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The Roles of Sodium Nitroprusside, Salicylic Acid, and Methyl Jasmonate

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The Roles of Sodium Nitroprusside, Salicylic Acid, and Methyl Jasmonate Adv. Hort. Sci., 2019 33(2): 187-195 DOI: 10.13128/ahs-24261 The roles of sodium nitroprusside, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate as Advances inH HorticulturaS l Science hold solutions on vase life of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Sun Spot’ E. Hemati, M.R. Salehi Salmi (*), M.H. Daneshvar, M. Heidari Department of Horticultural Science, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Khuzestan, Iran. Keywords: antioxidant enzyme, ethylene, plant growth regulator, post-harvest, sugar. Abstract: The present study investigates the roles of nitroprusside (SNP), sali - cylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MJ), and their interaction with 8-hydrox - yquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) in regulating the peroxidase activity (POX), water uptake, the relative water content (RWC), the contents of malondialdehyde (*) Corresponding author: [email protected] (MDA), soluble sugar, proline, and protein content in the petals and the stem bending of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Sun Spot’ cut flowers. Cut flowers were treated with various concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µM) of hold-solutions containing 8-HQS, SA, MJ, and SNP. Hold solutions were used alone or in combination with Citation: HEMATI E., SALEHI SALMI M.R., DANESHVAR 100 µM 8-HQS for 24 h. Distilled water was used as control and sucrose (4%, M.H., HEIDARI M., 2019 - The roles of sodium w/v) was added to all solutions. The findings showed that 50 µM SA+ 100 µM 8- nitroprusside, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmona - HQS markedly improved the RWC, the contents of proline, anthocyanin, te as hold solutions on vase life of Gerbera jame - carotenoid, protein, and soluble sugar, and activities of POX in the petals and sonii ‘Sun Spot ’. - Adv. Hort. Sci., 33(2): 187-195 markedly reduced water loss and the contents of MDA in the petals, compared with other treatments, especially the control. Meanwhile, the combination of Copyright: plant growth regulators (PGR) with 8-HQS markedly improved positive indexes © 2019 Hemati E., Salehi Salmi M.R., Daneshvar than use alone PGR. This phenomenon seemed to be due to more absorption of M.H., Heidari M. This is an open access, peer reviewed article published by Firenze University PGR. Among different concentrations of PGR, 50 μM is the most effective treat - Press (http://www.fupress.net/index.php/ahs/) ment for the improvement of the vase life of Gerbera jamesonii cut flowers. and distributed under the terms of the Creative The results also demonstrated that SA+8-HQS improves the vase life of gerbera Commons Attribution License , which permits cut flowers by enhancing the membrane stability and water retaining capacity unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and as well as increasing proline, antioxidant activity, and pigment contents. source are credited. Data Availability Statement: 1. Introduction All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Vase life and quality are key factors that contribute to the aesthetic and benefits of cut flowers (Mansouri, 2012). The short vase life of most Competing Interests: cut flowers is mainly due to the water loss, which is an important physio - The authors declare no competing interests. logical process that affects the main quality characteristics of cut flowers, such as appearance (Salehi Salmi et al ., 2018). Received for publication 29 November 2018 Gerbera jamesonii is a commercially popular cut flower that ranks 10 Accepted for publication 15 February 2019 in the globe auctions. This plant is a member of the family asteraceae that 187 Adv. Hort. Sci., 2019 33(2): 187-195 originates from Africa and Madagascar and extends genus, and mycoplasma (Chupakhina et al ., 2012). In to China (Parthasarathy and Nagaraju, 1999; Hind, previous studies, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) 2007). Sensitivity to microbial contamination at the remarkably increased vase life of rose cut flowers stem base is a major postharvest problem of this (Ichimura et al ., 1999). plant (Balestra et al ., 2005). Microorganisms cause In the present study, the role of three plant stem end blockage in cut flower (He et al ., 2006; Liu growth regulators (i.e., SNP, MJ, and SA) in regulating et al ., 2009) and also secretion of toxic compounds, the activities of the antioxidant enzyme, relative and thereby accelerated wilting (Williamson et al ., water content (RWC), water uptake, the contents of 2002). Vase life of gerbera has been studied exten - malondialdehyde (MDA), protein, pigments and solu - sively with different treatments (Nair et al ., 2003; ble sugar in the petals, and time of stem bending of Solgi et al ., 2009; Shabanian et al ., 2018). Witte et al. gerbera cut flowers were investigated. The objective (2014) reported that treating cultivars of gerbera of the present study is to provide a theoretical basis stems by sucrose in combination with an antimicro - for the application and optimization dosage of plant bial compound (HQC, Chlorine) resulted in less bend - growth regulators in combination with an antimicro - ing than the same concentration of the antimicrobial bial compound, i.e., 8-HQS, in improving the vase life compounds alone. Perik et al. (2014) noted that of gerbera cut flowers during the vase-holding other factors might also be involved in bending and period. showed that a mixture of chemicals delayed the time to bending in six tested cultivars of gerbera. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the inorganic nitrous 2. Materials and Methods compound (nitroferricyanide) with the formula Na [Fe(CN) NO].2H O, is an important signaling mol - 2 5 2 Plant material and treatment ecule. This molecule has diverse physiological func - ‘Sun Spot’ cut-gerberas ( Gerbera jamesonii ), har - tions for plants such as inducing tolerance to adverse vested at normal harvest maturity, were obtained environmental factors (Shi et al ., 2016; Kumar Rai et from a commercial grower (Dezfol, Khuzestan, Iran). al ., 2018). Application of SNP in vase solution result - The length of the stem varied between 65 and 70 cm. ed in extending the vase life of gerbera cut flowers The harvested flowers were packed into parchment (Shabanian et al ., 2018); however, there is very limit - paper and transported to the laboratory within 1-2 h. ed information regarding the positive effects of Then, stems were re-cut to a uniform length of 55, exogenously applied SNP in extending the vase life. under distilled water to avoid air embolism. Each six- Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid or salicylic acid is an flower sample was placed randomly in 250 mL of var - endogenous plant growth regulator. Exogenous ious concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µM) of hold- application of salicylic acid (SA) can affect the antioxi - solutions containing 8-HQS, SA, MJ, and SNP. Hold dant capacity of plant cells and prolong vase life of solutions were used alone or in combination with cut flowers, such as rose (Alaey et al ., 2011) and 100 µM 8-HQS for 24 h. Distilled water was used as anthurium (Promyou et al ., 2012). However, little control and sucrose (4%, w/v) was added to all solu - work has been reported on the role of SA on cut tions. To maintain the proper concentrations of hold- flower vase-life improvement and physio-chemical solutions, the mouths of the vases were covered with attributes related to senescence. plastic wrap (around the stem) to minimize evapora - Methyl Jasmonate (MJ) has been found as a natu - tion and to prevent contamination. Then, flowers rally occurring substance in higher plants. In this con - were individually sited in glass bottles of 25 cm text, the application of MJ induced antioxidant sys - height, approximately 150 ml of distilled water in tem activity can suppress fungal infection and each bottle, under laboratory condition. The labora - enhance stress resistance (Kanani and Nazarideljou, tory was maintained at 22°C, 60±5% relative humidi - 2017). To our knowledge, MJ effects on specific phys - ty, and 16 mmol m -2 s-1 photons irradiance using cool iological and biochemical processes in gerbera cut fluorescent lamps for a 12 h photoperiod (07:00- flower have not been studied yet. 19:00 h). As a derivative of 8-hydroxyquinolines, 8-hydrox - yquinoline sulfate is widely used as antibacterial Measurements since the beginning of the 1950s. This compound is - Time of stem bending was determined as described active against gram-negative bacteria of the by Perik et al . (2012). Enterobacteriaceae family, fungi of the Candida - Relative fresh weight (RFW) was calculated by the 188 Hemati et al. - Plant growth regulators as hold solutions of cut-flower Gerbera following formula: was no significant difference in the stem bending of RFW (%) = [(FW -FW )/ FW ] ×100 flowers among different concentrations of SNP. t=10 t=0 t=0 Among various concentrations of 8-HQS, stem bend - where FW t=10 is the fresh weight of flower (g) at 10th ing of cut flowers treated by 100 μM 8-HQS was sig - day and FW t=0 is the fresh weight of the same flower nificantly lower than those treated by other concen - (g) at first day (He et al ., 2006). trations. Compared with control, 50, 100, and 200 - Water uptake (mL) was calculated by subtracting in μM 8-HQS increased the vase life by 69%, 100%, and the weight of the remaining water at the end of the 78%, respectively. Different concentrations of MJ all experiment from the initial weight. significantly increased vase life, compared with the - Soluble carbohydrate content in petals was mea - control (Fig. 1). However, MJ treatments were less sured by the anthrone colorimetric method accord - effective on vase life compared with 8-HQS, SA, and ing to the method of Xue (1985). SNP treatments. - Total anthocyanin content of petal was measured by the pH differential method of Yang et al . (2009). - Total carotenoid content of gerbera petal tissue was estimated using the method of Wellburn (1994).
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