Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények vol. 12. (2020) 42–49. DOI English: https://doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.12.06 Hungarian: https://doi.org/10.33895/mtk-2020.12.06

THE ROOTS OF BIM

Ferdinánd-Zsongor GOBESZ Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Facultyof Civil , Department of Structural Mechanics, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, [email protected]

Abstract Today's architectural and civil engineering design is almost inconceivable without collaborative tools. Build- ing Information Modeling supports this with a set of collaboratively usable data. The roots of this concept go back in the past, thus the present paper attempts to depict some of the milestones in its evolution. Keywords: building, information, modeling, history.

1. Introduction 2. Product data evolution

In most simple terms, BIM (Building Informa- The first book [7] was pub- tion Modeling) is a digital representation of the lished in France towards the end of the 18th physical and functional characteristics of a build- century, opening the way for technical graph- ics. Technical drawing has become one of the ing [1] in a unified model which can be applied, pillars of engineering design. On the one hand, managed and used in collaboration by all the it was able to show the structures in parts, and actors in the construction industry. Its practical on the other hand, it provided a more detailed application is through computer-aided product description (specifying more accurately packages, be it planning, construction manage- the product data). Computer-aided design was ment, valuation, operation and maintenance, or also based on graphic design at first. Comput- other building-related activities. By incorporating er offered more advantages than hand all the physical and functional characteristics of drawing in terms of tracking design changes and a building into a manageable model, there are storing design data. Although it was easy enough to make additional sketches or write comments many benefits. Perhaps the most important of and suggestions on hand drawings, interpreting these is the accuracy of the model's design, as it them required more cumbersome work. In en- avoids constraints and shortcomings in construc- gineering companies where technical activities tion that require intervention at the expense of involved not only design but also manufacturing quality, cost, and execution time. or maintenance, hand drawings did not provide The idea of such computer modeling of struc- sufficient productivity. The situation was similar tures began to materialize in the early 1970s, and in the technical production chains, where several in the mid-1980s articles were published in which companies were involved in the design, imple- practical possibilities and relevant examples mentation and maintenance of a product. When different CAD / CAM tools were used, data conver- were discussed [2, 3]. The term "Building Infor- sions hampered effective collaboration. Thus, the mation Models" appeared first in a paper publis- need arose to develop a neutral intermediate for- hed in 1992 [4], but it has come into the public mat that would facilitate data exchange between awareness in 2002 (through a White Paper pub- multiple computer sys-tems. lished by [5]) The origination of the BIM The AICMA was founded in Paris in 1950, and abbreviation is attributed to Jerry Laiserin [6]. was renamed AECMA (Association européenne Gobesz F.-Zs. – Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 12. (2020) 43 des constructeurs de matériel aérospatial) in 1973. tive was to develop standards and technologies In 1977, a data exchange format was proposed by that would enable product data to be controlled this association to allow cooperating companies and exchanged across various computing sys- to communicate surface geometries. Although tems. This group focused on two main projects, applied in some cases, it has been forgotten over which resulted in IGES and PDES (Product Data time [8]. Exchange Specification) [9]. In the 1970s, the ANSI (American National Stan- In Germany, in 1982, the Automobile Manu-fac- dards Institute) “X3 / SPARC” committee began ex- turers Association developed the VDA-FS (Verband ploring how data could be described, regardless der Automobilindustrie – Flachenschnittstelle) of the application or computer technology used. format for curves and surfaces of any shape to This committee proposed a three-schema meth- increase the efficiency and applicability of CAD odology whereby different views (conceptual, / CAM systems in design processes [8]. Thus, Ger- internal and external) of the same information many has also contributed to the standardization could be applied using a variety of filters by users of international product data models. on different computer technologies [8]. Also