DOCSLIB.ORG

3D Modeling Software?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
3D Modeling Software? 1 Designers have long used computers for their calculations. Initial developments were carried out in the 1960s within the aircraft and automotive industries in the area of 3D surface construction and NC programming. 1963 === The development of the system at by in the course of his PhD this is, for which he received the Turing Award in 1988, and the Kyoto Prize in 2012. It helped change the way people interact with computers. Sketchpad is considered to be the ancestor of modern computer-aided drafting(CAD) programs as well as a major breakthrough in the development of computer graphics in general. 2 The first commercial applications of CAD were in large companies in the automotive and aerospace industries, as well as in electronics. Only large corporations could afford the computers capable of performing the calculations. Notable company projects were at GM (Dr. Patrick J.Hanratty) with DAC-1 (Design Augmented by Computer) 1964; Lockheed projects; Bell GRAPHIC 1 and at Renault (Bézier) – UNISURF 1971 car body design and tooling. 1971=== One of the most influential events in the development of CAD was the founding of MCS (Manufacturing and Consulting Services Inc.) by Dr. P. J. Hanratty, who wrote the system ADAM (Automated Drafting And Machining) but more importantly supplied code to companies such as McDonnell Douglas (Unigraphics), Computervision (CADDS), Calma, Gerber, Autotrol and Control Data. 3 As computers became more affordable, the application areas have gradually expanded. The development of CAD software for personal desktop computers was the impetus for almost universal application in all areas of construction. 1970s ==The foundation of CAD systems United Computing, Intergraph, IBM, Intergraph IGDS in 1974 (which led to Bentley Systems MicroStation in 1984) 4 1970s and 1980s == 3D CAD implementations have evolved dramatically but was typically limited to producing drawings similar to hand-drafted drawings. Advances in programming and computer hardware, notably Solid modeling in the 1980s, have allowed more versatile applications of computers in design activities. 1981 === The solid modelling packages - Romulus (ShapeData) and Uni-Solid (Unigraphics) based on PADL-2 and the release of the surface modeler CATIA (DASSAULT SYSTÈMES). 5 1982 === Autodesk was founded 1982 by John Walker, which led to the 2D system AutoCAD. 1984 === The First release of MicroStation by (Bentley Systems) 1988 ===The release of Pro/ENGINEER in, which heralded greater usage of feature-based modeling methods and parametric linking of the parameters of features. 6 1990s ====The B-rep (Boundary representation) solid modeling, kernels (engines for manipulating geometrically and topologically consistent 3D objects), Parasolid (Shape Data) and ACIS (Spatial Technology Inc.) at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, both inspired by the work of Ian Braid. This led to the release of mid-range packages such as SolidWorks in 1995, Solid Edge ,then Intergraph in 1996, AutoPlant 1997 and Autodesk Inventor in 1999. Currently More advanced 3D software have been developed and is still under more development. Such as PDMS, Smart plant 3D and Plant 4D 7 What is the 3D modeling Software? What are the most commonly 3D modeling (Plant Design) softwares used in Oil & gas Projects? When and Why we use the 3D modeling Software? What is the benefits of the 3D software? How we can choose the prober Software? 8 3D modeling software is a CADD Program linked with Data base. 9 Smart Plant 3D Plant Design System (PDS) Autoplant CAD Worx Plant-4D 10 In large and medium Reduce man hours size projects expenditure Improve project When it is a client Quality and requirement integration When the Area is Reduce Construction congested such as off- problems shore platforms 11 Equipments E&I Structure Piping 12 Ortho Drawings ISO Drawings 13 14 15 16 Client requirements. Project Size and Complexity. Software availability inside the company. Availability of Experienced Users for the Software. Compatibility with other 2D Drafting Software. Compatibility with Other Design Software. Most Economic. Ease of use. