DOCSLIB.ORG

Histology of the Regeneration of Paulownia Tomentosa (Paulowniaceae) by Organogenesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Histology of the Regeneration of Paulownia Tomentosa (Paulowniaceae) by Organogenesis Histology of the regeneration of Paulownia tomentosa (Paulowniaceae) by organogenesis Mª del Carmen San José, Mª José Cernadas & Elena Corredoira Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia, CSIC, Apartado 122, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received 29-VII-2013. Corrected 07-XI-2013. Accepted 06-XII-2013. Abstract: Paulownia tomentosa is a fast-growing tree species with a considerable economic potential because of its value for wood as well as its high biomass production, and elevated stress tolerance. The objective of the pres- ent study was to evaluate the development of adventitious buds in leaves obtained from four-week-old shoots of P. tomentosa, in order to identify the cells involved in in vitro adventitious bud development. Leaves (proximal halves with the petiole) from the first node were excised from four-week-old micropropagated shoots, and cul- tured on Murashige and Skoog medium, supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 0.6% (w/v) Sigma agar, 22.7µM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 2.9µM indole-3-acetic acid for two weeks, explants were then transferred to the same medium with 0.44µM N6-benzyladenine for another four weeks. Five explants were collected daily during the two first weeks in TDZ treatment. A total of 140 samples were processed. Most of the buds developed indirectly from the callus formed in the petiole stub, and they became visible after eight-ten days of culture, although some buds were also observed in the area of the laminar cut at the level of the veins. The first histological changes could be observed after two-three days of culture, with the dedifferentiation of some subepidermal and inner parenchyma cells, which exhibited a large, prominent nucleus, densely-stained cytoplasm and a high nucleus- to-cell area ratio. Proliferation of these cells gives rise to meristemoid formation after seven-ten days of culture. Organized cell division in meristemoids allows the formation of bud primordia that emerged from the explants surface. The progressive structural differentiation of the apical meristem, leaf primordia, and procambium strands, led to formation of complete buds that were observed in the exterior of the explants after 10-15 days of culture. Direct development of buds from cells in the subepidermic and/or epidermic layers were observed on the adaxial surface of the petiole. This protocol may be a useful tool for the application of genetic transformation techniques, as it enables to determine specific regions in the foliar explants where the meristemoids formation will take place, and therefore to determine which cells should be the object of genetic transformation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 809-818. Epub 2014 June 01. Key words: bud induction, histological analysis, organogenesis, Paulownia tomentosa, TDZ. The search for new sources of energy is gasoline, is obtained from the fermentation of currently of great interest. One potentially sugars from sugar cane, beet or cereals such promising option is the use of plant biomass as wheat, corn, or barley (Balat, Balat, & Öz, or production of biofuels like bioethanol and 2008). However, biofuels should be obtained biodiesel, which are renewable and do not from primary materials that are not also used as contribute to climate change (Mandpe, Kad- foodstuff, to prevent the price of such materials laskar, Degen, & Keppeler, 2005). Oil-based increasing and to make use of soils that would feedstock or biodiesel can be produced from otherwise not be used for agricultural pur- vegetable oils obtained from agricultural plants poses. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass such as rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, oil palm materials constitute a substantial renewable and groundnut (Johnson, Eswaran, & Sujatha, substrate for bioethanol production that do not 2011). Bioethanol, with features similar to compete with food production and animal feed Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 62 (2): 809-818, June 2014 809 (Limayem & Ricke, 2012). Paulownia tomen- to produce regenerated transgenic plants. The tosa Steud., a lignocellulosic energy crop, is major prerequisite for genetic transformation used to produce electricity, although species through Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the of this genus are being considered for the pro- availability of a reliable plant regeneration duction of biofuels (López, Pérez, Zamudio, system and a suitable method of transforma- De Alva, & García, 2012). This species is tion (Chateau, Sangwan, & Sanhgwan-Norreel, becoming economically important because of 2000; Chovelon, Restier, Giovinazzo, Dogi- its marketable value for wood and high bio- mont, & Aarrouf, 2011). An understanding of mass production as a result of its rapid growth the regeneration process and the identification in a wide variety of soil types, as well as its of the optimal target tissue is essential for the resistance to pathogens, and elevated stress success of genetic engineering techniques. It is tolerance (Bergmann, 1998; Corredoira, Ball- therefore very important to locate and identify ester, & Vieitez, 2008; Doumett et al., 2008). the cells involved in and responsible for in Paulownia is also useful because of its high vitro plant organogenesis. Despite the large transpiration rates, widespread root system, number of reports on in vitro plant regenera- and elevated tolerance to high concentrations tion of Paulownia species via organogenesis, of metals in both hydroponic and field stud- the scant histological data available does not ies, and is a good candidate for the phytore- provide a good understanding of the process. mediation of polluted soils (Doumett et al., The purpose of the present study was there- 2008). The species is also used for the land fore to identify the cells involved in in vitro reclamation of nutrient-poor