in 1982, ideas for the development of com- Based on the ANSI / X3 / SPARC methodology, the puter-aided construction tools were launched in US Air Force has developed an information mod- Finland, as such, in 1983 RACAD (Finnish abbrevi- eling process as a result of the “Integrated Com- ation of the “Computer Aided Design Construction puter Aided Manufacturing” (ICAM) pro-gram. Council”) and VTT (Finnish abbreviation of the ICAM's goal was to develop new manufacturing “Technical Research Center”) published a study automation technologies that could reduce over- on integrated computer aided design [10]. As a all procurement costs. ICAM and sub-sequent result of the somewhat parallel activities of these projects, including the “Product Definition Data two organizations, the RATAS (Finnish abbrevia- Interface” (PDDI) and the “Geometric Modeling tion of “Computer Assisted Design of Buildings”) Application” (GMAP) projects, have greatly con- project was conducted between 1985 and 1991. tributed to the development of tools and proce- Its proposals were related to the data transfer dures that have been incorporated into later stan- format structures, according to which there could dards. be used any data structures within the applica- The CAM-I (Computer-Aided Manufacturing - tions provided that suitable filtering programs International Inc.) organization contributed sig- are given for digital data exchange. A rule-based nificantly to the development of B-REP - (Bound knowledge description language and a generic ary Representation) data structures through a data model framework have also been developed. geometric modeling project started in the early 1970s. The result of the work funded by CAM-I, The proposal for a standard concerning product which was basically a mathematical represen- data transfer assumed one-by-one handling of the tation of standard geometry and topology, was objects and suggested the use of a programming well ahead of its time because it clearly contained language with syntax similar to LISP [10]. more information than the CAD systems of that The French SET (Standard d'Echange et de Trans- time could interpret. The CAM-I specification fo- fer) project was launched in 1983 within Aérospa- cused on the essential description of interchange- tial [8]. It has been developed to address IGES ap- able data, disregarding the exchange mechanism. plication problems, primarily for the automotive This description has been submitted to the “ANSI and aerospace production industries. SET reflect- Y 14.26” (Computer Aided Preparation of Product ed the requirements for data exchange between Definition Data) committee [8]. In 1980, NBS (Na- different CAD and CAM systems and the demands tional Bureau of Standards) published the “NBSIR for digital data storage. 80-1978” standard for digital representation of By 1984, all these international efforts had yield- product data specification for communications, ed so many comparable results that the possibili- which was approved as the first version of ANSI ty of developing a common solution for CAD data IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), as exchange emerged. The main driving forces for a neutral data block format that controls digital this common international standard were[8]: data exchange between different CAD systems. ––global trade and data exchange; In the late 1970s, a group was formed in the ––increasingly complex products; United States under the joint control of the in- ––multipurpose software (for example, design dustry, government and universities. Its objec- or engineering software systems that could be 44 Gobesz F.-Zs. – Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 12. (2020)

used across multiple industries and various ac- 1998 a more advanced mark-up language named tivities); XML (eXtensible Markup Language). The spread ––trust in suppliers at all stages of product devel- and use of this new language led to several ap- opment; plications, also in the field of construction, such ––the need for product life-cycle support. as aecXML (Architecture, Engineering and Con- Many felt that IGES could not meet these needs. struction XML), started by and As a result of international results, the first “Prod- then developed by the IAI for the construction uct Data Exchange Specification” (PDES) was re- industry. The “eConstruct” project (IST-1999- leased in the United States in July 1984, followed 10303) was launched in Europe in the late 1990s. by a second version in November. These were Within this framework, bcXML (Building and later merged with the STEP (STandard for the Construction XML) was developed, which be- Exchange of Product model data) specification came a taxonomy and lexicon based system [13]. developed by the “ISO TC184 / SC4” Committee, The bcXML was the basis for the ceXML (Civil En- which was launched in 1988 and marked as "ISO gineering XML) mark-up language developed by 10303" . [9] Reinout van Rees during his MSc Thesis [14]. As The BPM (Building Product Model) was re- the underlying taxonomy of "eConstruct" proved leased in 1989 to handle not only design but also to be inadequate, the concept was further devel- cost estimation and construction, covering the oped in 2000 as part of another project (IST-2000- entire phases of building construction processes. 