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Generates ASCII format files (Neutral Files ) Can be provided directly to 3_rd party stress Analysis SW such as CAESAR II 27 28 Engineering Vendor 3_rd party SW Catalogues ISO Smart drawings Plant P&ID SmartPlant 3D is a ORTHO complementary, full- drawings Material suite solution that Specs. provides all the MTO capabilities needed to Reports Design design a plant, and then Input keep it as-built Clash throughout its life cycle. Reports 29 Ease of Use Boosts Productivity SmartPlant 3D’s ease of use reduces the learning curve, widens the user base, and increases productivity – you don’t have to be a CAD specialist to use SmartPlant 3D. SmartPlant 3D speeds up the design process by reducing the number of keystrokes and mouse-clicks required to perform design tasks. Proactive interference checking capabilities provide continuous, consistent management of change. 30 Design Rules Increase Data Quality and Ensure Design Integrity SmartPlant 3D provides tools for the continuous monitoring of design rules and notification of the impacts of change throughout the design process. It keeps track of drawings that have been updated due to changes in the engineering model. SmartPlant 3D ensures design accuracy and consistency through enforcement of design rules. SmartPlant 3D reduces design errors, engineering changes, and rework. Enforcement of the design rules results in increased product quality and reliability by enabling faster and more efficient creation, transfer, and review of design iterations. 31 Automated Drawing Generation Reduces Engineering Costs SmartPlant 3D provides fully automated generation of piping isometric and scaled orthographic drawings, with associated reports – dramatically reducing production time. 32 Global, Concurrent Engineering Capability Enhances Project Execution SmartPlant 3D’s global engineering and data reuse capabilities substantially reduce engineering costs and shorten project schedules. Project databases may be replicated anywhere in the world to facilitate sharing of the work or to transfer work to a remote location. 33 Preserving the Value of Plant Engineering Information SmartPlant 3D provides plant owners with the opportunity to preserve the value of the data generated by engineering contractors. It enables the reuse of data generated during design to facilitate making changes to the plant after plant startup. 34 Integrating Plant Engineering Data Throughout Your Enterprise. SmartPlant 3D facilitates the physical design and arrangement of all the systems that make up a plant, including civil/structural, equipment, HVAC, E&I and piping. 35 Support for Oracle and Microsoft® Database Platforms. SmartPlant 3D supports both Oracle and Microsoft commercial database platforms, enabling clients to deploy SmartPlant 3D in full conformance with their corporate database platform standards while eliminating administrative costs of nonconforming or proprietary databases. 36 Extending the Capabilities of Intergraph’s PDS® Even without translation of PDS data, SmartPlant 3D leverages existing designs by complementing and extending the capabilities of PDS. By enabling PDS design data to be referenced from the SmartPlant 3D model, SmartPlant 3D is immediately useful for revamp projects with no translation effort necessary. SmartPlant 3D provides for intelligent referencing of PDS, enabling functions such as interference detection, drawing generation, display filters, queries and access to property data. 37 38 PDMS includes comprehensive functions for all aspects of 3D plant design. A fully interactive, intuitive 3D plant design environment, with a Microsoft Office-style user interface based on .NET technology Hundreds of designers can work concurrently on a project, in a fully controlled manner, with visibility of the entire design at all times. Designers progressively create a highly intelligent 3D design by selecting and positioning parametric components from an extensive catalogue. Clash checking and configurable integrity checking rules help a designer create ‘right first time’ design and enable effective overall design quality assurance. A configurable Status Management function provides visual highlighting and clear reporting of design maturity status of PDMS objects. Highly configurable, automatic generation of a wide range of reports and drawings direct from the PDMS database AVEVA PDMS is highly configurable and includes both a powerful programmable macro language (PML) and a .NET API to customize the system and automate key tasks. PDMS integrates with all other AVEVA Plant applications and interface products to form the most complete and configurable 3D plant design solution for the power and process industries. 39 40 Intergraph CADWorx DraftPro is a free, intelligent AutoCAD-based 2D plant design and layout solution that is easy to learn and use. CADWorx DraftPro, uses the same piping specifications as CADWorx Plant Professional, and even works with multiple versions of AutoCAD. It is 100% free. Intelligent 2D Piping and Plant Design. Specification Driven. AutoCAD-based. Plan, Sections and Elevations. Bills of Materials. 60, 000 Parametrically Generated Components. Fully Customizable. Use with all Supported AutoCAD Releases. Multiple Languages. 41 Intergraph CADWorx Plant includes the most complete range of tools for efficient plant design: Intelligent 3D Piping Design. Specification-driven
