Identiteitskonfigurasies in Wit Afrikaanse Rap-Musiek Met Spesifieke Verwysing Na Die Antwoord, Jack Parow En Bittereinder

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Identiteitskonfigurasies in Wit Afrikaanse Rap-Musiek Met Spesifieke Verwysing Na Die Antwoord, Jack Parow En Bittereinder Identiteitskonfigurasies in wit Afrikaanse rap-musiek met spesifieke verwysing na Die Antwoord, Jack Parow en Bittereinder deur Annie Elizabeth Klopper Proefskrif ingelewer vir die graad Doktor in Afrikaans en Nederlands in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch Promotor: prof. PH Foster Desember 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Die finansiële ondersteuning van die Nasionale Navorsingstigting (NSS) vir hierdie navorsing word hiermee erken. Menings wat uitgespreek word en gevolgtrekkings wat gemaak word is dié van die outeur en kan nie noodwendig aan die NSS toegeskryf word nie. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za VERKLARING Deur hierdie proefskrif elektronies in te lewer, verklaar ek dat die geheel van die werk hierin vervat, my eie, oorspronklike werk is, dat ek die alleenouteur daarvan is (behalwe in die mate uitdruklik anders aangedui), dat reproduksie en publikasie daarvan deur die Universiteit Stellenbosch nie derdepartyregte sal skend nie en dat ek dit nie vantevore, in die geheel of gedeeltelik, ter verkryging van enige kwalifikasie aangebied het nie. ANNIE ELIZABETH KLOPPER Datum: Desember 2017 Kopiereg © 2017 Universiteit Stellenbosch. Alle regte voorbehou. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za SUMMARY This study investigates identity configurations in white Afrikaans rap music, by focusing on rap artists Die Antwoord, Jack Parow and Bittereinder. Rap is a constituent element of hip- hop, a cultural form that developed during the 1970’s among the socio-politically and economically marginalised youth of New York’s South Bronx, and harbours a connection to black oral cultural traditions stretching back hundreds of years. Since the establishment of hip-hop, rap continued evolving and expanding its reach globally. It has been localized beyond North America as a mechanism – among many others – utilised in the continuous processes of cultural formation and identity configuration. Hip-hop is thus a glocal art form; global in reach but where it is adapted at a local level, it morphs to meet local realities and assumes a distinctive local character. Since its inception, hip-hop has aroused a steadily growing interest among academics. Whereas erstwhile examinations explored it as an African-American cultural form, studies have since the turn of the century increasingly focused on the variety of hip-hop’s local permutations, across continents and languages. This shift in focus entails a closer interest in the ways in which hip-hop functions in the continuation of local oral practices, processes of cultural formation and identity configuration. Popular music provides a space wherein South African youth actively and continuously reconfigure identity and interrogate associated issues surrounding it. This dissertation contributes to not only the discourse on local popular music and identity, but also to the discourse on the varied glocal permutations of hip-hop, by focusing on the development and the nature of white Afrikaans rap music. This follows local whiteness studies post-1994 democratisation which zeroes in on whiteness, centralised and normalised by the legacy of colonialism and the apartheid regime, to critically appraise its meaning and challenge its centrality. In doing this, and by exploring white artists utilising a historically black cultural form in various ways, the notion of essential or fixed identities are contested. To identify the symbolic capital of rap music, as well as to recognise its nature and characteristics, this study investigates the development of hip-hop culture whilst i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za acknowledging the oral traditions preceding and influencing it. Earlier permutations of South African hip-hop during the 1980s and 1990s are examined. This is followed by the case studies, exploring Die Antwoord, Jack Parow and Bittereinder. Considering the uniqueness of the South African context, an interdisciplinary qualitative analysis is necessary to make sense of the ways in which local white rappers are actively negotiating identity, through an originally black cultural form. In conclusion, I argue that hip-hop is deployed in ongoing local processes of creolisation of language and music by (the very) means of language and music themselves. ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING In hierdie studie word identiteitskonfigurasies in wit Afrikaanse rap-musiek ondersoek, met spesifieke verwysing na die rap-kunstenaars Die Antwoord, Jack Parow en Bittereinder. Rap is ’n wesenlike element van hip-hop, ’n kultuurvorm wat gedurende die 1970’s onder die sosiopolities en ekonomies gemarginaliseerde jeug in New York se Suid-Bronx ontwikkel het, maar wat ook ’n verbintenis het met swart mondelinge praktyke wat eeue terug strek. Sedert die ontstaan van hip-hop het rap daarmee saam aangehou om te evolueer en die wêreld oor te versprei, waar dit op verskeie plaaslike vlakke buite Noord-Amerika ingespan word as een van vele meganismes in die voortgaande prosesse van kultuurskepping en identiteits- konfigurasie. In hierdie sin is hip-hop ’n glokale kunsvorm, omdat dit ’n globale verskynsel is wat op plaaslike (lokale) vlak aangepas word om te voldoen aan plaaslike vereistes, waar dit dan ook ’n plaaslike karakter verkry. Hip-hop geniet wêreldwyd al hoe meer belangstelling in die akademie, maar waar dit aanvanklik ondersoek is as swart Amerikaanse kultuurvorm, het daar sedert die eeuwending ’n tendens ontwikkel om ook die onderskeie plaaslike permu- tasies van hip-hop op verskillende vastelande en in verskeie tale te ondersoek om meer te wete te kom van die rol wat dit in terme van die voortsetting van plaaslike mondelinge praktyke, en prosesse van kultuur- en identiteitskonfigurasies speel. Populêre musiekvorme is een van verskeie ruimtes waarbinne die Suid-Afrikaanse jeug op aktiewe wyse voortdurend kwessies van identiteit ondersoek en konfigureer. In hierdie proefskrif word daar toegetree tot sowel die diskoers oor plaaslike populêre musiek en identiteit, as die diskoers oor die verskeie glokale permutasies van hip-hop deur die ontwikkeling en aard van wit Afrikaanse rap-musiek te ondersoek. Die studie sluit ook aan by plaaslike witheidstudies waar wit identiteit sedert demokratisering in 1994 toenemend onder die soeklens kom en op dié wyse word die sentrale magsposisie wat witheid weens die koloniale en apartheidsgeskiedenis beklee het, krities beskou en uitgedaag. Sodoende, en deur die ondersoek na wit kunstenaars wat op verskeie wyses ’n histories swart kultuurvorm inspan, word enige nosie van essensiële of vaste identiteite betwis. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ’n Ondersoek na die hip-hop-kultuur en die mondelinge tradisies wat dit voorafgegaan het, word ingestel ten einde die simboliese kapitaal, aard en kenmerke van rap-musiek te identifiseer. Daar word ook gekyk na die eerste permutasies van hip-hop in Suid-Afrika gedurende die 1980’s en 1990’s. Drie gevallestudies volg daarop, naamlik van Die Antwoord, Jack Parow en Bittereinder. Deur op interdissiplinêre wyse te werk te gaan, word ’n kwalitatiewe ondersoek ingestel na die maniere waarop hierdie wit plaaslike rappers deur middel van die gebruik van ’n oorspronklike swart kultuurvorm met die kwessie van identiteit omgaan, inaggenome die unieke Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Uiteindelik word daar getoon hoe hip-hop gebruik word in die immer ontwikkelende plaaslike prosesse van die kreolisering van taal en musiek deur taal en musiek. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za BEDANKINGS My beursdonateurs, die Nasionale Navorsingstigting en die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, word hiermee bedank vir die finansiële bydrae wat die voltooiing van hierdie studie moontlik gemaak het. Baie dankie aan die eksaminatore vir hulle tyd, aandag en insette. Ek is bevoorreg om ’n uitgebreide ondersteuningsnetwerk te hê van mense wat elk ’n noemenswaardige rol gespeel het in die ontstaan en voltooiing van hierdie studie. Baie dankie aan die volgende onvervangbare skakels in hierdie netwerk: My promotor, prof. Ronel Foster, met wie ek al as eerstejaar in 2003 ’n pad begin stap het: my akademiese én lewenspad sou heelwat anders daar uitgesien het sonder u insig, geduld en vertroue in my immer aweregse studieonderwerpe. Dr. Marni Bonthuys, vriendin en kollega, ek kan nie genoeg dankie sê vir jou raad en ondersteuning nie. My verloofde, Jaco “Pilot” de Wet, vir sy liefde, begrip, ondersteuning en opregte belangstelling. My gesin, asook wyer familie en skoonfamilie, wat my anker was gedurende tien jaar se studies. My kollegas by die Universiteit van Wes-Kaapland vir hulle begrip en raad. My kosbare vriende vir hul opregte belangstelling en ondersteuning: Louise Crouse, Martelize Brink, André-Pierre du Plessis, Betina en Wouter du Toit, Elfriede Muller, Whisky Gosio, Louise Albertyn, Peta Malan, Alan Meyer, Carla le Roux en Helen Voutsas. Dankie aan Annette du Plessis en (al die!) Du Toits vir herberg en stilte tydens die skryfproses. ’n Spesiale dankie aan my uiters knap en deeglike proefleser, Anzette Williams. Dankie ook aan al die mense wat deur middel van stimulerende gesprekke oor Afrikaanse musiek, identiteit, hip-hop en rap, ’n onontbeerlike rol gespeel het in die gedagtevorming en uitvoer van hierdie studie, veral Xavier Nagel van Bibliophilia, Lee-ursus Alexander, Jaco van der Merwe, Suné van Rooyen en Ebenesia Pieters. Goddank vir klank. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
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