28671) called "E-COGNOS", replacing taxonomy Although this specification was more focused on with ontology [15]. product modeling, it was not yet integrating all Data editing based on mark-up languages al- the information needed for planning and con- lowed open, scalable and safe development, since struction management. CIC (Computer-Integrated it did not require any special software. Construction) was a more advanced idea [11]. As a consequence of product data standards progression and of the technical software market 3. Software evolution evolution, in 1994 an industry consortium of 12 According to some people, the basic idea of BIM companies, called the “Industry Alliance for In- may be attributed to Douglas C. Engelbart, who teroperability” (IAI), was formed upon the pro- wrote about the combined architectural use of posal of Autodesk, in order to develop C++ classes object-based design with parametric handling that would support integrated software develop- and relational database, in pages 4 to 6 of the in- ment. As a result, a data model frame-work for troductory chapter of his work published in 1962 architectural and construction products and ser- [16] was launched in 1962, followed vices, called IFC (Industry Foundation Classes), by the DAC-1 in 1964, paving the way for comput- was published in 1995 [12]. This consortium was er-aided design. renamed to "International Alliance for Interoper- Most people, however, consider Charles Eastman ability" in 1997, and later as "buildingSMART" in to be the "father" of BIM because he introduced a 2005. pioneering software application he developed in Also in 1995, the concept of GBM (Generic Build- ing Model) was introduced, providing an oppor- 1975, called BDS (Building De-scription System) tunity for an integrated and collaborative use of [17]. This included thousands of architectural information from the beginning of the design to elements that could be graphically combined to the end of the life of the building. This gave the create different building drawings. According to main stroke to the appearance of BIM after the Eastman, the architectural drawings did not meet turn of the millennium. the requirements in terms of efficiency, as differ- The first mark-up language, known as SGML ent sections of different dimensions were repeat- (Standard Generalized Markup Language), was ed in several places on them. In his view, the use introduced in 1986 in order to describe data as of BDS would have reduced design costs in favour text. With the spread of the World Wide Web, of efficiency. BDS failed to be successful, since its HTML (HyperText Markup Language) has be- library with architectural and structural compo- come the most widely used tool for dissemi- nents was limited. In 1977 Eastman introduced a nat-ing information. As users demanded not only new software called GLIDE (Graphical Language data communication but also data exchange, the for Interactive Design) [18], an improved ver- W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) published in sion of its first software, which allowed for more Gobesz F.-Zs. – Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 12. (2020) 45 accurate editing and design control, and even cost a previous program written by Michael Riddle estimation. (a co-founder of Autodesk, later the developer of GMW Computers began selling the RUCAPS (Re- EasyCAD and FastCAD) in 1979, called Interact ally Universal Computer Aided Production Sys- [24], aintroducing the first version of the DWG tem) software in 1977, which was used in 1986 for format. AutoCAD Release 2.1 was introduced in the expansion plans of Heathrow Air-port Termi- 1986, including the integrated AutoLISP language nal 3 [3], although other software packages (GDS, as a novelty (developed upon the XLISP pro- EdCAAD, Cedar, Sonata, Reflex, etc.) were already gramming language). By the 1990s, Autodesk had also available in England at that time. grown to become a major CAD software develop- The progression of the mechanical industry gave er and AutoCAD was one of the most well-known a huge impulse to software development and, in pro-grams. Autodesk began developing targeted the early 1980s several software were made with software packages for architects and civil en- three-dimensional graphical modeling capabil- gi-neers only later, after some company takeovers ities. The emergence of personal computers has and acquisitions (Micro Engineering