soils (Marcotri- adventitious bud development in leaf explants giano & Jagannathan, 1988), as a fast growing derived from a mature P. tomentosa tree. This ornamental tree (Castellanos-Hernández et al., may lead to a better understanding of in vitro 2009), and its leaves and flowers can be used development and may be particularly useful for for medicinal purposes, they are rich in nitro- micropropagation and genetic transformation gen, serving as good fertilizer and fodder (Zhu, of this species. Chao, Lu, & Xiong, 1986). A prerequisite for genetic improvement MATERIAL AND METHODS of this biofuel feedstock plant (Kausch et al., 2010) is the establishment of an efficient Plant material and culture conditions: transformation system. The use of transgenic Crown branches of a 17-year-old P. tomentosa tools to improve plant feedstock are required tree were collected in May and cut into 25-30cm in order to diversify the energy sources, and to segments. The branch segments were forced to obtain plants that produce cellulases or ligni- flush by placing them upright in flats of moist- nases, plants with lower lignin content or with ened perlite in a growth chamber at 25ºC and increased biomass, suitable for producing bio- 90% relative humidity under a 16-h photope- fuel (Beltrán, 2008). Although in vitro regener- riod. After three weeks the flushed shoots were ated plants of P. tomentosa have been obtained surface sterilized and nodal segments and shoot by propagation of axillary shoots (Burger, tips were inoculated in Murashige & Skoog 1989; Song, Sato, Saito, & Kihachiro, 1989) medium (MS) (1962) supplemented with 30g/L and organogenesis (Rao, Goh, & Kumar, 1996; sucrose, 6g/L Sigma agar (basal medium) and Yang, Ho, Chen, & Chang, 1996; Bergmann 8.9µM N6-benzyladenine (BA). The develop- & Moom, 1997; Corredoira et al., 2008), these ment shoot were multiplied by axillary shoot regeneration systems have not been developed development on basal medium supplemented into efficient genetic transformation protocols. with 0.88µM BA (proliferation medium) (Cor- Attempts in our laboratory to transform Pau- redoira et al., 2008). In vitro shoots were lownia tissues by kanamycin selection have maintained by subcultures every four weeks produced transgenic calluses, but have failed on a shoot proliferation medium. Leaves from 810 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 62 (2): 809-818, June 2014 the first node were excised from four-week-old dehydrated tissue was infiltrated by transfer micropropagated shoots and were cut transver- to paraffin wax: n-butanol (1:1, v/v) at 58ºC sally across the midvein. The proximal halves, for 48h, and then to 100% paraffin wax at with two-three mm of the petiole attached, 58ºC for 48h. The paraffin wax infiltrated were then placed in 90x150mm Petri dishes tissue was transferred to metal embedding (10 explants per dish) containing 25mL of basal moulds with melted paraffin wax, and the tis- medium supplemented with 22.7μM thidiazur- sue sample was solidified at room temperature. on (TDZ) and 2.9μM indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) Sections (10μm) were cut on a Reichert-Jung for two weeks, and then transferred to medium rotary microtome, and were later stained with with 0.44μM BA for another four weeks. All safranin-fast green (Jensen, 1962) or with culture media were brought to pH 5.6 before PAS-naphthol blue-black (O´Brien & McCully, autoclaving at 121ºC for 20min. 1981). The stained sections were mounted with The cultures were maintained in a cli- Euckit® and the photomicrographs were taken matized growth chamber with photoperiodic with a Nikon-FXA microscope equipped with lighting. White light of radiant flux density of 2 an Olympus DP71 digital camera. Macroscopic 30μmol/m .s was provided by fluorescent tubes features were observed in a stereo microscope (Mazdafluor 7D TF 36w/LJ), for a period of (Olympus SZX9) and photographed with an 16h. The temperature was maintained at 25ºC Olympus DP10 digital camera. during the 16 hours of light, and at 20ºC during the eight hours of darkness. RESULTS Histological procedure: The proximal halves of the foliar explants were collected Morphological appearance: First mor- daily during the two week period in culture phological changes in the leaves were observed medium containing TDZ.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • S41598-019-53283-2.Pdf
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Time-coursed transcriptome analysis identifes key expressional regulation in growth cessation and dormancy induced by short days in Paulownia Jiayuan Wang1, Hongyan Wang2, Tao Deng3, Zhen Liu1* & Xuewen Wang 3,4* Maintaining the viability of the apical shoot is critical for continued vertical growth in plants. Terminal shoot of tree species Paulownia cannot regrow in subsequent years. The short day (SD) treatment leads to apical growth cessation and dormancy. To understand the molecular basis of this, we further conducted global RNA-Seq based transcriptomic analysis in apical shoots to check regulation of gene expression. We obtained ~219 million paired-end 125-bp Illumina reads from fve time-courses and de novo assembled them to yield 49,054 unigenes. Compared with the untreated control, we identifed 1540 diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) which were found to involve in 116 metabolic pathways. Expression of 87% of DEGs exhibited switch-on or switch-of pattern, indicating key roles in growth cessation. Most DEGs were enriched in the biological process of gene ontology categories and at later treatment stages. The pathways of auxin and circadian network were most afected and the expression of associated DEGs was characterised. During SD induction, auxin genes IAA, ARF and SAURs were down-regulated and circadian genes including PIF3 and PRR5 were up-regulated. PEPC in photosynthesis was constitutively upregulated, suggesting a still high CO2 concentrating activity; however, the converting CO2 to G3P in the Calvin cycle is low, supported by reduced expression of GAPDH encoding the catalysing enzyme for this step. This indicates a de-coupling point in the carbon fxation.
