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Multicolor Analysis of Cell Surface Marker of Human Leukemia Cell Lines Using Flow Cytometry

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Multicolor Analysis of Cell Surface Marker of Human Leukemia Cell Lines Using Flow Cytometry ANTICANCER RESEARCH 34: 4539-4550 (2014) Multicolor Analysis of Cell Surface Marker of Human Leukemia Cell Lines Using Flow Cytometry TOMOKO INOUE1, ANTHONY SWAIN1, YOICHI NAKANISHI2 and DAISUKE SUGIYAMA1 1Department of Research and Development of Next-Generation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; 2Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan Abstract. Background: Leukemia cell lines are utilized as and transcription factor alterations, which lead to anemia, tools for molecular analysis. Their implementation in therapy neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. In almost all cases, will require standards for quality control, including leukemia is classified as one of four types; acute appropriate selection criteria for functional analysis and myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia efficacy determination. Materials and Methods: (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic Characteristics of six human leukemia cell lines –Kasumi-1, lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In acute leukemia, leukocytes NB-4, MOLM-13, MV-4-11, K562, and Jurkat cells– were proliferate rapidly in the bone marrow at an immature state, investigated using multiple color analysis of surface antigen and therefore cannot function normally. On the other hand, in expression and comparative analysis of gene expression. chronic leukemia, blastic cells form more slowly than in Results: Differentiation states of Kasumi-1 and MOLM-13 acute leukemia and consequently cells with abnormal cells are colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage function are transported to the hematopoietic tissues. In equivalent cells to myeloblasts with comparatively high AML and CML, myeloid lineage cells such as granulocytes Growth factor independent-1(GFI1) and Transcription factor and monocytes, become malignant and lose the capacity to PU.1 (PU.1) expression, respectively. NB4 and MV-4-11 differentiate into mature functional cells and interfere with express high levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein- the production of normal blood cells. In ALL and CLL, alpha (CEBPα) and differentiate from myeloblasts to pro- lymphoid lineage cells such as T- and B-lymphocytes do monocytes and myeloblasts, respectively. K562 cells are likewise. There is considerable research taking place utilizing colony-forming units-erythroid equivalent cells to leukemia cells (both primary cells and immortalized cell erythroblasts, with the highest expression of GATA-binding lines) to elucidate their pathogenetic mechanisms at cellular factor 2 (GATA2), GATA1 and Friend of gata-1 (FOG1). and molecular levels, and to develop novel therapies (for Jurkat cells are pro-T to mature T-cells with the highest example, gene therapy and molecular-target therapy) in Neurogenic locus notch-1 homolog protein 1 (NOTCH1) addition to existing therapeutic methods, such as expression. Conclusion: Our study gives a useful guideline chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, of standards for appropriate usage of leukemia cell lines for transfusion therapy and induction therapy. examining novel targets in vitro. Primary cells from patients with leukemia are obtained from peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM), which provide Leukemias are a group of disorders characterized by much information for diagnosis through morphological abnormal growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells observation, cell surface antigen-dependent phenotypical due to several factors, including chromosomal abnormalities observations and chromosomal tests. However, as primary cells are limited in number and accessibility (especially for BM), it is not easy to extract them for functional analysis in order to examine novel targets to treat patients. To overcome this Correspondence to: Dr. Tomoko Inoue and Dr. Daisuke Sugiyama, problem, immortalized leukemia cell lines that can proliferate Department of Research and Development of Next-Generation indefinitely were established and are being utilized as useful Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, tools to analyze molecular mechanisms (transcription factors, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. Tel: +81 926426210, Fax: +81 926426146, e-mail: [email protected] signaling pathways, translocations) (1, 2). They are also used (Tomoko Inoue), [email protected] (Daisuke Sugiyama) for analysis of both gain-of-function, with plasmid transfection and use of recombinant protein, and loss-of-function, with Key Words: Leukemia cell line, cell surface marker, flow cytometry. siRNA/shRNA transfection and inhibitors (3, 4). 