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paper We Present an Early User Evaluation of a Advances in Sketch-Based Modeling Are Set to Simplify Many Sketch-Based 3D Modeling Tool We Have Been Developing [7,8]
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Computers & Graphics 31 (2007) 580–597 www.elsevier.com/locate/cag Calligraphic Interfaces An evaluation of user experience with a sketch-based 3D modeling system Levent Burak KaraÃ, Kenji Shimada, Sarah D. Marmalefsky Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Abstract With the availability of pen-enabled digital hardware, sketch-based 3D modeling is becoming an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional methods in many design environments. To date, a variety of methodologies and implemented systems have been proposed that all seek to make sketching the primary interaction method for 3D geometric modeling. While many of these methods are promising, a general lack of end user evaluations makes it difficult to assess and improve upon these methods. Based on our ongoing work, we present the usage and a user evaluation of a sketch-based 3D modeling tool we have been developing for industrial styling design. The study investigates the usability of our techniques in the hands of non-experts by gauging (1) the speed with which users can comprehend and adopt to constituent modeling steps, and (2) how effectively users can utilize the newly learned skills to design 3D models. Our observations and users’ feedback indicate that overall users could learn the investigated techniques relatively easily and put them in use immediately. However, users pointed out several usability and technical issues such as difficulty in mode selection and lack of sophisticated surface modeling tools as some of the key limitations of the current system. We believe the lessons learned from this study can be used in the development of more powerful and satisfying sketch-based modeling tools in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • HCI Remixed : Essays on Works That Have Influenced the HCI
    4 Drawing on SketchPad: Refl ections on Computer Science and HCI Joseph A. Konstan University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. I. Sutherland, 1963: “Sketchpad: A Man–Machine Graphical Communication System” Sutherland’s SketchPad system, paper, and dissertation provide, for me, the answer to the oft-asked question: “why should HCI belong in a computer science program?” I fi rst came across the paper “SketchPad: A Man–Machine Graphical Communica- tion System” from the 1963 AFIPS conference nearly thirty years after it had been published (Sutherland 1963). I was nearing completion of my own dissertation in which I was exploring a variety of techniques for constructing user interface toolkits. At the time, the paper seemed little more than a handy reference in which I could trace the lineage of constraint programming in user interfaces—from Sketchpad, through Borning’s ThingLab (Borning 1981), to my own work, with various hops and detours along the way. I guess I was young and in a hurry. It was only a few years later when I started to teach this material that I realized how much of today’s computing traces its roots to Sutherland’s work. What was this tremendous paper about? A drawing program. Not just any drawing program, but one that took full advantage of computing, a million-pixel display (albeit with a slow pixel-by-pixel refresh), a light pen, and various buttons and dials to empower users to draw and repeat patterns, to integrate constraints with draw- ings so as to better understand mechanical systems, and to draw circuit diagrams as input to simulators.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Era for Mechanical CAD Time to Move Forward from Decades-Old Design JESSIE FRAZELLE