Solution, further stimulated this. Softdesk, Discreet Logic, Revit Technology Cor-po- At the Hanover Fair in 1980, the architectural ration, etc.), and after some software tech-nology engineering office founded by Georg purchases also packages which were not based on in 1963, unveiled an integrated design and com- AutoCAD (like Revit, RoboBat, Graitec, etc.). puting program for structural design, opening the Gábor Bojár and István Gábor Tari founded the way for computer-aided engineering on micro- software company in Budapest in 1982 computers. This program became known as All- [25], their main product was released in 1984 un- Plan in 1984 [19]. The company has been devel- der the name Radar CH and was later success- oping spectacularly since the 1990s and in 1997 fully developed under the name ArchiCAD. This presented the database-based “O.P.E.N.” package, software is based on a concept similar to BDS and today’s predecessor to OpenBIM. In the following is considered to be the first BIM application run- years the company will be transformed into one ning on personal computers (although Graphisoft of the largest groups through successive company describes this library-based parametric editing takeovers and acquisitions [19]. mode as "virtual building" [21]). With the help of In the early 1980s, Bentley Systems began de- the embedded GDL (Geometric Description Lan- veloping MicroStation, introducing the DGN guage), it offers also the possibility to expand the (DesiGN) format. This suite was later marketed library of architectural elements. The company by Intergraph as MicroStation Triforma. It was joined the IAI in 1996 and launched ArchiCAD originally conceived to be an IDGN (Interactive for TeamWork and ArchiFM in the following Graphics Design System) data array editor on PCs, years [25]. In 2002, ArchiCAD received the “IFC and by 1992 it had a proprietary programming 2x” certifi-cation. The success and popularity of language, called MDL (MicroStation Development ArchiCAD was confirmed also by the acquisition Language), which was extended to include Java of Gra-phisoft's software development business by the end of the decade [20]. The procedure em- in 2006 by the Nemetschek group. bedded in the software pack-age was called "inte- The AS was founded in 1984 grated project modeling" by Bentley Systems [21], in and its software, DDS-CAD, was pri- and the company was one of the co-founders of marily aimed at the building equipment industry the ODA () in 1998. The main [26]. As a result of their development the com- purpose of the ODA is to create technical software pany became a part of the Nemetschek group in development tools and filters to facilitate the free 2013, after which software versions conceived for data exchange between different applications architects and civil engineers were also released and platforms [22]. Originally called “OpenDWG by them. Alliance”, it was renamed in 2002 to the current PTC (Parametric Technology Corporation) was name. started in 1985 in Boston, and in 1988 it launched The best known software is probably AutoCAD, the first version of the Pro/ENGINEER software the first version of which was written for the CP/M for mechanical engineering. PTC acquired and and released in 1982, introduc- continued to develop the Reflex package, offering ing the DXF (Drawing Exchange File) format. it for architectural design, but without much suc- Within one year, it had almost a 1000 users [23]. cess. In 1997, Irwin Jungreis and Leonid Raiz left This Autodesk software was developed based on the company in order to start developing para- 46 Gobesz F.-Zs. – Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 12. (2020) metric software that could be used to create more products (Advance Concrete, Advance Steel, etc.) complex models. Their success did not material- as an Autodesk partner [29]. ize until 2000, when the first version of Revit was In Romania, the Polied software [30] was devel- launched, describing their process as "parametric oped by the C.T.C.E. Cluj (Cluj Territorial Electron- building modeling". The development of this pack- ic Computing Center) for 3D wireframe modeling age progressed rapidly over the next 2 years until of bodies in CAD models. It was finished in 1984 it was acquired by Autodesk in 2002. It is perhaps and in 1986 I attended a demonstrative testing no coincidence that Autodesk published its White where it proved faster than AutoCAD release 2.1 Paper on BIM that year [5]. at the time, but had no market chance. Robot Diffusion (later known as RoboBAT) in The Swiss Informatik AG was es- France began distributing the ROBOT CONCEP- tab-lished in 1988, continuing the development TION software in Toulouse in 1985, which became of the software started by CSEM (Centre Suisse quite successful as ROBOT Structures in 1988 [27]. d'Electronique et de Microtechnique) and EPFL In 1999 RoboBAT