0250-7005/2014 $2.00+.40 4539 ANTICANCER RESEARCH 34: 4539-4550 (2014) When the cell lines were established, expressions of cell To analyze myeloid cell lineage markers, cells were stained with a surface markers were studied in terms of single antigens but FITC-conjugated anti-human CD15 (Biolegend), PE-conjugated anti- not multiple antigens together. The transcription factors were human CD116 (Biolegend), PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-human CD14 (Biolegend), APC-conjugated anti-human CD11c (Biolegend), APC- examined individually and not compared to other cell lines. Cy7-conjugated anti-human CD13 (Biolegend), Pacific Blue It is necessary to characterize leukemia cell lines in terms of conjugated anti-mouse/human CD11b (Biolegend), Biotin-conjugated protein and gene expression levels, so as to evaluate the state anti-human CD16 (Biolegend) and V500-conjugated streptavidin (BD of differentiation and maturation more precisely, which will Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA). be very useful in controlling the quality of cell lines, as well To analyze lymphoid cell lineage markers, cells were stained with as in choosing cell lines to evaluate the effects of molecules a FITC-conjugated anti-human CD19 (Biolegend), PE-conjugated and therapies. anti-human CD2 (Biolegend), APC-conjugated anti-human CD3 (Biolegend) and APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-human CD4 (Biolegend). Multi-parametric flow cytometry is an adequate method MOLM-13 and MV-4-11 cells: To analyze HSPC markers, cells for gaining information on the cell differentiation state, were stained with a FITC-conjugated anti-human CD38, PE- monitoring residual disease and evaluating response to conjugated anti-human CD33, PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-human c-KIT, therapy (5, 6). Such application of flow cytometry has APC-conjugated anti-human CD34 and Pacific Blue conjugated anti- become more widespread, and will require the development human HLA-DR. of standardized approaches with defined specificity and To analyze myeloid cell lineage markers, cells were stained with sensitivity, along with suitable quality control schemes. a FITC-conjugated anti-human CD15, PE-conjugated anti- mouse/human CD11b (Biolegend), PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-human Herein we examined the multiple color analysis of cell CD14, APC-conjugated anti-human CD36 (Biolegend), APC-Cy7- surface markers and comparative analysis of transcription conjugated anti-human CD13, Pacific Blue conjugated anti- human gene expression in using six human leukemia cell lines: four HLA-DR, Biotin-conjugated anti-human CD64 (Biolegend) and myeloblastic and monoblastic leukemia cell lines: Kasumi-1 V500-conjugated streptavidin. (7), NB-4 (8), MOLM-13 (9) and MV-4-11 (10); an To analyze lymphoid cell lineage markers, cells were stained erythroleukemia cell line, K562 (11); and the T-cell leukemic with a FITC-conjugated anti-human CD10 (Biolegend), PE- cell line Jurkat (12), which have been previously used as in conjugated anti-human CD116, PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-human CD14, APC-conjugated anti-human CD11c Ab, APC-Cy7- vitro leukemia models. conjugated anti-human CD4 (Biolegend), Pacific Blue conjugated anti-human HLA-DR, Biotin-conjugated anti-human CD45 Materials and Methods (Biolegend) and V500-conjugated streptavidin. K562 cells: To analyze HSPC markers, cells were stained with a Cell culture. The human leukemia cell lines, Kasumi-1, NB4, MOLM- FITC-conjugated anti-human CD38, PE-conjugated anti-human 13, K562 and Jurkat were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Wako Pure CD33, PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-human c-KIT, APC-conjugated anti- Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal human CD34, APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-human CD13, and Pacific bovine serum and MV-4-11 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium Blue conjugated anti-human HLA-DR. supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 10 ng/ml human To analyze erythroid cell lineage markers, cells were stained with recombinant Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- a FITC-conjugated anti-human Glycophorin A (GPA, CD235a) CSF) (PeproTech, Rochy Hill, NJ, USA) at 37˚C in 5% CO2. (Biolegend), PE-conjugated anti- human CD71 (Biolegend), PE- Cy7-conjugated anti-human c-KIT, APC-conjugated anti-human Cell morphology. Slides of cell suspensions were prepared by CytoSpin CD36 (Biolegend), and APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-mouse/human 4 (Thermo Fisher scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 450 rpm (rcf, CD44 (Biolegend). 26.06 × g) for 7 minutes. Cells were stained with May-Grunwald and Jurkat cells: To analyze HSPC markers, cells were stained with Giemsa staining reagents (Muto Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan) and FITC-conjugated anti-human CD38, PE-conjugated anti-human characterized morphologically. One slide containing 2×104 cells was CD33, PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-human c-KIT, and APC-conjugated prepared for each cell line. Stained cells were observed using an anti-human CD34. Olympus CKX41 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo,
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