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Farmers' Assessment of Impacts of Philippine Warty

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Farmers' Assessment of Impacts of Philippine Warty Ecosystems & Development Journal 7(1): 3-13 April 2017 ISSN 2012-3612 ABSTRACT The assessment of social and economic impacts of Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis Nehring) depredation on Farmers’ Assessment of agroforestry crops was studied at the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) in 2012. This was done through structured Impacts of Philippine Warty survey among the farmer-respondents and farm monitoring to locate the physical damages caused by warty pig using Global Pig (Sus philippensis Nehring) Positioning System (GPS). The attitudes of farmers toward warty pig damage were analyzed based on symmetric five-point depredation on scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. A total of 160 farmers were interviewed, however, only 50 farmers were Agroforestry System in affected by warty pig depredation on crops. Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Results showed that tubers are the main diet of Philippine warty pig. Damaged root crops include gabi (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Laguna, Philippines Schott), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), a* b and ubi (Dioscorea alata L.), either through direct foraging or Russel Son A. Cosico, Leonardo M. Florece, trampling. Estimated monetary losses from annual root crops c d Roberto G. Visco, Juancho B. Balatibat was greatest in ubi amounting to PhP 7,712.60 ha-1 yr-1 while the least was in ginger (PhP 105.00 ha-1 yr-1) across the affected farmer-respondents. The physical evidences found were footprints/tracks, wallowing, bark injury due to their tusks, rest area/beddings and rooting. INTRODUCTION With regards to farmers’ perception on the damage of warty The presence of communities in protected areas such as Mount pig, only 20% strongly agreed on the occurrence of serious Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) is not new in the Philippines. damage while more than one-third (42%) of the farmers are Most often, inhabitants have been in the forests long before providing significant protection to their agroforestry crops/ these were proclaimed as national parks or protected areas. farm. The existence of woody perennials provides another Sometimes, the law has become a remedy to settle social source of income for the household in the event of warty pig conflicts versus further devastation of the reserve area. One damage on the root crops. Agroforestry provided protective example is the enactment of the National Integrated Protected functions on farming inside MMFR. Areas Act (NIPAS) of 1992 or Republic Act 7586. The NIPAS Act directly involves the community in its decision-making on Key words: crop depredation, monetary losses, warty pigs how a protected area will be protected from further destruction. In MMFR for instance, Cruz et al. (1991) reported that 19 families followed by relatives and friends cleared part of the interactions provide multiple benefits, including diversified reserve on the Sto. Tomas, Batangas area in the early 1900s due income sources, increased biological production, water to limited opportunities in the lowland. conservation, and improved habitat for both humans and wildlife. Farmers adopt agroforestry practices for two reasons: According to Duldulao (1975), farmers inside MMFR practiced 1) they want to increase their economic stability; and 2) they planting of agricultural crops and perennial crops. Farm lots are want to improve the management of natural resources under situated mostly along the periphery or along the boundaries of their care (Beetz 2002). MMFR because of accessibility to secondary roads and their suitability to farming (Abraham et al. 1992). The practice and While farming inside MMFR started as early as 1900s or even technology of combining forestry species with agricultural before it was under the administration of UPLB, no adequate components including livestock is termed as agroforestry. It is records of wildlife attack on farm lots have been reported. For defined as a dynamic, ecologically based natural system through instance, Peñalba et al. (1997) mentioned facts about the the integration of trees in farmland and rangeland, diversifies progress of MMFR on cropping systems but no record or even and sustains production for increased social, economic and study of wildlife intrusion on individual farm lots was reported. environmental benefits for land users at all levels (ICRAF 1997 as cited by Visco 2000). Aside from having diverse ecosystems, MMFR is also home to wild animals, more specifically the Philippine warty pig. Agroforestry is a farming system that integrates crops and/or Different wild pig species occupy an extremely wide range of livestock with trees and shrubs. The resulting biological habitat types, where they feed opportunistically on plant/crops and animal species such as the young of larger mammals, and a University Researcher I, Institute of Agroforestry, CFNR, UPLB the eggs and young of ground-nesting birds and reptiles bProfessor, School of Environmental