    TEXT COMMIT TO 1 OF 12 memory ONLY A New Era for Mechanical CAD Time to move forward from decades-old design JESSIE FRAZELLE omputer-aided design (CAD) has been around since the 1950s. The first graphical CAD program, called Sketchpad, came out of MIT [designworldonline. com]. Since then, CAD has become essential to designing and manufacturing hardware Cproducts. Today, there are multiple types of CAD. This column focuses on mechanical CAD, used for mechanical engineering. Digging into the history of computer graphics reveals some interesting connections between the most ambitious and notorious engineers. Ivan Sutherland, who won the Turing Award for Sketchpad in 1988, had Edwin Catmull as a student. Catmull and Pat Hanrahan won the Turing award for their contributions to computer graphics in 2019. This included their work at Pixar building RenderMan [pixar. com], which was licensed to other filmmakers. This led to innovations in hardware, software, and GPUs. Without these innovators, there would be no mechanical CAD, nor would animated films be as sophisticated as they are today. There wouldn’t even be GPUs. Modeling geometries has evolved greatly over time. Solids were first modeled as wireframes by representing the object by its edges, line curves, and vertices. This evolved into surface representation using faces, surfaces, edges, and vertices. Surface representation is valuable in robot path planning as well. Wireframe and surface acmqueue |march-april 2021 5 COMMIT TO 2 OF 12 memory I representation contains only geometrical data. Today, modeling includes topological information to describe how the object is bounded and connected, and to describe its neighborhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Facilitating the Implementation of Computer-Aided Design Into the Engineering Graphics and Design Classroom
    Facilitating the implementation of Computer-Aided Design into the Engineering Graphics and Design classroom by Ciana Rust Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER EDUCATIONIS in the Faculty of Education at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SUPERVISOR: PROF L VAN RYNEVELD AUGUST 2017 Declaration I declare that the dissertation, which I hereby submit for the degree Magister Educationis at the University of Pretoria, is my own work and has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other tertiary institution. ............................................................. Ciana Rust 31 August 2017 i Ethical Clearance Certificate ii iii iv Dedication I dedicate this research to my family, friends, colleagues and learners whom I have taught throughout my educational career. Without my mother, father and brother, I would not be the person who I am today. They have guided me to choose education as a career path, which led me to this point in my life. All my love goes out to you. To my glorious Father who gave me the strength, dedication and patience to persevere throughout this process of discovery, I thank Thee. v Acknowledgements To have achieved this milestone in my life, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following people: My Heavenly Father, who provided me with the strength, knowledge and perseverance to complete this study; Prof Linda van Ryneveld, research supervisor, for her invaluable advice, guidance and inspiring motivation during difficult times and throughout the research; My editor, Leandri le Roux, without whom this would not have been possible; Last but not least, my beautiful family and amazing friends.
    [Show full text]
  • 21 Miscellaneous Companies
    Chapter 21 Miscellaneous Companies Space restrictions simply do not permit me to go into the depth of detail I would like on every company that participated in the early days of the CAD industry nor cover numerous in-house systems developed at major automobile and aerospace companies. Readers will have to be satisfied with the brief descriptions included in this chapter and even then, I have only been able to cover what I consider to be the companies that had the biggest impact. There are hundreds if not thousands of companies that at one time marketed engineering design software. Some of the companies described in this chapter offered just software while other provided both hardware and software. While many have changed names, I have decided to list them alphabetically based upon the name they are best been known by along with earlier and subsequent name changes. Adra Systems (Matrix One) Adra Systems was founded in Lowell, Massachusetts in July 1983 by William Mason, who had been at Applicon from 1973 to 1983, most recently as vice president of operations, James Stenzel, who had been vice president of engineering at Hastech, Inc., and Peter Stoupas, who had earlier been a regional sales manager at Adage and had also worked for Applicon. Mason became the president and CEO, Stenzel the vice president of product development and Stoupas the vice president of marketing. Between 1983 and 1986, the company raised $11.6 million of venture funding from a number of firms including American Research & Development, the company that also provided the initial funding for Digital Equipment Corporation.