    [Show full text]
  • Honey and Pollen Flora of SE Australia Species
    List of families - genus/species Page Acanthaceae ........................................................................................................................................................................34 Avicennia marina grey mangrove 34 Aizoaceae ............................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum ice plant 35 Alliaceae ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Allium cepa onions 36 Amaranthaceae ..................................................................................................................................................................37 Ptilotus species foxtails 37 Anacardiaceae ................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Schinus molle var areira pepper tree 38 Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper tree 39 Apiaceae .................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Daucus carota carrot 40 Foeniculum vulgare fennel 41 Araliaceae ................................................................................................................................................................................42
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation Into the Suitability of Paulownia As an Agroforestry Species for UK & NW European Farming Systems
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311558333 An investigation into the suitability of Paulownia as an agroforestry species for UK & NW European farming systems Thesis · May 2016 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31955.78882 CITATION READS 1 2,475 1 author: Janus Bojesen Jensen Coventry University 1 PUBLICATION 1 CITATION SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: An Exploration of the Potential of Quantum-Based Agriculture for Sustainable Global Food Production View project Quantum Agriculture View project All content following this page was uploaded by Janus Bojesen Jensen on 10 December 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. An investigation into the suitability of Paulownia as an agroforestry species for UK & NW European farming systems Janus Bojesen Jensen, B.B.A. (Beirut) Submitted to the Department of Agriculture & Business Management, SRUC, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science SRUC, 2016 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Jo Smith for her invaluable support and guidance throughout this project. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Lou Ralph and all the teaching staff at SRUC for my experience and learning as a student at SRUC over the last three years. Lastly, I would like to express my thanks and appreciation to all the participants who were involved in this study and shared their time and knowledge with a particular acknowledgement to Dr. Ian Lane for all his contributions and for going the ‘extra country mile’ with me on two occasions.
    [Show full text]
  • Paulownia Tomentosa and Paulownia Elongata X Fortunei in Glasshouse Experiment
    Growth and Development of Paulownia tomentosa and Paulownia elongata x fortunei in Glasshouse Experiment Veselka Gyuleva, Tatiana Stankova, Miglena Zhyanski, Maria Glushkova and Ekaterina Andonova Forest Research Institute – BAS, blvd. “Kliment Ohridski” 132, Sofia, 1756, Bulgaria Corresponding Author: Veselka Gyuleva, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 20 March 2020 Accepted: 10 May 2020 Abstract The growth potential of Paulownia tomentosa and Paulownia elongata x fortunei, cultivated at three planting densities in a greenhouse was investigated, using conventional field and laboratory methods. Data on the survival percentage, base diameter, total plant height, biomass and leaf area were obtained and analyzed. Differences in growth, productivity, survival and biomass allocation pattern of the tested clones of Paulownia tomentosa and Paulownia elongata x fortunei were found. The results obtained showed that hybrids of Paulownia elongata x fortunei do not exceed the growth performance of the Paulownia tomentosa species for the region of Sofia. Key words: fast-growing forest trees, plant height, base diameter, biomass allocation Introduction Over the last two decades, species and hybrids of genus Paulownia have attracted the attention of many researchers, mainly due to the fact that they are fast-growing and suitable for testing at higher planting densities, at short-rotations, and possess potential for repeatable reproduction. According to the literature (Ericsson and Nilsson, 2006), short-rotation plantations will be increasingly used for biomass production in the future, and species or clones with high repetitive regenerative capacity will be particularly valuable. Moreover, Maier and Vetter (2004) reported that, unlike most fast-growing tree species, Paulownia tomentosa increases its bioproductivity during the second rotation or after the first 4-year cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rare Native Potential Ornamental Tree from Khasi Hills, Meghalaya (India)
