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Okajima Kanzan's Popularuzation of The Okajima Vernacular: Alien Kanzan's An Popularization of the Chinese Vernacular Novel in Eighteenth-Century Japan Emanuel Pastreich. University Illinois of philosophy exclusively through and Chinese literature Japan almost known in were composed literary Chinese, language highest register written in that defined the of texts a imported intellectual register discourse within China and Japan into of the paramount as language topics. for the serious of from the middle of the seventeenth Yet treatment literary slowly language written semi-vemacular Chinese in vernacular century texts on, or through Nagasaki, Japan into filtered attracting of the of the attention of wide port range a intellectuals. important figures popularization One of the the of Chinese in most interpreter Okajima Japan vernacular fiction in translator and the Kanzan was Through (1674-1728). glossaries annotations, his Chinese and vernacular fiction became accessible wide pushed Japanese of readers. efforts Chinese Kanzan's to range a significant, vernacular fiction into of serious, the realm literature if visible and made it not period. intellectual within the discourse language of the These written in texts new were a spoken Chinese, closer consequently, although reader, and easier for the Chinese to were for difficult Despite Japanese the intellectual. involved the initial difficulties in more they reading immensely popular such eighteenth became from middle the of the texts, the with major inspiration that Chinese result vernacular fiction of century a was source for fiction. Japanese Although marginal first, curiosities Chinese vernacular such Shuihu novels at as 7J• •!• •r• [] • • (Tale zhuan Margin) Xiyouji of the (Journey and West) Water the to brought the attention intellectual of wide infused audience and with that all- to were a important • •_ ¢1•1 significance of Ogyfi the Confucian when (1666- scholar Sorai aura 1728) suggested understanding language that of the Chinese essential vernacular to an was comprehension the of suggested Chinese cultural the Sorai tradition. that strong a spoken language command of the Chinese would classics make the Chinese more Japanese accessible the reader be because he would the able barriers to to to overcome comprehension by syntactic Japanese erected the employed of transformation then system •ll•. literary reading in of the Chinese known kundoku as promotion The Sorai's central in language Chinese of vernacular moment came publication dictionary •_ with his language, of the for Chinese Yakubun sentei a (A Translation) Tool for description systematic addition in of Chinese 1714. In to a particles language explicitly in which the language, foreign Chinese treated was as a Yakubun included language. discussion substantial of vernacular Chinese Sorai's sentei a emphasis foreign the language, need through understand Chinese and do to to on as a so apprehension language the of specific Chinese vernacular had As strategy to purpose. a a Shogunate loss for his influence within of Yanagizawa his the after compensate patron •, •1] • • Yoshiyasu (1658-1714) appealed fell from large Sorai the to power, 39 who wished of outside the educated samurai and of government constituent to commoners publishing expanding rapidly advantage of the bid take themselves. His educate to was a when the authority throughout the industry textual establish his country moment at to a appeal general of the political him. The closed of channels strategy to to power were writing, immensely prodigious academic scholar, private with Sorai's combined was scholarly works, well his publication of his through and circulation successful: the as as of his influential thinker Chinese, primers Sorai became the dictionaries of and most age-- academy. controlling Confucian without a language, vernacular necessity learning Chinese of the the Sorai's insistence or on appeal • •-•, particular readers. scholarship his He Confucian had of a Trwa to part as background, regardless of language learning suggested by actual Chinese the that anyone, by beyond offered the understanding that privileged of culture Chinese could obtain a increasingly from readers, the Kansai academies. These Confucian established area, dictionaries of vernacular other copies well bought of Yakubun sentei, many as up as followed it. stories that vernacular primers, collections Chinese of and annotated Chinese, publishing made these within Japan that in They of the revolution formed texts part more nourished growing readership fiction Japan in for readily before• The available than ever imported China. gobbled from publishing flood of books the domestic and up new Chinese, limits in speaker and there clear fluent of vernacular Sorai not were a was what he classical idiom. outside the the limits of No command Chinese his matter may language, living understanding Chinese he importance of the about the have said was training spoken Chinese. in rely extensive inevitably with the talents of others forced to on original and discuss Chinese the in that read instructor main the The texts