    [Show full text]
  • Expressing and Reusing Design Intent in 3D Models
    CHI 2018 Paper CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada Greater than the Sum of its PARTs: Expressing and Reusing Design Intent in 3D Models Megan Hofmann,❇ Gabriella Hann,❇ Scott E. Hudson,❇ Jennifer Mankoff† † ❇Human Computer Interaction Institute Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Washington, Seattle, Washington {meganh, ghhann, scott.hudson}@cs.cmu.edu [email protected] ABSTRACT modeling design intent in the hands of non-expert modelers. With the increasing popularity of consumer-grade 3D This supports reuse, experimentation, and sharing. printing, many people are creating, and even more using, PARTs’ basic abstraction, functional geometry, is analogous objects shared on sites such as Thingiverse. However, our to the programming concept of classes [9,22]. Like classes, formative study of 962 Thingiverse models shows a lack of functional geometry encapsulates data and functionality, re-use of models, perhaps due to the advanced skills needed making it easier to validate and mutate data and support for 3D modeling. An end user program perspective on 3D modularity. Functional geometry includes assertions that modeling is needed. Our framework (PARTs) empowers test whether a model is used correctly, and integrators that amateur modelers to graphically specify design intent mutate the larger design context. These abstractions increase through geometry. PARTs includes a GUI, scripting API and model usability and re-usability. exemplar library of assertions which test design expectations and integrators which act on intent to create geometry. The PARTs framework is an extension of the Autodesk PARTs lets modelers integrate advanced, model specific Fusion360 Computer Aided Design (CAD) tool.
    [Show full text]
  • Sketchpad for Windows
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sudheendra S. Gulur for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering presented on October 7, 1994. Title: Sketch Pad for Windows: An Intelligent and Interactive Sketching Software. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: David. G. Ullman The sketching software developed in this thesis, is aimed to serve as an intelligent design tool for the conceptual design stage of the mechanical design process. This sketching software, Sketch Pad for Windows, closely mimics the traditional paper-and-pencil sketching environment by allowing the user to sketch freely on the computer screen using a mouse. The recognition algorithm built into the application replaces the sketch stroke with the exact CAD entity. Currently, the recognition of two-dimensional design primitives such as lines, circles and arcs has been addressed. Since manufacturing requires that the design concepts be detailed, sketches need to be refined as detailed drawings. This process of carrying design data from the conceptual design stage into the detail designing stage is achieved with the help of a convertor that converts the sketch data into DesignView (a variational CAD software). Currently, only geometrical information is transferred from the sketching software into DesignView. The transparent graphical user interface built into this sketching system challenges the hierarchial and regimental user interface built into current CAD software. Sketch Pad for Windows An Intelligent and Interactive Sketching Software by Sudheendra S. Gulur A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed October 7, 1994 Commencement June, 1995 Master of Science thesis of Sudheendra S.
    [Show full text]
  • NX 10 for Engineering Design
    NX 10 for Engineering Design By Ming C. Leu Amir Ghazanfari Krishna Kolan Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Contents FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 2 1.1 Product Realization Process ..................................................................................................2 1.2 Brief History of CAD/CAM Development ...........................................................................3 1.3 Definition of CAD/CAM/CAE .............................................................................................5 1.3.1 Computer Aided Design – CAD .................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Computer Aided Manufacturing – CAM ..................................................................... 5 1.3.3 Computer Aided Engineering – CAE ........................................................................... 5 1.4. Scope of This Tutorial ..........................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 – GETTING STARTED .................................................................. 8 2.1 Starting an NX 10 Session and Opening Files ......................................................................8 2.1.1 Start an NX 10 Session ................................................................................................. 8
    [Show full text]
  • Oral History of Alan Kay
    Oral History of Alan Kay Interviewed by: Dag Spicer Recorded: November 5, 2008 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X5062.2009 © 2008 Computer History Museum Oral History of Alan Kay Dag Spicer: We're here today, November 5, 2008, with Dr. Alan Kay. We're at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, and Alan has kindly agreed to do a little directed interview with us today, and welcome. Alan Kay: Thank you. Spicer: Happy to have you here. Alan, I wanted to start with a high-level question, which is why do you think computer history is important? Why should we look at what's come before? Kay: Well, of course, there's the famous idea that people who don't pay attention to history are condemned to repeat it, and unless they're as smart as the original people who made it, they might even do worse. So in the old days people were admonished for reinventing the wheel, but today I think most of the old-timers would love for the new people on the scene to at least reinvent the wheel but it seems more like they're reinventing the flat tire. And I tell a lot of young people that you can easily be smarter than any single person back 30, 40, 50 years ago, but there's no way you can be smarter than a hundred of them. And there were a hundred people who were funded better than anybody has ever been funded in the last 25 years with a large set of visions that are almost inconceivable in the commercial world that computing has become and the combinationof all of those things, and also the fact that there is less noise, that because you couldn't make a lot of money the people who did it were strongly attracted emotionally to it.