    Pleione 11(1): 40 - 43. 2017. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy Rediscovery of Wightia speciosissima (D.Don) Merr. (Paulowniaceae), a rare native potential ornamental tree from Khasi hills, Meghalaya (India) Ashish V. Prabhugaonkar, M. Murugesan1 and A. A. Mao Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong 793003, Meghalaya, India 1 Corresponding Author, e-mail: [email protected] [Received 07.06.2017; Revised & accepted 12.06.2017; Published 30.06.2017] Abstract Wightia speciosissima (D.Don) Merr. (Paulowniaceae), a rare tree was observed at forested area near Puriang Village in Khasi Hills of Meghalaya (India). This beautiful tree is reported after 100 years in Khasi hills of Meghalaya and more than 50 years for flora of India. The tree showed scattered population in this forest area and very less regeneration by seeds. Propagation of tree by cuttings was successfully attempted and tree is being prospected as native ornamental tree. Key words: Wightia speciosissima, Rediscovery, Meghalaya, Agroforestry INTRODUCTION The genus Wightia Wall. of Paulowniaceae is distributed in subtropical regions of India, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia, Vietnam and Yunnan of China. It includes only two species W. speciosissima (D. Don) Merr. and W. borneensis Hook. f. (Zhou et al. 2014). During a recent exploration trip to East Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, the authors came across an elegant tree species belonging to Paulowniaceae at a forested area near Puriang Village in Khasi Hills. Upon careful observation and consultation of regional floristic works (Balakrishnan 1981-1983; Haridasan 1985-1987; Joseph 1982; Kumar & Rao 1983; Pandey et al. 2005; Roy et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplast Genome Analysis of Angiosperms and Phylogenetic Relationships Among
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.078212; this version posted May 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Chloroplast genome analysis of Angiosperms and phylogenetic relationships among Lamiaceae members with particular reference to teak (Tectona grandis L.f) P. MAHESWARI, C. KUNHIKANNAN AND R. YASODHA* Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore 641 002 INDIA *Author for correspondence R. YASODHA, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India Telephone: +91 422 2484114; Fax number : +91 422 248549; e.mail: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.078212; this version posted May 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Availability of comprehensive phylogenetic tree for flowering plants which includes many of the economically important crops and trees is one of the essential requirements of plant biologists for diverse applications. It is the first study on the use of chloroplast genome of 3265 Angiosperm taxa to identify evolutionary relationships among the plant species. Sixty genes from chloroplast genome was concatenated and utilized to generate the phylogenetic tree. Overall the phylogeny was in correspondence with Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) IV classification with very few taxa occupying incongruous position either due to ambiguous taxonomy or incorrect identification. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from almost all the taxa indicating the possibility of their use in various genetic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Wildland Fire and Other Disturbances on the Nonnative Tree Paulownia Tomentosa and Impacts on Native Vegetation
    The Effects of Wildland Fire and Other Disturbances on the Nonnative Tree Paulownia tomentosa and Impacts on Native Vegetation THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Angela R. Chongpinitchai Graduate Program in Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University 2012 Master's Examination Committee: Roger Williams, Advisor Joanne Rebbeck David Hix Stephen Matthews Copyrighted by Angela Rose Chongpinitchai 2012 Abstract Increases in nonnative plant species to ecosystems of the United States have become a concern for the management of natural vegetation and ecological processes. Many exotic plant species are invasive, rapidly colonizing an area and spreading beyond the point of introduction. Nonindigenous plants can change the dynamics of soil properties, alter fire regimes, and interrupt ecological processes, such as nutrient and hydrologic cycles. These exotic plants often have a competitive edge over native species, due to adaptations in their native geographical range or because of a lack of natural predators in introduced habitats. Changes to microclimate conditions and direct competition from exotic plants often lead to a decrease in species richness in a habitat. Although this has been an issue for decades, little is known about many exotic plant species, particularly how they interact with natural vegetation in introduced habitats. Increased anthropogenic activity, such as logging, road construction, and prescribed burns, tends to facilitate invasions of exotic species by creating disturbed areas and reducing biodiversity. Paulownia tomentosa, a tree native to China, was first introduced to the U.S. in the 1840s as an ornamental; in recent decades the species has expanded its range since escaping cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Princess-Tree (Paulownia Tomentosa)
