21 12 I;'{ey 1976 33 10 2 .. 0 o.. 6 16 17 June 1976 72 14 3.,2 0 .. 7 22' 18 July 1976 66 11 4.,2 0,,7 16 16 August 1976 16 47 o,,8 206 19 17 September 1976 24 7 1 .. 4 003 17 21 October 1976 72 14 2 .. 6 006 28 25
B.,
The estimated catch of the purse seine fleet in Bali strait was initially determined by calculating the average catch o:t a single unit from catch data of the 20 units operating during the period 12 December 1975 and 12 November 1976 l:l.nd multiplying by the 99 unite fishing.,
The annual catch for the 20 units during this period was 7 600 te Thus, the average catch per unit was 380 t., and the total catch for the purse ·seine fleet would be estimated at 37 620 te However, as shown in Annex IV-1 9 since the catch rate of the last 10 units was lower than the previous 40 units, the total catch of the purse seine fleet can be con servatively estima,ted at 32 OOO t•- c ..
Traditionally, the fit!!hing season for eardinella occured from September to March., With the introduction of purEie ~eining 9 this seasonal pattern can no lon~r be considered typical., Some unit!!! have had record catches in July and 9 ae shown in Table 2, the fishing season has been considerably extended., This is an indication that the sardinella stock is most •r•hif'l io a Vl'il:t'ifj.ca/don of the sw:'voys liy tho vel!:H:;iel LElMURU which have oleal'ly domomJJGra~ "G~ld ·that a rJa:i:'dinolla, 11rtook is always presen·b, especially in the f3outhe1'71 part of the Ba,li StJ.'e,i't"
Meclui:nhw;tion haJ:1 had the effeo·b of extending the ·traditional fishing area,, specifically for sardinellae The new unib have the range capabili'ty (30-35 miles) of exploiting the whole area of the Bali 5vGrai t, opei•ating from the fishing centres of Munca,r on the Jave. side with 54 units end from Pengambengen wi'th 45 units on the Bali sideo A map of the'! fishing aroei, is shown in Annex IV~2.,
course of the Mission, detailed information was acquired from provincial and offices, a:nd direct observations on numbers of fishermen and fishing ix1 the Bali StraH,, This info:r111a;tion is summa:rized in the following table
Ii'ishing Opera.tions in the Be~li strait
~ Vessels Purse Ntunbe:J of Aree, 8• ·I 1 M"' .or Seine Fishe:rmen " 4-7 m 8-12 m 5-7 m 8-12 Ill Units
Eaf.!'t Java Banyuwangi 750 200 54 - 8 Munca;1' 8 755 394 533 - 218 * 54
Wes1; T~n 1 i Jembrana 2 180 1 640 - 20 90 45 Ba.dung l 660 1 580 30 -
To"'~a.1 13 345 3 814 587 50 316 99
* Includes 30 s~iling or mechanized vessels
Th(~ number of vessels used for the newly-introduced purse seine oper@/Gions include 198 meoha11ized vessels in ·!;he 8-12 m ol@,ss and 99 sailing vessels in ·~he 4-7 m class which are used as ·the ligh"~boa;l;s for each of the 99 two-bo@;I; purse seine units. The pr!'!sent catch of the purse seine unib is estimated, at approxima·tely 320 OOO t. of sardinella (lemurn).
It is •!H:rtirnB:ted that an, addi'tional 20 OOO t o:f sardinella are caught by the 4 402 ~~-·~~~·D vessels and 168 motorized vessels fishing for sardinella on both sides of the strait,, IJ:•hus~ the bulk of ·the ei:rtima;ted catch irs caugh·t by the 99 newly~introduced pu:rBe seine units out of Munce;!' :In Ea~;it; Java and J@mbrana in Wes·~ Bali., 'I~1is ~rtudy focmies on the sa;rdinella fishery in '~he Bali st11 ai·t and doei;; not attempt an evalue:tion of o't.her rUntil rece:l:l:tly~ the only estimate of the Eiardinella stock in the Bali stri:dt waB based on the UNDP/FAO Explo:ratory Survey of the Bali strait beginning in 1973 and concluding in June 19760 These were given as 50 OOO t ~jtanding stock as a firi:rt provisiond eBtimate (Bja;r'ne,son, 1976; Ven0me., 1976).,
A rl()oent repm"t basecl on an acouatio sU1'V0y of the Bali strait by the M/V BAWAL PUTIH I estimates a. range of the i;:rt;;i;r1ding stock of !:lardinelh, at 220 OOO t (T., Sujastani 9 et al),, 'I'hes0 are oomlide:t'ably higher than tho ea:dier e1:rtimat€l and would appeax to call for 'SOine upwe:rd revision h1 the Mission °a estima,te of the standing stook0 j}
~'he tre,di t iona,l fishery was based on the use of the Ef:YMg net and scoopnet s with light attraction and non-mechanized sailboats.. The ca:tch from these operations has been roughly estimated at 20· OOO t.. ~'he season for sardinella using ~ 0 eooopnets 0 etc., 0 ie, however 0 only from Sapteraber to March alld restrio·ted to a limit®d fishing are!u1y increase in the numbar of licensed purse seine units 0 or introduction of a larger vessel using a ptu'se seine, or even an incr0ase in the eize of the present purse seine net, may lea,d to overfi!:lhing and a consequent reduction of the stock., 'I'he more efficient purse eeine uni ts 9 fi!llhing to a greater depth, and increasing their range through m0chanization, have been able to extend the fishing season throughout the yeiu:·., 'I'he new units are already taking a, far share of the sardinella stock than the traditional fishing vessele., This 1•ai1Jes a serious queErtion as to the future of the very large fishery and its economic viability (see Section v).
It is not possible at this stage to identify the seasonaJ.i·ty of the sardinella. by size, a.nd it is likely ·that several a,ge groups appear during different months., Fii:lhing immature fish (not suitable for canning or other proceasing) could affect subsequent catches and the continued produc'tivity of the fishery., According to the l)iologiat 0 s report on the Bali strait 11 Data on sizes are tWailable, but have not bMn presented hereo An analysis of the size composHion is essEm'cial to understand the biology of the species, and to determine whether there r:iliould be a:n.y restriction on the fishery or not., Most likely the fish will be too small for canning dtu'ing ce:t~tain months, and should n