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Kattia Escobar ECL 741 Essai La chasse de subsistance et ses impacts sur la faune dans un monde en changement par Kattia Escobar essai présenté au Département de biologie en vue de l‟obtention du grade de maître en écologie internationale (maîtrise en biologie incluant un cheminement de type cours en écologie internationale) FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, janvier 2012 Sommaire L'utilisation de la faune sauvage pour la viande est connue dans le monde entier, mais reste cependant une activité peu documentée malgré ses impacts considérables sur la faune. La chasse de subsistance concerne un grand nombre de personnes autour du monde et est soupçonnée d'avoir un effet sur les populations d'animaux sauvages plus important que toute autre forme d'utilisation. Les objectifs de ce document étaient de déterminer 1) ce qu‟est la chasse de subsistance; 2) si ce type de chasse a changé au cours du temps; 3) quel est l'impact de ce changement sur la faune et s‟il est compatible avec leur conservation et finalement 4) de proposer, en fonction des expériences existantes des méthodes de conservation pour améliorer la gestion de la chasse. Ceci a été fait en utilisant la littérature amassée de trois régions du monde, l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amérique latine. Il y a des indications considérables que la chasse commerciale a remplacé la chasse de subsistance et continue de gagner en importance. La plupart des chasseurs de subsistance complètent maintenant leurs revenus avec la vente de la viande sauvage. Un tel décalage dans les formes de chasse augmente la vulnérabilité d'extinction de nombreuses espèces de mammifères. Les taux de récolte des animaux sauvages sont élevés et insoutenables, avec des évaluations pour l'Afrique centrale entre 1-5 millions de tonnes, 67, 000 - 164, 000 tonnes dans l‟Amazonie brésilienne et 23, 000 tonnes dans le Sarawak par année. La chasse non contenue cause des extinctions locales de nombreuses espèces de faune à travers les tropiques, surtout les gros mammifères qui sont toujours les premiers à être chassés. Quand les grands mammifères disparaissent, les gens se tournent vers de plus petites espèces afin de fournir la demande croissante dans les régions urbaines et rurales. Par conséquent, ils affectent la composition et la i dynamique des forêts, ainsi que le mode de vie de ceux qui dépendent de la faune, qui sont également les groupes les plus éloignés et marginalisés, dépendant de la viande sauvage pour la nourriture et leurs revenus. Il est recommandé que les gouvernements se concentrent sur l'application des lois préexistantes pour mieux protéger les animaux sauvages, surtout pour les espèces en danger d‟extinction locale. De plus, les gouvernements, les biologistes et d‟autres professionnels comme les agronomes devraient travailler avec les communautés pour réaliser des ateliers qui permettent d'intégrer les locaux dans les projets de gestion de la faune. Le but sera de créer un conduit de communication et de partager l'information sur les tendances démographiques des animaux sauvages. De plus, les ateliers seront utilisés pour éduquer les communautés sur les avantages de protéger la faune et pour améliorer la régie d'élevage du bétail, l'usage des ressources naturelles et les pratiques de chasse. ii Summary The use of wild animals for meat is known worldwide but is perhaps the least documented and one of the most far reaching uses of wildlife. It is believed to involve more people and to have a greater effect on wild animal populations than any other form of use. The objectives of this paper were to determine 1) what subsistence hunting constitutes; 2) whether or not this type of activity has changed recently; 3) what the impact of subsistence hunting has been on wildlife and whether it is compatible with conservation; and, given the data found, 4) possible avenues for better conservation management. This was done using literature gathered from three different areas of the world, Asia, Africa and Latin America. There is considerable evidence indicating that commercial hunting has replaced subsistence style hunting and is growing in importance. Hunters now supplement most incomes with the sale of wild meat. Such a shift into the forms of hunting increases the vulnerability to extinction of numerous wildlife species. Harvest rates are said to be high and unsustainable, with estimates for central Africa between 1-5 million tonnes, 67 000-164 000 tonnes in Brazilian Amazon and 23 000 tonnes in Sarawak. Massive over-hunting is now causing local extinctions of numerous species of wildlife across the tropics. As large species disappear, people turn to smaller species in order to supply the growing demand in both urban and rural settings. Consequently, they affect forest composition and dynamics, as well as the livelihood of those who depend on wildlife, who are also the most remote and marginalized groups, depending on wild meat for food and income. It is recommended that governments focus on enforcing pre-existing laws to better protect wildlife, especially for species in danger of becoming locally extinct. In addition, governments, iii agronomists and other professionals should work with communities to establish collaborative wildlife workshops, and to integrate locals in wildlife management. The purpose of which will be to share information and create a conduit of communication on wildlife population trends. Furthermore, workshops will be used to educate communities on the benefits of protecting wildlife and improving the governance of livestock, the use of natural resources and hunting practices. iv Acknowledgments I wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Sophie Calmé for her intellectual support and continual encouragement throughout my studies. This essay was made possible by her patience, helpful comments, and persistence. I would like to express sincere gratitude to Caroline Cloutier for her guidance and support. I would also like to thank her providing me an opportunity to grow as a student and biologist. I am grateful to Dr. E.Naranjo-Piñera, for allowing me to participate in the research in Mexico that was the inspiration for this essay. Thanks to my colleagues, each of you has enriched my experience as a master‟s student in a way the words cannot express. I look forward to calling each of you friends and colleagues for many years to come. Last but not least, my family, including Marcus and all my good friends in Sherbrooke. Each of you can share in this accomplishment, for without your support it would not have been possible. v Table of Contents SOMMARIE .................................................................................................................................... i SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................... x SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS LIST ............................................................. xii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES............................................................................................ xiii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1- WHAT IS SUBSISTENCE HUNTING .................................................................. 6 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Definitions .................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Wildlife uses ............................................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Wildlife for food security .............................................................................13 1.3.2 Wild meat trade .............................................................................................13 1.3.3 Hunting for protection ..................................................................................19 1.3.4 Traditional medicine and mysticism .............................................................20 1.3.5 Live animal trade ..........................................................................................23 1.4 Hunting techniques and methods ................................................................................ 23 vi 1.4.1 Weapons ........................................................................................................24 1.4.2 Use of hunting dogs ......................................................................................26 1.5 Hunter profiles ............................................................................................................ 28 1.6 Wild meat and the spread of zoonoses ....................................................................... 30 1.7 Species hunted ............................................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 2- FACTORS INFLUENCING SUBSISTENCE HUNTING .................................. 36 2.1 Consequence of deforestation ....................................................................................
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