    New Plant Invaders to Watch For Princess-tree (Paulownia tomentosa) The Threat: Princess-tree is a small to medium sized deciduous tree that can grow 30 to 60 feet tall. It has been planted as an ornamental but has been found to escape and colonize natural areas. Seeds are spread by wind and water. It’s ability to sprout from buds on stems and roots enhance its ability to survive, spread, and out-compete native plant species. Massachusetts is near the northern limit for winter hardiness of princess-tree and projected climate warming may allow this species to proliferate here. Large (up to 12 or more inches long) heart-shaped, broadly oval, or slightly lobed leaves are arranged in pairs along the stem. The underside of the leaves are hairy. Flowers are pale violet or whitish, tubular with five petals, and open in the Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, spring. Bugwood.org What to do : Learn to recognize the distinguishing features of princess-tree shown in the images on this page. If found, immediately report the finding to Lou Wagner, Mass Audubon Regional Scientist, at 978-927-1122 Extension Photo: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, Univer- 2705, or [email protected]. Fruits turn brown and persist through Fruits occur in 1 to 2 inch long winter, opening in late winter to clusters. The fruits distinguish release many small winged seeds. princess tree from Catalpa, which has similar leaves but long, slender, bean-like fruits. Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Twigs are glossy gray-brown with numerous white dots (lenticels).
    [Show full text]
  • Simulating Carbon Dioxide Exchange Rates of Deciduous Tree Species: Evidence for a General Pattern in Biochemical Changes and Water Stress Response
    Annals of Botany 104: 775–784, 2009 doi:10.1093/aob/mcp156, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Simulating carbon dioxide exchange rates of deciduous tree species: evidence for a general pattern in biochemical changes and water stress response Robert F. Reynolds1, William L. Bauerle3,4,* and Ying Wang2 1Department of Horticulture and 2Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, 3Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA and 4Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Received: 9 March 2009 Returned for revision: 21 April 2009 Accepted: 21 May 2009 Published electronically: 30 June 2009 † Background and Aims Deciduous trees have a seasonal carbon dioxide exchange pattern that is attributed to changes in leaf biochemical properties. However, it is not known if the pattern in leaf biochemical properties – maximum Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax) – differ between species. This study explored whether a general pattern of changes in Vcmax, Jmax, and a standardized soil moisture response accounted for carbon dioxide exchange of deciduous trees throughout the growing season. † Methods The model MAESTRA was used to examine Vcmax and Jmax of leaves of five deciduous trees, Acer rubrum ‘Summer Red’, Betula nigra, Quercus nuttallii, Quercus phellos and Paulownia elongata, and their response to soil moisture. MAESTRA was parameterized using data from in situ measurements on organs. Linking the changes in biochemical properties of leaves to the whole tree, MAESTRA integrated the general pattern in Vcmax and Jmax from gas exchange parameters of leaves with a standardized soil moisture response to describe carbon dioxide exchange throughout the growing season.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Invasive Potential of Paulownia Tomentosa
    ECOLOGY AND INVASIVE POTENTIAL OF PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA (SCROPHULARIACEAE) IN A HARDWOOD FOREST LANDSCAPE A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy A. Christina W. Longbrake August 2001 © 2001 A. Christina W. Longbrake All Rights Reserved ECOLOGY AND INVASIVE POTENTIAL OF PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA (SCROPHULARIACEAE) IN A HARDWOOD FOREST LANDSCAPE BY A. CHRISTINA W. LONGBRAKE This dissertation has been approved for the Department of Environmental and Plant Biology and the College of Arts and Sciences by Brian C. McCarthy Associate Professor of Environmental and Plant Biology Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences LONGBRAKE, A. CHRISTINA W. Ph.D. August 2001. Environmental and Plant Biology Ecology and invasive potential of Paulownia tomentosa (Scrulariaceae) in a hardwood forest landscape. (174 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Brian C. McCarthy Introduction of non-native species is the oldest form of human-induced global change. From the exchange of agricultural crops and domestic animals, to the accidental introduction of weeds and microbes, non-native species have been incorporated into the floras and faunas of all continents and most oceanic islands. These organisms can have marked effects on ecosystems. I wanted to address the following facets of non-native species invasion: (1) What characteristics of ecosystems make them more susceptible to non-native species invasion? and (2) What characteristics of the invader allow invasion? To address these questions, I used a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance common in southeastern Ohio forests: intact secondary forest, forest edge, and aggrading clear cuts.
    [Show full text]