became an official Autodesk (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) in partner and after one year their software was 1980 [31]. Originally designed for watch design, it further developed based on AutoCAD, under the has since become one of the most renowned soft- name ROBOT Millennium. The company has also ware for computer aided design and manufactur- developed other software packages (CAO, RCAD, ing of wood structures. BIM-based software such CBS Pro, etc.) through several partnerships after as Cadwork Ingénieur, a road network design 2000, and in 2014 they merged with the GRAITEC component, and Lexocad [32] started to be de- group [27]. veloped in 2004, but nowadays their best-known The development of TurboCAD on IBM PCs be- product is still Cadworks Wood. gan in South Africa in the first half of the 1980s. It X-Steel (predecessor of ) began to be marketed in the UK and USA in 1986. was released in 1993. The Finnish “Teknallinen Starting from 1990 it was distributed by IMSI (In- Laskenta Oy” (Technical Computing Ltd.) was ternational Microcomputer Software). Like Ge- founded in 1966 with the aim of providing a uni- neric CADD, which appeared almost simultane- fied computer programming office for various ously, it became well-known as one of the cheaper technical activities. In 2011, Trimble Navigation alternatives to AutoCAD. acquired Tekla [33], and then Tekla BIMsight was Although SCIA (Scientific Applications) was es- released, an open software application based on tablished in Belgium in 1974, their first soft-ware building infor-mation models, aimed at collabora- was launched in 1987 (for the modeling of con- tive work on construction projects. This allowed nections in steel structures). Their SteelFab soft- models to be imported from other BIM applica- ware for modeling steel frame structures was tions through the IFC format. released in 1990. It started as a UNICAD-based In the early 1990s, the IntelliCADD software de- CAD package and was later upgraded and further velopment company was launched in Cali-fornia. developed based on AutoCAD. From 2006, Nemet- One of their products was AutoCAD Data Exten- schek became the owner of the company and sion, which allowed multiple users to ac-cess the their most popular product, SCIA Engineer, was same AutoCAD drawing at the same time. In 1994, the first structural analysis software to receive Softdesk acquired the software and tried to devel- the “IFC 2x3” certificate in 2013 [28]. op it (somewhat secretly) as an AutoCAD clone. GRAITEC was founded in 1986 by Francis Autodesk first tried to sue Softdesk, but then ac- Guillemard, who, three years later, offered the quired it in 1996, while some of its original em- Effel software package for the finite element mod- ployees migrated to Visio [34]. Visio IntelliCAD eling and analysis of reinforced concrete, steel was launched in 1998 at a much cheaper price and wood frame structures. In 1992, he intro- than AutoCAD. Besides not being as successful duced the Arche software for building simulation as expected, Visio was also not able to provide and automated concrete reinforcement design, its support and development alone, thus the ITC and two years later the Melody program for the (IntelliCAD Technology Consortium) was formed, automatic design and modeling of connections in which took over the full rights of the 2000 version. 2D steel frames. It started working with Autodesk ITC is also one of the co-founders of ODA, and as an official developer partner in 1997 and then over time the software has evolved into a general established a subsidiary in Romania in 1999. development platform [35]. The Belgian-originat- Since 2001, the company has been offering new ed BricsCAD was also started from it, as well as Gobesz F.-Zs. – Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 12. (2020) 47 the FINE MEP (Mechanical Electrical and Plumb- has led to today's building information modeling ing) series. that allows not only more accurate structural de- In the late 1980s, AutoDesSys (Automated De- tailing and cost estimation, but also significantly sign Systems) introduced its first three-dimen- better quality records, maintenance and tracking sional modeling and animation software for of buildings over their lifetime. personal computers, released in 1991 under the References name Form·Z. It has been a huge success not only in architectural modeling but also in the game [1] National Institute of Building Sciences. National and movie industries [36]. BIM Standard – United States: Frequently Asked Questions. About the National BIM Standard-Unit- The firm of Frank Gehry, a world-renowned ed States. National BIM Standard – United States. architect, began collaborating with Dassault https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/faqs#faq1 Systemes in 2005. 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