    [Show full text]
  • Graphic User Interface
    УДК 004.4 V. V. Mahlona GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE Vinnytsia National Technical University Анотація В даній роботі було досліджено значимість графічного інтерфейсу історію виникнення графічних інтерфейсів та їх перші застосування, проведено порівняння з іншими інтерфейсами. Ключові слова: графічний інтерфейс користувача, дослідження, інтерфейс, ОС, Windows, Linux, MacOS Abstract The article deals with the importance of a graphical user interface, the history of graphic interfaces and their first applications are presented, the comparison with other interfaces is given. Keywords: GUI, research, interface, OS, Windows, Linux, MacOS The graphical user interface (GUI) is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text- based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard. The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls. The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces, such as video games (where head- up display (HUD) is preferred), or not including flat screens, like volumetric displays because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Aided Design
    CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN Computer Aided Design, which is currently known as CAD, is in fact the integration of computer graphics, geometric modeling, and design. Computer graphics provides the visualization techniques. Geometric modeling provides the platform for modeling purposes, whilst the design is a process to come up with certain design. CAD is applicable to many areas, however the scope of CAD in this book is focused on the application to mechanical engineering. 1.1 HISTORY OF CAD The invention of SKETCHPAD in 1962 remarks the birth of CAD. Before the invention of SKETCHPAD, computer has been used for numerical simulation using keyboard and punch card. With the invention of SKETCHPAD by Ivan Sutherland in MIT Lincoln Laboratory, for the first time human can give command to computer using light pen. In fact, the graphical user interface using light pen was firstly done with the invention of SKETCHPAD. Push button technique is used to give command to the computer and the geometrical input can be done using light pen. The invention of SKETCHPAD was in fact contributed to many new inventions, constraint based drawing, 3D solid model with the ability to hide the hidden edges, and even hierarchical data structure that have been implemented in object oriented programming. Throughout the 1960s, companies were interested to develop the CAD software for their own companies such as CADD by Mc-Donnell Douglas, CADAM 1-1 by Lockheed etc. In Europe, researchers were focused on the development of 3D complex curve and surface formation, such development of Bezier curve based on the inventor name at Renault become the breakthrough in the development of algorithm for complex curve.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Programming for Compiling and Decompiling Computer-Aided Design
    Functional Programming for Compiling and Decompiling Computer-Aided Design CHANDRAKANA NANDI, University of Washington, USA JAMES R. WILCOX, University of Washington, USA PAVEL PANCHEKHA, University of Washington, USA TAYLOR BLAU, University of Washington, USA DAN GROSSMAN, University of Washington, USA ZACHARY TATLOCK, University of Washington, USA Desktop-manufacturing techniques like 3D printing are increasingly popular because they reduce the cost and complexity of producing customized objects on demand. Unfortunately, the vibrant communities of early 99 adopters, often referred to as łmakers,ž are not well-served by currently available software pipelines. Users today must compose idiosyncratic sequences of tools which are typically superposed variants of proprietary software originally designed for expert specialists. This paper proposes fundamental programming-languages techniques to bring improved rigor, reduced complexity, and new functionality to the computer-aided design (CAD) software pipeline for applications like 3D-printing. Compositionality, denotational semantics, compiler correctness, and program synthesis all play key roles in our approach, starting from the perspective that solid geometry is a programming language. Specifically, we define a purely functional language for CAD called λCAD and a polygon surface-mesh intermediate representation. We then define denotational semantics of both languages to 3D solids anda compiler from CAD to mesh accompanied by a proof of semantics preservation. We illustrate the utility of this foundation by developing a novel synthesis algorithm based on evaluation contexts to łreverse compilež difficult-to-edit meshes downloaded from online maker communities back to more-editable CAD programs. All our prototypes have been implemented in OCaml to enable further exploration of functional programming for desktop manufacturing.
    [Show full text]