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ISRAELI POLICY TOWARDS PLO SINCE 1974 SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Bottor of pt)t(o£;op[|p IN WEST ASIAN STUDIES (Political Science) BY SARFEE ARDAM UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. JAWAID IQBAL CENTRE OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2003 •^Xj . xAan* As.-»<f r;r=tv 02 ^j^ m T5802 Phones : Internal 198 & 19'.i Telex : 564—230 AMU IN CENTRE OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH—202 002 (INDIA) Date: ^efttC^Cc€i.tc This is to certify that the Thesis entitled "ISRAELI POLICY TOWARDS PLO SINCE 1974" by fAr. SARFEE ARDAM for the award of Ph.D. degree in West Asian Studies (Political Science) has been prepared under my supervision. This is his original work and, to the best of my knowledge, it has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of any degree. (Dr. JAWAID IQBAL) AIRMAN CENTRE OF ^SST ASIAN STUDDB Supervisor A.M.U.. ALIGARH 7b a[[ Victims, Palestinian-and Israeti, of J-Catrecf, J-CostiCity and Injustice in Palestine and elsewhere. CONTENTS Page No. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v-vi PREFACE vii-viii LIST OF TABLES ix CHAPTER! BACKGROUND TO THE FORMATION OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) 1-35 The Creation of Israel 1 The Israeli Terror and the Palestinian Exodus 5 The Fedayeen Action after the 1948 War 9 The Foundation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 11 PLO Guerrilla Organizations 21 Al-Fatah 21 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PELP) 23 Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP) 25 As-Saiqa (The Thunderfolt) 26 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PELP-GC) 27 Arab Liberation Front (ALF) 28 CHAPTER-II RISE AND GROWTH OF THE PALESTINE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT (PRM) AND THE ISRAELI RESPONSE 36-84 The Era of the Palestinian Guerrilla Warfare 39 Israel's War on Palestinian Nationalism 42 Palestinian Resistance Movements and Arab Countries 43 Jordan and the Palestinians 43 Relations between PLO's Guerrilla Groups (PRMs) and Jordan 44 Conflict between PLO and Jordan 47 Outside Intervention and Israeli Role in the Crisis 52 Post-1970 Development of the PRM: The Emergence of the Black September Group 54 The Munic Operation and Israeli Reaction 56 Lebanon and the Palestinians 60 Consolidation of the PRM in Lebanon 63 Israeli Raids against Palestinian Bases 65 Armed conflict between the Lebanese Army and PRM, and Cairo and Melkart Agreements 68 Syria and the Palestinians 72 Egypt and the Palestinians 75 Other Arab Countries and the Palestinians 77 CHAPTER! 11 ISRAELI POLICY TOWARDS THE PLO AFTER THE 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR 85-^34 Israeli Political Culture 85 Israeli Policy and Palestinian Response from June War, 1967 to Camp David Accords, 1978 89 The Palestinian Refugee Problem in the Aftermath of the 1967 June War 96 Israel's Settlement and Land Policy under Labour and Likud 101 Israel's Economic Policy 107 The October War of 1973, Its Political Consequences and Israeli-PLO Relations 109 Kissinger's Peace Initiative and its Fallout 118 PLO in the Context of the Camp David Peace Process 125 CHAPTER! V ISRAEL'S L!BANON WAR 135-173 Israeli Military Policy towards PLO Presence in Lebanon before 1982 135 Operation Litani - 1978 137 Towards the Mounting Crisis of 1982 144 Operation Peace for Galilee, June 1982 147 Beginning of the Invasion 150 Mai n P bases of the War 151 The First Phase: Sweep across Southern Lebanon 152 The Second Phase: War with Syria 153 The Third Phase: Terror Bombing and Siege of Beirut 155 Nogotiations for the PLO Withdrawal 159 The Fourth Phase: Assassination of Bashir Gemayil and the Massacre at Sabra and Shatila 163 Result of the War of 1982 167 CHAPTER-V INTIFADA AND ISRAELI RESPONSE 174-222 Causes and Catalysts 174 Escalation of Intifada 178 Actors in the Intifada 182 The Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) 182 The PLO in the Context of the Intifada 184 The Islamic Jihad-Palestinian (IJP) in the Context of the Intifada 186 The Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) in the Context of the Intifada 189 The Israeli Government's Response to the Intifada 193 Economic and Political Impact of the Intifada on Israel 194 Economic Impact of the Intifada on Israeli Economy 196 Agriculture 196 Construction 197 Tourism 198 Military Expenditures 199 The Labour Market 200 The Economic Consequences of the Intifada on the West Bank and Gaza Strip 201 The Impacts of the Intifada on Israeli Politics 203 Political Convergence 204 Security and Anxiety 208 Declaration of Palestinian State (November 1988) in the Midst of the Intifada 210 CHAPTER-Vr GULP CRISIS AND OSLO ACCORDS 223-274 Kuwaiti Crisis 223 Gulf War: US Intervention; Positions of the PLO and Israel in the Conflict 224 Madrid Peace Process: October 1991- Summer 1993 230 Oslo Peace Process: Defective Diplomacy 239 The Palestinian - Israeli Agreement (Oslo I) 239 The Paris