met to at group •±, Nagasaki • translator Society, the Yakusha Translation them, known the was or as command of Chinese the with his Okajima 1711 had dazzled Kanzan Kanzan. at everyone command Castle, delegation occasion when such reception Edo of the Korean at a rare a reputation practical of the immediate and the fact in of of Chinese country was on use was line. the early eighteenth in Japan of the remarkable the intellectual world What is about distinguished gained Confucian attention of such the and is that Kanzan respect century a training though classical tradition Ogyfi the Chinese in Sorai he had little scholar even as youth hierarchy Tokugawa had been Japan. Kanzan's the of in and social spent status no Nagasaki, interpretation practical study language the of Chinese of for in the the port at pupil Although Sorai's Chinese classics. included extensive work the and had star not on • • ]• •]• classicism, (1683-1759), of did look down advocate Hattori Nankaku on as an 2 general general of erudition, viewed his lack of in for Kanzan Kanzan master a was as by study spoken defined Sorai's Chinese, field in the of China Ken'en essential an as academy. Ch6shfi, of Mrri translator the Lord had served for Kanzan to two years as a during industry expanding publishing description Japan the late seventeenth the of in For a early eighteenth regulation by the in maturation and later the and its century, government century see #g "•" Bookshops) •'• • (Tokyo: (Edo A., • honyasan • Nihon ---, •_ Y6z6 Edo Konda •t • no h6s6, 1977), 41-77. pp. •j[l • • 2 [] Yanagisawa Hattori Nankaku's his in makes reference Kien comments to •- • f• zl• }]•. • • •, • Nihonfin • Suikoden miscellany Takashima Toshio • See Hitorine to shoten, 1991), (Tokyo: 7• Japanese) Daishfikan (The J•. 53. and the Shuihu zhuan p. 40 •)•, N •I.I apprentice beginning Previously • had Yoshinari he in served 1692. as an J•q•ff•__ •fi, official, Chinese, in ts•ji of translator the in Karakeiko lowest rank very or during visiting Nagasaki. study Sometime with his service there he had occasion the to • • Shuchang Wang scholar translator Japanese q:: famed scholar and the and Chinese I-'_•j;•(1661-1713). Gentei Ueno • [] •, records, Gentei, often Kokushisei in Ueno referred contemporary to as by language spoken scholar and nurtured the with Chinese it Chinese contact a was as was by practiced it Chinese afforded the residence of merchants and officials culture as was on Nagasaki--an exception territory foreign general exclusion Japanese in the of nationals to developed spoken Gentei Japan. from of both the details of Chinese and mastery a larger China the cultural tradition. Gentei had studied well contemporary as as • 1• 1_13 Jiang emigr6 Ming Confucianism with Meishan from the who had fled to an Nagasaki. subsequently also medicine Chinese studied with made monk and He a a name Nagasaki including addition, Chinese, spoken in his of the doctor. command In as a Hangzhou, dialects sought and of made him the after and teacher Canton translator most Nagasaki. in later his built he called the he home of Three Pleasures" In "Room years a • _• (sanrakushitsu Nagasaki ) district maintained Maruyama the • in of where he a distinguished represented of salon intellectuals. Gentei of intellectuals group a new China, presented but with that side of Chinese culture that the in conversant not was practical knowledge academies. had of He China derived from of interaction with years a Chinese merchants, bureaucrats and translator, and he established be not content to a mere 3 figure himself Nagasaki cultural in the world. as a family known Little is background, although about since Kanzan's learned he father, Chinese from likely than his other translator from Kanzan most not someone was a family. Nagasaki returned Yoshinari's after Mrri He continued death and work to to as a • •, pkj •j•. specializing affairs, •__ translator in Chinese nait•ji Nankin The serious or hardship resulting financial pitiful give salary from interpreting his led his him and to set up Kyoto off for find Reportedly job fortune his in he found his 1701. translator to a as 7• degrading 4 study wished and Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism. to $-4k • •j• acquaintance Kyoto publisher he Hayashi the made (also In of the Gitan • • • •, Hayashi Kyfihee known 1711), who d. commissioned translate Kanzan to as •lJ :•: late-Ming • /¢7• •J• the Huang-Ming yingliezhuan historical novel (earliest extant • edition, 1591) Japanese. into Huang-Ming yingliezhuan exploits describes the and :• •. Ming dynasty, :•; of the founder of the Yuanzhuang Zhu conquests Kanzan's •1"•" •lj :•: /• z•_ translation, •J• entitled kr-Min T•zoku (Tales eiretsuden of from Heroes 6 Ming August the Language), the in printed Common preface in the his 1705. In to was eiretsuden, Hayashi kO-Min Tsftzoku Gidan employment relates by for that when asked •1i•,. 3 •, •t•.•£ 7• Ishizald zokugo Mataz6 bungaku Nihon okeru [] Kinsei Shina shi ni • • • •g • 5t• •J• • • • • History (A of Japan) Early Chinese Fiction Vernacular Modem in (Tokyo: shobr, Krbund6 1940), 62-63.
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