Science and Management, UPLB (Hamrick et al. 2011). They have the highest reproductive rates cProfessor, Institute of Renewable and Natural Resources, CFNR, UPLB among ungulates, and if the reproductive requirements are met, dAssistant Professor, Forest Biological Sciences, CFNR, UPLB *Corresponding author: [email protected] 3 their local density can double in one year (Massei & Genov recollection. Specifically, it validated the presence of Philippine 2004). Consequently, the widespread increase in number and warty pig based on physical evidences; estimated monetary geographical range of this species might have a remarkable losses incurred by farmers; and assessed farmers’ knowledge impact on many plant and animal species, habitat structure, and and attitudes toward Philippine warty pig damage. crop and livestock production. Wild pigs spend a large amount of time rooting for tubers, roots, bulbs, and invertebrates. METHODOLOGY In terms of species diversity for wild pig, the Philippines is the Place of Study second most important country in the world next to Indonesia (Cariño 1998). The wild pig has become endangered due to The study was conducted in MMFR, situated at 14°08’N latitude continuing destruction of its habitat and extreme hunting and 121°11’E. MMFR is surrounded by the municipalities of pressure coupled with illegal logging and slash and burn upland Los Baños and Bay, and city of Calamba in the province of farming. The open areas for farming inside forested areas or Laguna and Sto.Tomas in the province of Batangas (Figure 1). reserve area as in the case of MMFR, created a secondary association in disturbed areas. The proximity of cultivated food It occupies a total land area of 4,244.37 has. Los Baños, Bay, stuffs and wanton destruction of its habitat has caused wild pigs Calamba, and Sto. Tomas occupy the north central, southeastern, to forage in neighboring agricultural lots (Catibog-Sinha 1978, northwestern, and southwestern portions of the reservation, 1981 as cited by Oliver et al. 1993). respectively. A total of 21 barangays are within the vicinity of the forest reserve. The town of Los Baños occupies the largest Usually, they forage in the early morning and evening. Pigs in area with 46.7%, followed by Bay with 23.0%, Sto. Tomas with general are very prolific. They breed anytime of the year. Males 16.9%, and lastly, the city of Calamba with 13.25%. Barangay are polygamous and establish harem during the breeding period. Bagong Silang of Los Baños is the only barangay located inside This harem could grow to as much as five sows per boar. MMFR (UPLB-MMFR 2005). Females are polyestrous and farrow usually in April or May. Gestation period lasts from 101-130 days with an average of 116 Conceptual Framework days or about four months. They produce an average of 3-4 piglets per litter (PAWB 1992 as cited by Cariño 1998). The The complicating land uses in MMFR have affected the way Luzon wild pigs normally feed on rootstocks like gabi and farmers perceive the presence of warty pigs. Farmers view them camote which are considered carbohydrate-rich food (Rabor as pests, while warty pigs compete for space to survive. Lack of 1986). food availability inside MMFR during the rainy season has made them modify their behavior in search for food. Most of them This study evaluated the onsite crop depredation by Philippine browse through existing croplands inside the reserve for food warty pig on the farms in MMFR based on farmers’ account or consumption. Figure 1. Location map of Mount Makiling Forest Reserve 4 Ecosystems & Development Journal Figure 2 shows the relationship between agroforestry systems Tracking of presence of warty pig and Philippine warty pig and its impacts on agroforestry system to upland farmers and vice versa. It shows the relationship Indirect methods were adopted to verify the presence of among the key components of the study, namely farmers, warty Philippine warty pig in MMFR. Physical evidences such as pigs and agroforestry system. Farmers negatively perceive the footprints/tracks, feces, rooting activities, and others were presence of warty pigs as the threat to their harvest and will recorded and photo-documented. Whenever physical evidences eventually affect their economic return from planting were sighted, the location was obtained using GPS. Distance agricultural crops. Warty pigs consider farm lots as part of their from the forest was not considered because warty pigs are area of movement and consume crops as source of their food. mobile and therefore could travel far distances in search of food. Transect walk with an equivalent length of at least 1 km was Agroforestry is practiced by the farmers as a main source of employed in this study. Five transects were established in the their livelihood. It provides enough income to support their daily study site. The specific time of transect sampling and the needs. With the intrusion of warty pigs in their farm lots, it made location of evidences were based on farmers’ sighting of the farmers realize the need to modify their farming practices so as Philippine warty pig signs as well as on the field guide’s not to be affected by warty pig attack on their farms.
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