Protocol on Economic Relations 241 The Cairo Agreement 241 The Erez Agreement 241 The Taba Agreement (Oslo II) 241 The Hebron Agreement 242 The Wye Agreement 242 Camp David - II 243 Constructive Ambiguity Becomes Deliberate Deception 248 Israeli Leadership Crisis Undermines Diplomacy 250 Sharon's Victory 255 The Second Intifada 256 Sharon Government and the Second Intifada 261 The PA Decline and Islamist Rising 265 Consequences of the Second Intifada 267 CHAPTER-VII CONCLUSION 275-292 APPENDIX-I 293-295 BIBLIOGRAPHY 296-312 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the, name of^od, most gracious, most merciful, tvfiv has created the universe andhumxin Beings, and made them realize ivhatever they desire with !His consent and Cove. 9{e is omnipotent, omnipresent and omniscient. This Thesis originated from research carried out at my supervisor's suggestion at the Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U., Aligarh, which aimed to explore Israel's intentions and policies towards Palestine and the Palestinians, and other Arabs in the West Asia. I am deeply grateful for the hospitality, the knowledge and the help given to me by the Centre. Many individuals and institutions should be profoundly thanked and appreciated for their moral and material help, cooperation and encouragement without which my Ph.D. research could not have materialized at all. First and for most, I am grateful to my Supervisor, Dr. Jawaid iqbal for his scholarly guidance, material help. He spared no efforts and never felt tired in creating friendly atmosphere for me while I worked on this thesis, constantly encouraging and showing me the right path and vision of research work. The same gratitude must go to his family too. I am most indebted to my parents, my brother and sisters for their relentless moral and martial support throughout my research years. I am especially indebted to Dr. Jaran Ma'luleem at Department of Middle East Studies. Thummasathr University, Bangkok, Thailand, who, in 1995, was the first to inspire and encourage me to continue my postgraduate at the Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U., and similarly Prof. Imran Ma'luleem at Department of Philosophy, Kasetsathr University, Bangkok, I am deeply thankful for his consultation. I also owe my deep sense of indebtedness and reverence to Prof. Mahmoodul Haq, for his valuable opinions. My sincere gratitude and reverence especially goes to Prof. Tayyaba Hussain, Chairperson of Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U., and former Chairperson of the Cenire, Prof. Nazim Ali, for their help and inspiration. I also wish to express my great indebtedness to the following distinguished teachers of the same Centre: Prof. M.R.K. Nadvi, Prof. Arif Rizvi, Dr. Fazal Mahmood, Dr. Shamir Hasan, Dr. M. Gulrez, Dr. Gulam Mursaleen, Dr. (Ms) Rakhsanda F. Fazli and Dr. Ashraf Hussain, for their countless helps, suggestion that greatly eased the task of writing, and for their love and kind attitude. I am also obliged to Mr. M. Alimullah, Documentation Officer, Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U., Aligarh. I especially thank to the library staff of the J.N.U. in New Delhi, American Informative Service in New Delhi, Jainia Millia in New Delhi, Rune University, West Asian Library, A.M.U., Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U., International Islamic University in Malaysia, for providing materials on the subject. I am grateful to Mr. Abdul Qaiyum and his daughter, Dr. Ghazala Parveen at Department of Botany, AM.U. and her husband, Dr. Muhammad Arif, and Dr. Muhammad Shamim at Department of Commerce, A.M.U., for their moral and material support and encouragement through out the period of my stay in India. Last but not least, I express my thanks to my friends: Mr. Abdulroning Suetair, Mr. Husein Mhadmhan. Mr. Goris Okad, Mr. Krisdakorn Wongsangiam, Mr. Kader Niyomdecha, Mr. Mohummand Faheem and Miss Sahba Jamal and Mr. Amorn Wanparat, Mr. Natthapong Mhadmhan, Mr. Harls Amad, for their unfailing moral and material support. My thanks also go to my friends Mr. Nafis Ahmad, Mrs Kavita Krishnan and Miss Alessia Cortesi (Ph.D. students at the J.N.U.), for their help and encouragement. I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Royal Thai Embassy in New Delhi for its facilitation and help Finally, my thanks are due to Mr Syed Abdul All (All), Computer Technical Staff, A.M.U., for processing out the manuscript with accuracy and sincerity. (Sarfee Ardam) PREFACE Since its emergence in 1948, Israel's role as a tool to suppress and break up the Arab national liberation movement is by now well known. The brutal suppression by Israeli Zionists of the Palestinian Arabs and their leadership in the occupied territories, the annexation of Arab Jerusalem, its blatant threat to the neighboring Arab countries, its continued rejection and sabotage of UN resolutions - all this has aroused mounting criticism of Israel's policies throughout the world.
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